Evolution of Computer Networking

Evolution of Computer Networking

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  EVOLUTION OF NETWORKING COMPUTERSCIENCE ART INTEGRATED PROJECT Submitted By: SharanKeshav· XI A8 30 Ilamparithi M · XI A8 07 AnirudhA.G. · XI A8 02 Rajiv Sukesh· XI A8 20
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  From the veryearly days, communicationover long distances had fascinated people. Today, we will briefly go over how the present-day Internet took shape from a private research project to a worldwide interconnection.
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  In the 1960sa research project was commissioned by Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in the U.S. Department of Defence to connect the academic and research institutions located at different places for scientific collaborations. This would mark the start of the world wide network of the present. Interconnectivityinthe USAover theyears 1. The ARPANET
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  The first messagewas communicated between the Universityof California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Stanford ResearchInstitute (SRI). ARPANET grew rapidlyin the early 1970s. Many universitiesand governmentcomputers joined the network during this time. In 1975, ARPANET was declared operationaland was used to develop further communications technology.In time, severalcomputers in other countries were also added using satellite links. HoneywellDDP-516–ThefirstARPANEThost ←Terminalusedfor communication–InterfaceMessageProcessors “The goal was to exploit new computer technologies to meet the needs of military command and control against nuclear threats, achieve survivable control of US nuclear forces, and improve military tactical and management decision making” ~ Stephen J. Lukasik, Director of DARPA (1970) 1. The ARPANET
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  Many packet-based networksquickly came into operation after ARPANET became popular. These various networks could not communicate with one another due to the requirements of standardized equipment in the existing networks. Therefore, The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was developed as a protocol to enable communication between different networks. It was first put into operation in 1977. 2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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  TCP/IP enabled aninterconnected network of networks and is the foundational technology of the internet. In 1983, TCP/IP replaced NCP as the underlying packet-switching technology of ARPANET. TCP is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol used for establishing a connection between two devices over a network. It guarantees the delivery of data packets in the right order, without any data loss. Packetsarereceivedin thesame order they are sentin TCP’s3-way handshakefor establishingconnection 2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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  The DomainName System(DNS) is the technology that maps human-readable domain names (such as www.example.com) to the numerical IP addresses used by computers on the Internet. It is an essential part of the Internet's infrastructure, allowing web browsersto find websites, send emails, and more. DNS works by translatingdomain names into numerical IP addresses,which allows computers to communicate with each other. It is an integral part of the Internet's architecture, helping to make it easier for users to find websites and services. Working of theDomain Name System 4. Domain Name System (DNS)
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  In 1981, theU.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) aimed to create an academic research network facilitating access by researchers to the supercomputing centers funded by NSF in the United States. The NSF established the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) as a general-purpose research network, a hub to connect five supercomputing centers. As time passed by, the NSFNET provided connectivity to eleven regional networks and through these networks to many smaller regional and campus networks. TheNSFNET‘s Backbone andRegionalNetworks, 1991 4. The NSFNET “… its user-ship is enormously up, its cost to the users has come down. […] you certainly have our congratulations for that excellent success.” ~ Dr. Stephen Wolff, Director of NSF's Division of Networking & Communications Research & Infrastructure (DNCRI)
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  Earlier, to accessfiles residing in different computers, one had to login individually to each computer through the Internet. Besides, files in different computers were sometimes in different formats, and it was difficult to understand each other’s files and documents. Sir Tim Berners-Lee — a British computer scientist invented the revolutionary World Wide Web in 1990 by defining three fundamental technologies that lead to creation of web: HTML, URI/URL, and the HTTP. 5. The World Wide Web (WWW)
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  HTML–Hyper Text MarkupLanguage.It is a language which is used to design standardised Web Pages so that the Web contents can be read and understoodfrom any computer. Basic structure of every webpage is designed using HTML. URI–Uniform Resource Identifier. It is a unique address or path for each resource located on the web. It is also known as Uniform Resource Locator (URL).Every page on the web has a unique URL. A URL is not only the domain name. It contains other information that completes a web address, as depicted in the adjoiningfigure HTTP – The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a set of rules which is used to retrieve linked web pages across the web. The more secure and advancedversion is HTTP Secure (HTTPS) Simplepresent-dayHTMLcode Structureof afullURI SimpleHTTPworking principle 5. The World Wide Web (WWW)
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  The history ofWireless Communication dates way back to the 19th century when Heinrich Hertz first discovered electromagnetic waves, which led to Radio communication. Over the years, many iterations of Radio communication utilizing various frequencies were developed. Packet radio is a radio communication technology that sends data as packets. The first packet radio network was developed at the University of Hawaii in 1971. ALOHAnet connected seven campuses on four different islands, ensuring that they could all communicate with each other through a central computer located on the island of Oahu. TerminalNode Controller 2400 bits/spacketradio modem 6. Wireless Networking
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  In 1985, theFCC chose to open up three frequency bands on the wireless spectrum for unlicensed use. Those bands, also known as "the garbage bands", were 900MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. These bands were popularly in use for many things, most notable being microwave ovens, that cook food using radio waves. The condition for using these bands for communication purposes, was therefore being able to work around those interferences. Many vendors did it by using their own, proprietary, non-interoperable standards. They slowly came to see the need for a shared wireless standard, much like Ethernet had become a successful industry standard for wired network communication. Drawingof the2.4 GHzband (2.40-2.48) sharedwith Bluetooth, Wi-Fiandmicrowave ovens. To minimize theinterferencefrom thesedevices,Bluetooth uses thefrequency-hoping spreadspectrumtechnology (up to 1600 rotations persecond) whichparcelout the databeingsentandtransmitted.Wi-Fi802.11aand 802.11gtechnologiesusetheradio spectrum bandwidth20 MHz. 6. Wireless Networking
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  In 1991, NCRCorporationwith AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems. The first wireless products were under the name WaveLAN. The Australian radio-astronomerJohn O’Sullivanwith his colleagues developed a key patent used in Wi-Fi as a by-product of a research project -- “a failed experiment to detect exploding mini black holes the size of an atomic particle”. In 1992 and 1996, CSIRO obtained patents for a method later used in Wi-Fi to “unsmear” the signal. The first versionof the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and providedup to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with 802.11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds,and this proved to be popular. • Fun Fact: Wi-Fi uses a large number of patents held by many different organizations. In Australia, Wi-Fi is seen as an Australian invention. This view is not shared globally, and has generated controversy. 6. Wireless Networking
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  THANK YOU! Illustrations& Organisation Ilamparithi DesignandContent SharanKeshav InformationGathering AnirudhAG RajivSukesh