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Inroduction_to_microprocessors_main.pptx
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- 2. Overview ofMP structure and operation Memory of MP interface The internal architecture of 8085 Introduction to intel MP family The intel MP Introduction to assembly language Case studies and examples
- 3. Overview • Microprocessor isa controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of – performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations – communicating with the other devices connected to it. • Microprocessor consists of – an ALU,: performs arithmetical and logical operations on the data received from the memory or an input device – register array,: Register array consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L and accumulator. – and a control unit: The control unit controls the flow of data and instructions within the computer.
- 4. Computer Function • Themain function of computer to execute program . • Program is the set of instructions store in memory. • Instructions are executed sequentially.
- 5. How does aMicroprocessor Work? • The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch, Decode, and then Execute. – Initially, the instructions are stored in the memory in a sequential order. – The microprocessor fetches those instructions from the memory, – then decodes – and executes those instructions till STOP instruction is reached. – Later, it sends the result in binary to the output port. – Between these processes, • the register stores the temporarily data • ALU performs the computing functions.
- 6. Functional units – CentralProcessing Unit (CPU)) – Memory – I/O Units • Processors are primarily responsible for processing instructions and data
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- 9. CPU components • thiscycle is implemented through some combination of four major CPU components: • the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • registers – a type of fast memory • the control unit (CU) – manages the entire fetching and execution cycle • the internal CPU buses – interconnect the ALU, registers, and the CU
- 10. Microprocessor − Classification •A microprocessor can be classified into three categories:
- 11. Complex instruction setcomputers (CISC) • It is designed to minimize the number of instructions per program, – ignoring the number of cycles per instruction. – The emphasis is on building complex instructions directly into the hardware. – The compiler has to do very little work to translate a high-level language into assembly level language/machine code • because the length of the code is relatively short, – so very little RAM is required to store the instructions.
- 12. Complex instruction setcomputers (CISC) • Characteristics of CISC – These machines provided a variety of instructions that may perform very complex tasks • To ease task for programmers – Use large numbers of addressing modes – Larger number of instructions – Require many clock cycles per instruction – Used a number of different instruction formats of varying lengths – Instruction-decoding logic is complex. – One instruction is required to support multiple addressing modes.
- 13. Complex instruction setcomputers (CISC)
- 14. Complex instruction setcomputers (CISC) • Architecture of CISC – Its architecture is designed to decrease the memory cost • because more storage is needed in larger programs – resulting in higher memory cost. To resolve this, » the number of instructions per program can be reduced by • embedding the number of operations in a single instruction.
- 15. Complex instruction setcomputers (CISC)
- 16. Reduced Instruction SetComputer. (RISC) • It is designed to reduce the execution time by: – simplifying the instruction set of the computer. • Using RISC processors, Each instruction requires only one clock cycle to execute results in uniform execution time. – This reduces the efficiency as there are more lines of code, hence more RAM is needed to store the instructions. – The compiler also has to work more to convert high-level language instructions into machine code.
- 17. Reduced Instruction SetComputer. (RISC) • Characteristics OF (RISC) – Fewer and simpler instructions – Few instruction formats – Few cycle per instruction – It supports various data-type formats. – Large number of internal CPU registers – It supports register to use in any context. – Best suited with pipeline processors – It utilizes simple addressing modes and fixed length instructions for pipelining. – It consists of less number of transistors. – “LOAD” and “STORE” instructions are used to access the memory location.
- 18. Reduced Instruction SetComputer. (RISC)
- 19. Reduced Instruction SetComputer. (RISC) • Architecture of RISC – RISC microprocessor architecture uses highly-optimized set of instructions. It is used in portable devices like Apple iPod due to its power efficiency.
- 20. Special Processors • Theseare the processors which are designed for some special purposes. Few of the special processors are briefly discussed: – Coprocessor • A coprocessor is a specially designed microprocessor, which can handle its particular function many times faster than the ordinary microprocessor.
- 21. Special Processors – Input/OutputProcessor • It is a specially designed microprocessor having a local memory of its own, – which is used to control I/O devices with minimum CPU involvement.
- 22. Special Processors – DSP(Digital Signal Processor) • This processor is specially designed to process the analog signals into a digital form. – This process is performed by a circuit called an analogue to digital converter, A to D converter or ADC.
- 23. Special Processors – DSP(Digital Signal Processor)
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