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Introduction to bioinformatics and databases .pptx
- 2. Central dogma ofMolecular Biology Central dogma of Bioinformatics SEQUENCE STRUCTURE FUNCTION DNA RNA PROTEIN
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- 4. Can Bioinformatics bereally defined!
- 5. Bio- Life/ LivingOrganisms Informatics- Information system or Information flow Bioinformatics – Application of information technology to the storage, retrieval and analysis of biological information, Facilitated by the use of computers WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS?
- 6. What is Bioinformatics? Mathematics andStatistics Biology Computer Science
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- 8. ✔The development ofBioinformatics started with the networking of computers and accumulation of data on genes and proteins.
- 9. Definitions of Bioinformatics. •Bioinformatics is the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge into a single discipline. •Is the Science of managing and analyzing biological data using advanced computing Techniques.
- 10. •The mathematical, statisticaland computing methods that aim to solve biological problems using DNA and amino acids sequences and related information •Bioinformatics is a computer-assisted interface discipline dealing with the storage, management, access and processing of molecular biology data.
- 11. History of Bioinformatics •1933 Process of Electrophoresis for separating proteins in a solution introduced by Tiselius • 1951 Structure for the alpha-helix and beta-sheet proposed by Pauling and Corey • 1953 Double helix model for DNA proposed by Watson and Crick • 1965 Margaret Dayhoff's Atlas of protein sequences • 1970 Details of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for sequence comparison published • 1973 Announcement of the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank • 1981 Smith-Waterman algorithm developed
- 12. Contd.. • 1981 Theconcept of a sequence motif (Doolittle) • 1982 GenBank Release 3 made public • 1985 FASTP/FASTN: fast sequence similarity searching • 1986 Term "Genomics" appeared for the first time • 1986 PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) described by Kary Mullis and co-workers • 1988 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) created at NIH/NLM • 1988 EMBnet network for database distribution • 1990 BLAST: fast sequence similarity searching by Altshul • 1991 EST: expressed sequence tag sequencing • 1993 Sanger Centre, Hinxton, UK
- 13. Contd.. • 1994 EMBLEuropean Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK • 1996 Yeast genome completely sequenced • 1997 PSI-BLAST • 1999 Fly genome completely sequenced • 2000 The A. thaliana genome (100 Mb) • 2001 The human genome (3 Giga base pairs) is published • 2003 Human Genome Project completed • 2004 The draft genome sequence of the brown Norway laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, was completed by the Rat Genome Sequencing project Consortium
- 14. Biological Databases A biologicaldatabase is a collection of both experimental and theoretical data that is organized so that its contents can be easily 1.Accessed 2.Managed 3.Updated 4.Retrieved Sequence Database Structure Database Specialized Database
- 15. Some genome sizes ⦿HIV2 virus 9671 bp ⦿ Mycoplasma genitalis 5.8 · 105 bp ⦿ Haemophilus influenzae 1.83 · 106 bp ⦿ Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1.21 · 107 bp ⦿ Drosophila melanogaster 1.65 · 108 bp ⦿ Homo sapiens 3.14 · 109 bp ⦿ Some amphibians 8 · 1010 bp ⦿ Amoeba dubia 6.7 · 1011 bp
- 16. Types Of Databases Basedon the contents it can be divided into • Nucleotide Sequence databases-GenBank • Protein Sequence databases-Swissprot • Macromolecular 3D structures-PDB,NDB • Gene expression data-EST,STS • Metabolic pathways-KEGG • Complete Genomes-TIGR • Literature databases-PUBmed
- 17. Omics Series….. • Genomics– Gene identification & charaterization • Transcriptomics – Expression profiles of mRNA • Proteomics – functions & interactions of proteins • Structural Genomics – Large scale structure determination • Cellinomics - Metabolic Pathways, cell-cell interactions • Pharmacogenomics – Genome-based drug design
- 18. Major Research Efforts& Applications
- 19. Applications of sequenceanalysis ⦿ assembly of sequence data ⦿ Identification of functional elements in sequences, ⦿ gene prediction ⦿ Sequence comparison ⦿ Classification of proteins ⦿ Comparative genomics ⦿ RNA structure prediction ⦿ Protein structure prediction ⦿ Evolutionary history
- 20. Structure Analysis Why? ◆ Structureis believed to be more closely related to function of proteins ◆ Predicting the function of proteins is a key challenge facing computational biology ◆ Much of the benefits of molecular biology will depend on predicting and understanding the functions of proteins ◆ The potential benefits of computationally predicting functions is huge Faster and cheaper than experimentation
- 21. MOLECULAR VISUALIZATION •The MolecularVisualization tools allows the user to load and view in Three Dimensional detail, the structure of molecules-both chemical and Biological. •Powerful Teaching Tool.
- 22. RASMOL Roger Sayle Glaxo WellcomeResearch and Development Stevenage, Hertfordshire, U.K • RasMol is a molecular graphics program intended for the visualisation of proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules.
- 23. Thrust areas ofBioinformatics?? ❑ Genomics ❑ Proteomics ❑ Pharmacogenomics ❑ Drug Designing ❑ Medical Informatics ❑ Agro Informatics ❑ Phylogeny ❑ DNA Micro arrays ❑ Neural Networks ❑ Large Genome projects
- 24. Challenges of workingin bioinformatics ⦿Need to feel comfortable in interdisciplinary area ⦿Depend on others for primary data ⦿Need to address important biological and computer science problems
- 25. • First therewas invivo biology, then came invitro and the discipline now is INSILICO. Conclusion