G10-PPT-COMPUTER-HARDWARE-AND-SOFTWARE-2025.pptx

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COMPUTER
HARDWARE
AND
SOFTWARE

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine that
changes information from one form
into another by performing four basic
actions. Those actions are input,
processing, output, and storage.
Together, these actions make up the
information processing cycle. By 4
following a set of instructions, called a
program, the computer turns raw data
into organized information that people
can use.

A computer is a programmable
device that stores, retrieves, and
processes data.

INFORMATION IS THE PRIMARY
BENEFIT OF COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY. THERE ARE
THREE KINDS OF COMPUTERS:
1. Analog computers are almost extinct
today. These are different from a digital
computer because an analog computer can
perform several mathematical operations
simultaneously. It uses continuous variables
for mathematical operations and utilizes
mechanical or electrical energy. Think of the
scales on a mercury thermometer or on the gas
gauge of a car.

2. Digital computers work with data
that has a fixed value. They use data
in digital, or number, form. The
computers that run programs for
playing games or searching the
internet are digital computers.
3.Hybrid Computers are a
combination of both digital and
analog computers. In this type of
computers, the digital segments
perform process control by conversion
of analog signals to digital ones.

COMPUTER HARDWARE
A. HARDWARE- physical, touchable, electronic
and mechanical parts of a computer system.
System Unit- The main part of a
microcomputer, sometimes called the chassis.
It includes the following parts:
 Motherboard
 Microprocessor
 Memory Chips
 Buses
 Ports
 Expansion Slots and Cards.

MOTHERBOARD / MAINBOARD / SYSTEM BOARD
The main circuit board of a
computer. It contains all the circuits
and components that run the
computer.

CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)
The processor is the main “brain” or
“heart” of a computer system. It performs
all the instructions and calculations that are
needed and manages the flow of
information through a computer.

PRIMARY STORAGE (INTERNAL
STORAGE, MAIN MEMORY, OR MEMORY
is the computer's working storage
space that holds data, instructions for
processing and processed data
(information) waiting to be sent to
secondary storage. Physically, primary
storage is a collection of RAM chips.

TWO (2) TYPES OF MEMORY
ROM – (Read Only Memory) ROM is
non-volatile, meaning it holds data
even when the power is ON or OFF.
RAM – (Random Access Memory)
RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data
only when the power is on. When the
power is off, RAM's contents are lost.

EXPANSION BUS
A bus is a data pathway between
several hardware components
inside or outside a computer. It
does not only connect the parts of
the CPU to each other, but also
links the CPU with other important
hardware.

ADAPTERS
Printed-circuit boards (also called
interface cards) that enable the
computer to use a peripheral device
for which it does not have the
necessary connections or circuit
boards. They are often used to permit
upgrading to a new different hardware.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU)
Installed in the back corner of the
PC case, next to the motherboard. It
converts 120vac (standard house
power) into DC voltages that are used
by other components in the PC.

HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)
Also known as hard drive, is
a magnetic storage device
that is installed inside the
computer. The hard drive is
used as permanent storage
for data. In a Windows
computer, the hard drive is
usually configured as the C:
drive and contains the
operating system and
applications.

OPTICAL DRIVE
An optical drive is a storage device
that uses lasers to read data on the
optical media. There are three types
of optical d rives: Compact Disc (CD),
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-
ray Disc (BD).

DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC (DVD)
Designed to optically access data
stored on a DVD. A laser moves back
and forth near the disk surface and
accesses data at a very fast rate.

B. INPUT DEVICES
Accepts data and instructions from
the user or from another computer
system.
Keyboard - The first input device
developed for the PC. Data is
transferred to the PC over a short cable
with a circular 6-pin Mini-din connector
that plugs into the back of the
motherboard.

POINTING DEVICES MOUSE
The most common 'pointing device'
used in PCs. Every mouse has two
buttons and most have one or two
scroll wheels.

TOUCH SCREEN
A display screen that is sensitive to the
touch of a finger or stylus. Used in
myriad applications, including ATM
machines, retail point-of-sale
terminals, car navigation and
industrial controls. The touch screen
became wildly popular for smart
phones and tablets.

LIGHT PEN
A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video
terminal used to draw pictures or
select menu options. The user brings
the pen to the desired point on screen
and presses the pen button to make
contact.

DIGITIZER TABLET
A graphics drawing tablet used for
sketching new images or tracing old
ones. Also called a "graphics tablet,"
the user contacts the surface of the
device with a wired or wireless pen or
puck.

SCANNING DEVICES
A device that can read text or
illustrations printed on paper and
translates the information into a
form the computer can use.

VOICE- INPUT DEVICES
also known as speech or voice
recognition systems that allow a
user to send audio signals to a
computer for processing, recording,
or carrying out commands. Audio
input devices such as microphones
allow users to speak to the computer in
order to record a voice message or
navigate software.

C. OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device is a computer hardware
device that retrieves and presents the
result of the inserted input data from the
computer system and further translates
that data into human-understandable
language. The output or result is then
presented to us in the form of text, visuals,
audio or a hard copy (printed on paper).
The output devices can be mainly classified
into four categories such as visual, data,
print and sound.

COMPUTER DISPLAY
MONITOR
 It displays information in visual
form, using text and graphics. The
portion of the monitor that displays the
information is called the screen or
video display terminal.

LCD PROJECTORS
 The projector is an output device
that receives images from a
computer and allows users to
project their output onto a large
area, such as a screen or a wall.
Projectors magnify texts, photos, and
movies using light and lenses. As a
result, it’s an excellent output device
for giving presentations or teaching big
groups of people.

SMART BOARD
A type of display screen that has a
touch sensitive transparent panel
covering the screen, which is like a
touch screen.

PRINTER
The printer receives electronic data
from the computers and produces a
hard copy of the processed data. A
device that prints text or
illustrations on paper, of the
information transmitted by the
computer.

WHAT IS A STORAGE DEVICE?
Storage device is any apparatus for
recording computer data in a
permanent or semi-permanent form, a
secondary storage that permanently
stores data.
Types of storage devices
1. Compact disc (CD)
2. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
3. Jump drive and USB flash drive
4. Hard drive

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE
Computer hardware is the electric,
electronic and mechanical equipment
that makes up a computer. In other
words, hardware refers to the physical
parts of a computer while computer
software refers to the collection of
codes/programs that help you
perform specific tasks.

HARDWARE SOFTWARE
Can be touched and feel. Cannot be touched.
Created using physical
materials.
Created by writing programs
using programming
languages.
Hardware is not affected by
computer viruses.
Software can be affected by
viruses.
Users cannot create
duplicate copies of
hardware.
Users can create duplicate
copies of software.
Hardware cannot be
transferred electronically
through a network.
Software can be transferred
electronically through a
network.

G10-PPT-COMPUTER-HARDWARE-AND-SOFTWARE-2025.pptx

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