generation of programming language

generation of programming language

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  TOPIC
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  First Generation  Thefirst generation language was the Machine Language , which was used in the earliest computers.  Computers use only signals in the form of ON and OFF, hence they recognize two binary codes which are 0 and 1.  Machine Language also known as computer’s own language because it directly understands this system of code.
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   It hadhigh speed .  Translators were not used.  Was machine dependent.  Complex language.  Error prone(was full of errors).  Tedious (was time taking)
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  Second generation  Inthe second generation, assembly language was used and was developed in 1950s and its main developer was IBM.  Programmer can easily interact directly with the hardware using the assembly language.  Assembly language allocates a mnemonic code to each instruction in the machine language for making it easier to write.  A computer can only understand machine language , so assemblers are introduced to translate the assembly language into machine language.
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   Easy touse & more understandable than machine language.  Less error prone than machine language.  Efficient than machine language.  More control on hardware.  Was machine dependent  Harder to learn.  Slow development time  No support for modern software technology.
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  Third Generation  1960s:the beginning of third generation programming languages.  Languages such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN & C are third generation high level languages.  However, a computer can only understand machine language and a translator such as Compiler and Interpreter.
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   Readability(read andwriting the program).  Easy debugging(removing errors).  Easier to maintain.  Low development cost.  Easy documentation.  Poor control on hardware.  Less efficient.
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  QBASIC: Its fullform is Quick Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.  In 1964, the original BASIC came into use , which helped non-science students in accessing computers.  In 1970s and 80s , BASIC came in use microcomputers.  It allowed development small business applications.  Hence it was broadly used for business purposes.
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  COBOL:  Common BusinessOriented Language is one of the oldest programming languages, initially developed by Grace Hopper.  Mainly used in business, finance and administration sector of companies and governments.  The COBOL (2002) standard supports object-oriented programming and various other new features for different languages.
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  FORTRAN:  The IBMmathematical FormulaTranslating System is a general purpose, high level language that is developed for numeric and scientific computations.  Ibm developed FORTRAN in 1950s for scientific and engineering purposes.  It was used various fields , such as weather prediction, computational physics and chemistry.  This language is meant for high performance computing.
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  C++:  C wasdeveloped in 1978 and became the most popular programming languages within a very short span of time.  It had various problems during its usage, to overcome these a new programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Labs in early 1980.  This language is the improved version of the C - language with some additional features made possible by using the concept of C. Later on this language came to be popularly known as C++.
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  JAVA:  In theyear 1991 a team of programmers with the objective of developing an object oriented programming language made a very simple, portable and reliable innovation called the Oak or Java programming language. It features are:  Object-oriented  Platform independent  A combination of interpreter and compiler.  Good performance  Built-in networking