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Introduction to computer history
The document provides an introduction to computers including their components and functions. It discusses the history of computing from the abacus in 3000 BC to modern computers. It describes the different types of computers including special purpose computers like microwaves and general purpose computers like microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The document outlines the evolution of computing technology over time from mechanical to electronic devices and the development of important innovations like integrated circuits, graphical user interfaces, the internet, and handheld devices.
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Introduction to computer history
- 1. Introduction To Computer K.A. M Lutfullah,PRINCE2, ITIL
- 2. Computer Computers areautomatic, electronic machines that – accept data & instructions from a user (INPUT) – store the data & instructions (STORAGE) – manipulate the data according to the instructions (PROCESSING) – store &/or output the results to the user (OUTPUT) A computer system is composed of hardware and software Hardware components are the physical, tangible pieces that we can see and touch
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- 4. History of Computing 3000 B.C.: The Abacus – The original mechanical counting device 1623-1662: Blaise Pascal – French mathematician and philosopher – Built the Pascaline in 1642
- 5. History of Computing(Contd…) 1642: The Pascaline – A counting-wheel design • A single revolution of one wheel would engage gears that turned the wheel one tenth of a revolution to its immediate left 1801: Jacquard’s loom – Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753- 1871) – Weaving loom – The first significant use of binary automation – Jacquard Loom Salesman’s Model
- 6. History of Computing(Contd…) 1793-1871: Charles Babbage – Envisioned a steam-powered difference engine and then an analytical engine 1842: Bassage’s Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine
- 7. History of Computing(Contd…) Diagram Showing Method 1816-1852: Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace – Punched cards could be prepared to instruct Babbage’s engine to repeat certain operations – The first programmer
- 8. History of Computing(Contd…) 1860-1929: Herman Hollerith – Devised a punched-card tabulating machine to speed up the 1890 U.S. census 1890: Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine – Used a hand punch to enter data onto cards – A Pantograph Punch
- 9. History of Computing(Contd…) 1874-1956: Thomas Watson, Sr. – In 1896 Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company, which merged in 1911 with several other company to form the Computing- Tabulating-Recording Company. It was renamed the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) by company president Thomas J. Watson in 1924. 1920s-1950s: The Electro-Mechanical Accounting Machine Era – Punched-card technology
- 10. History of Computing(Contd…) Punched Card Office 1903-1995: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and His ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)
- 11. History of Computing(Contd…) 1942: The First Elecronic Digital Computer: The ABC 1946: The Electronic ENIAC Computer – Dr. John W. Mauchly (middle) collaborated with J. Presper Ecjert, Jr. (foreground) at the University of Pennsylvania to develop a machine that would compute trajectory tables for the U.S. Army. – Used vacuum tubes – ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
- 12. History of Computing(Contd…) 1951: The UNIVAC I and the First Generation of Computers – Used vacuum tubes in the first generation of computers (1951- 1959) – The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) was developed by Mauchly and Eckert for the Remington-Rand Corporation – The first commercially viable electronic digital computer
- 13. History of Computing(Contd…) 1954: The IBM 650 – IBM’s first entry into the commercial computer market was the IBM 701 in 1953 – IBM 650, introduced in 1954, was designed as a logical upgrade to existing punched-card machines 1907-1992: “Amazing” Grace Murray Hopper – In 1959, Dr. Hopper led an effort that laid the foundation for the development of COBOL – Found the first “bug” in a computer—a real one. She repaired the Mark II by removing a moth that was caught in Relay Number II.
- 14. History of Computing(Contd…) 1958: The First Integrated Circuit – The first integrated circuit, a phase-shift oscillator, was invented in 1958 by Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments. 1963: The PDP-8 Minicomputer – In 1963 Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the PDP-8 – The first successful minicompute)
- 15. History of Computing(Contd…) 1964: The IBM System/360 and the Third Generation of Computers – The third generation was characterized by computers built around integrated circuits – A family of computers with upward compatibility; when a company outgrew one model it could move up to the next model without worrying about converting its data
- 16. History of Computing(Contd…) 1964: BASIC-More Than a Beginner’s Programming Language – Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth College developed a programming language that a beginner could learn and use quickly
- 17. History of Computing(Contd…) 1969: ARPANET and the Unbundling of Hardware and Software – A U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) sponsorship of a project, named ARPANET, was underway to unite a community of geographically dispersed scientists by technology – When IBM unbundled and sold software separately, the software industry began to flourish
- 18. History of Computing(Contd…) 1975: Microsoft and Bill Gates – Bill gates and Paul Allen formed Microsoft Corporation, now the largest and most influential software company in the world 1976: The Apple I – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, along with Ronald G. Wayne formed the Apple Computer Company
- 19. History of Computing(Contd…) 1981: The IBM PC – IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer ring with its announcement of the IBM Personal Computer 1982: Mitchell Kapor Designs Lotus 1-2-3 – In 1982, Kapor founded Lotus Development Company. Kapor and the company introduced an electronic spread- sheet product, Lotus 1-2-3
- 20. History of Computing(Contd…) 1984: The Macintosh and Graphical User Interfaces – Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh desktop computer with a very friendly graphical user interface 1985-Present: Microsoft Windows – Microsoft introduced Windows, a GUI for IBM PC-compatible computers in 1985
- 21. History of Computing(Contd…) 1989: The World Wide Web – Berners-Lee and a small team of scientists conceived HTML (the language of the Internet), URLs (Internet addresses), and put up the first server supporting the neq World Wide Web format 1993: The Internet Browser – The development in 1993 of the graphical browser Mosaic by Marc Andreesen and his team at the National Center For Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) made the web accessible to everyone. – Marc Andreesen and entrepreneur Jim Clark founded Netscape in 1994 to create a web browser based on the Mosaic project.
- 22. History of Computing(Contd…) 1996: The Handheld Computer – The PalmPilot handheld computer was introduced by Palm Computing, Inc.
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- 24. Categories of Computersand Computer Systems Computers are classified into two: – A special-purpose computer – A general-purpose computer Special-Purpose Computers – Is a computer designed for a particular function, executing the same stored set of instructions whenever requested. – For example • microwave ovens • washing machine • medical diagnostic equipment
- 25. Categories of Computersand Computer Systems General-Purpose Computers – Is a computer that can be used for solving many different types of problems. – Available in many sizes and a wide range of capabilities. – Can be classified as follows: • 1. Microcomputers a. Laptop computers b. Desktop computers c. Workstations • 2. Minicomputers • 3. Mainframe computers • 4. Supercomputers
- 26. Microcomputers Sometimes referredto as a personal computer (PC), is one that can be placed on a desktop or carried from room to room. The smallest microcomputers are known as laptop computers or notebook computers. Desktop computers are compact microcomputer systems that fit on a desk and are designed for use by individuals. A workstation is the largest type of microcomputer and is generally used in scientific and engineering applications.
- 27. Minicomputers More powerfuland more expensive than microcomputers. Are smaller and cheaper compared to mainframes. Also can be server, which is used for managing internal company networks or Web sites. Server computers are specifically optimized to support a computer network enabling users to share files, software, peripheral devices (such as printers), or other network resources.
- 28. Mainframe Computer Thelargest computer, a powerhouse with massive memory and e extremely rapid processing power. It is used for very large business, scientific or military application where a computer must handle massive amounts of data or many complicated processes.
- 29. Supercomputer Is highlysophisticated and powerful computer that is used for tasks requiring extremely rapid and complex calculations with hundreds of thousands of variable factors. Used in many areas of scientific research, weather prediction, aircraft design, nuclear weapon and so on.
- 30. Supercomputer – In asix-game match, a chess-playing IBM computer known as Deep Blue defeats chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov - the first time a reigning world champion loses a match to a computer opponent in tournament play. Deep Blue is an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer capable of calculating 200 million chess positions per second.
- 31. Servers Server Computers –Applications in business financial, customer management solutions, decision support data warehouse, e-commerce, and enterprise resource planning
- 32. Personal Computers PersonalComputer (PC) – Desktop PC • Designed so all of the components fit on or under a desk or table – Notebook PC • Portable, small enough to fit on your lap(2 lbs to 9 lbs ) • Also called a laptop • Generally more expensive than a desktop computer
- 33. Handheld computers PersonalDigital Assistant (PDA) – Provides personal organizer functions • Calendar • Appointment book • Address book • Calculator • Notepad Tablet PC – Resembles a letter-sized slate – Allows you to write on the screen using a stylus – Smaller version is the modular computer
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