Introduction to Arduino and Robotics tech

Introduction to...
Arduino & Robotics

Contents:
 Introduction on Arduino
1. What is Micro-Controller?
2. What is Arduino?
3. Types of Arduino.
4. Arduino UNO board.
5. Sensors:.
6. What is “Function”?
7. Control statements [if, if… else, switch case.].
8. Loop statements[while, for, do… while.].
9. Common functions.
 Workshop on robotics

Introduction
Design, organize, and collaborate
1

Famous microcontroller
manufacturers are MicroChip,
Atmel, Intel, Analog devices, and
more.
[list]
It is a micro-computer. As any
computer it has internal CPU, RAM,
IOs interface.
It is used for control purposes, and
for data analysis.
Micro-Controller:

Arduino. What is Arduino?
A microcontroller board, contains on-board power supply, USB
port to communicate with PC, and an Atmel microcontroller
chip.
It simplify the process of creating any control system by
providing the standard board that can be programmed and
connected to the system without the need to any sophisticated
PCB design and implementation.
It is an open-source hardware, any one can get the details of its
design and modify it or make his own one himself.

Arduino boards:
UNO Mega LilyPad
Arduino BT Arduino Nano Arduino Mini

Arduino UNO:
Digital output
~: PWM.
0,1: Serial port.
In circuit Serial
programming
Atmel
MicroController
Analog input.
Power Supply
USB port
Power input

Digital
and
analog. Digital or Analog?
All physical quantities are analog.
Analog means that the quantity can take any value between its
minimum value and maximum value.
Digital means that the quantity can take specific levels of values
with specific offset between each other.
Ex: 1- Digital:
English alpha consists of 26 letter, there is no letter between A
and B.
- Square waves are Digital.
Ex.: 2- Analog:
Temperature, can take any value[-1,12.8,25.002,… etc.].
- Sine waves are analog.

Sensors Sensors:
A device that transforms the physical quantity into electrical
value.
Ex.: Light sensor transduce the light into change in voltage or
resistance.

Sensors Light sensors:
- Photo-Resistor [photo-cell].
- Photo-Diode.
- Photo-Transistor.

Sensors Photo Resistor:
- The value of the resistance depends on
the incident light density.
- 1 K-Ohm at light, 10 K-Ohm at
darkness.
Photo Diode:
- The current is controlled by the incident light density.
Photo Transistor:
- Base-emitter junction is controlled
by the incident light density, has an
amplification effect.

2 Arduino Coding.
Stylize, edit, and animate your media

Integer: used with integer variables with value between
2147483647 and -2147483647.
Ex: int x=1200;
Character: used with single character, represent value from -127
to 128.
Ex. char c=‘r’;
Long: Long variables are extended size variables for number
storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes), from -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647.
Ex. long u=199203;
Floating-point numbers can be as large as 3.4028235E+38 and as
low as -3.4028235E+38. They are stored as 32 bits (4 bytes) of
information.
Ex. float num=1.291; [The same as double type]
Data Types and operators
You may need to know about these typed: Array, Boolean, byte, etc. here.

Statement represents a command, it ends with ;
Ex:
int x;
x=13;
Operators are symbols that used to indicate a specific
function:
- Math operators: [+,-,*,/,%,^]
- Logic operators: [==, !=, &&, ||]
- Comparison operators: [==, >, <, !=, <=, >=]
Syntax:
; Semicolon, {} curly braces, //single line
comment, /*Multi-line comments*/
Statement and operators:

Compound Operators:
++ (increment)
-- (decrement)
+= (compound addition)
-= (compound subtraction)
*= (compound multiplication)
/= (compound division)
Statement and operators:

If Conditioning:
if(condition)
{
statements-1;
…
Statement-N;
}
else if(condition2)
{
Statements;
}
Else{statements;}
Control statements:

Switch case:
switch (var) {
case 1:
//do something when var equals 1
break;
case 2:
//do something when var equals 2
break;
default:
// if nothing else matches, do the default
// default is optional
}
Control statements:

Do… while:
do
{
Statements;
}
while(condition); // the statements are run at least once.
While:
While(condition)
{statements;}
for
for (int i=0; i <= val; i++){
statements;
}
Loop statements:
Use break statement to stop the loop whenever needed.

Void setup(){}
Used to indicate the initial values of system on starting.
Void loop(){}
Contains the statements that will run whenever the
system is powered after setup.
Code structure:

Led blinking example:
Used functions:
pinMode();
digitalRead();
digitalWrite();
delay(time_ms);
other functions:
analogRead();
analogWrite();//PWM.
Input and output:

You can download the Arduino IDE
(The program used to write code and
uploading it to arduino boards) from:
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
Arduino IDE:

Here you can learn how to program Arduino and what each code
means and do, from here:
http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage
Arduino Reference:

DEFINATION
November 5, 2024
Seminar on Robotics & Embeded system
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals
with the design, construction, operation, and
application of robots .
The word ROBOTICS is used to collectively
define a field in engineering that covers the
mimicking of various Human characteristics.
 It is the application of electronics, mechanical,
electrical and computer engineering.

Laws of Robotics
 Isaac Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics” and later added the “ zeroth
law ”.
 Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction, allow humanity to come to
harm.
 Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to
come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law.
 Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders
would conflict with a higher order law.
 Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict
with a higher order law.

Uses of Robotics:
 Agriculture
 Automobile
 Construction
 Entertainment
 Health care
 Household purposes
 Laboratories:
 Law en forcément :
surveillance, air port Security,
spying, etc.
 Manufacturing
 Military: demining,
surveillance, attack, etc.
 Mining, excavation and
exploration
 Transportation: air, ground, rail,
space, etc.
 Utilities: gas, water and
electricity
 Warehouses

Robotic Industry – Now A Days
1. Aurotek Corp.
2. Axium Inc.
3. Daihen Corp.
4. Denso Wave Inc.
5. Ellison Technologies Inc.
6. Kawasaki Robotics Inc.
7. Kuka AG
8. Mitsubishi Electric Corp.
9. Nachi Fujikoshi Corp.
10.Pari Robotics
11.Reis Robotics
12.Rockwell Automation Inc.
13.Schunk GmbH
14.Staubli International AG
15.TM Robotics
16.Yamaha Robotics
17.Honda
18.IRobot
World top Robotic Industry

Components of ROBOTS
Power Supply
 Sensors
Controller
Effectors
Actuators

POWER SUPPLY
Suitable power supply is needed to run the
motors and associated circuitry.
 Typical power requirement ranges from 3V to
24V DC.
 Power supply must be adjusted as per the
ratings of the components.
 Power supply must be regulated using voltage
regulator and current regulator ICs.

POWER SUPPLY
Rechargeable 12V Battery LM317 Current Regulator IC with Heat Sink
LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC

EFFECTORS
Effectors are the parts of a Robot which execute the certain
task.
 Effectors pick up or modify objects or somehow cause an
effect to the environment.
 Examples: Mechanical grippers, Vacuum Grippers, Wheels,
etc.

ACTUATORS
 Actuator is the actual mechanism that enables the effectors to
execute an action.
Actuators typically include electric motors, hydraulic or
pneumatic cylinders, gears, etc.
Gears
Pneumatic Cylinder
Pneumatic Motor

• DC Motors
o As the name
suggests, a motor
which uses a DC
(Direct Current) power
o Can run in both
directions
o Speed Controllable

• Stepper Motors
o Used for measured
rotation
o Can be held at a
particular position of the
shaft
o Ideal for many
autonomous robots
requiring higher
precision

Servo Motors :
o Used in closed loop
control systems in
which work is the
control variable.
o An integral feedback
device (resolver) or
devices (encoder and
tachometer) are either
incorporated within the
servo motor or are
remotely mounted,
often on the load itself

Physical Property Technology
Contact Bump, Switch
Distance Ultrasound, Radar, Infra Red
Light Level Photocells, Cameras, LDRs
Sound Level Microphones
Strain Strain Gauges
Rotation Encoders
Magnetism Compasses
Smell Chemicals
Temperature Thermistors, Infra Red
Inclination Inclinometers, Gyroscope
Pressure Pressure Gauges
Altitude Altimeters
SENSORS

CONTROLLER
Controller provides the necessary intelligence to control the
action of the robot.
 It receives the information from the sensors and activates the
actuators to perform the task.
 It comprises complex electronics circuit.
 Micro Controllers are used in Automatic Robots whereas
different electronic switching components are used in Manual
Robots.
 The set of instructions is written in High Level Language,
compiled and converted into Machine Code(HEX code) and burnt
in the Micro Controller with the help of Computer Software .

Introduction to Arduino and Robotics tech

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