JavaOne 2014: Java vs JavaScript

Chris Bailey – IBM Runtime Monitoring and Diagnostics
1st October 2014
Java vs JavaScript
Head to Head
Document number
© 2014 IBM Corporation

Important Disclaimers
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.
WHILST EFFORTS WERE MADE TO VERIFY THE COMPLETENESS AND ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION
CONTAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION, IT IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED.
ALL PERFORMANCE DATA INCLUDED IN THIS PRESENTATION HAVE BEEN GATHERED IN A CONTROLLED
ENVIRONMENT. YOUR OWN TEST RESULTS MAY VARY BASED ON HARDWARE, SOFTWARE OR
INFRASTRUCTURE DIFFERENCES.
ALL DATA INCLUDED IN THIS PRESENTATION ARE MEANT TO BE USED ONLY AS A GUIDE.
IN ADDITION, THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION IS BASED ON IBM’S CURRENT PRODUCT
PLANS AND STRATEGY, WHICH ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE BY IBM, WITHOUT NOTICE.
IBM AND ITS AFFILIATED COMPANIES SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OF, OR OTHERWISE RELATED TO, THIS PRESENTATION OR ANY OTHER DOCUMENTATION.
NOTHING CONTAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION IS INTENDED TO, OR SHALL HAVE THE EFFECT OF:
- CREATING ANY WARRANT OR REPRESENTATION FROM IBM, ITS AFFILIATED COMPANIES OR ITS OR THEIR
SUPPLIERS AND/OR LICENSORS
2

A Quick Survey
© 2014 3 IBM Corporation

What languages do you program in?
Java JavaScript Both
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage of Audience

What runtimes do you use?
Server Java Applets JS in Browser Node.js Rhino Nashorn Avatar.js
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage of Audience

Introduction to the speaker
 Chris Bailey
IBM Runtime Monitoring and Diagnostics Architect
- 14 years working with Java and JVM technologies
- 6 months working with Node.js and V8
 Recent work focus:
- Java monitoring, diagnostics and troubleshooting
- Java integration into the cloud
- JavaScript monitoring, diagnostics and troubleshooting
 My contact information:
- baileyc@uk.ibm.com
- http://www.linkedin.com/in/chrisbaileyibm
- http://www.slideshare.net/cnbailey/
- @Chris__Bailey

Goals of this talk
● Langage Adoption
● Deployment Modes
● Introduction to Node.js
● Asynchronous IO
● WebApplication Performance
● Under the Hood of Node.js
● JavaScript on the JVM

Language Adoption

GitHub Adoption: Java

GitHub Adoption: JavaScript
GitHut Adoption

Modulecounts.com

StackOverFlow Survey

Tiobe Programming Community Index
● Ratings based on the number of skilled engineers, courses and third party vendors.

Indeed.com Job Trends

Language Adoption
 JavaScript has a large developer base
- #1 on GitHub with 48.8% more active repositories than Java
- #1 on modulecounts.com with 10% more NPM modules than Maven
- #1 used language by StackOverflow survey responders
- #9 language on the Tiobe index
 Java remains a hugely relevant language, particularly on the server
- #2 on GitHub with xx% more than the next language
- #3 on modulecounts.com with 73.8% more modules than the next language
- #2 language on the Tiobe index
- #1 on indeed.com for developer jobs

Deployment Modes

Usage in the Browser
● JavaScript is ubiquitous in the browser
- Supported in every browser
- Full integration with HTML and CSS
● Not affected by negative publicity....
Unless it is absolutely necessary to run Java in web browsers, disable it as described
below, even after updating to 7u11. This will help mitigate other Java vulnerabilities that
may be discovered in the future.
This and previous Java vulnerabilities have been widely targeted by attackers, and
new Java vulnerabilities are likely to be discovered. To defend against this and future
Java vulnerabilities, consider disabling Java in web browsers…

Usage on the Server
● Java has a long history on the server
- JPE launched in 1998
● Java has rich platform support:
- Linux x86, Linux POWER, zLinux
- Windows, Mac OS, Solaris, AIX, z/OS
 JavaScript is a nascent language on the server
- Limited platform support – although its growing
- No API support to interact with the OS
 Part of the browser security model
- Frameworks like Node.js have changed that.

Introduction to Node.js
 Single Threaded Event based JavaScript framework
– Uses non-blocking asynchronous I/O
 Wraps the Chrome V8 JavaScript engine with I/O interfaces
– Libuv provides interaction with OS/system
● Designed to build scalable network applications
– Suited for real time delivery of data to distributed client
 Available on a growing set of platforms
- Windows, Linux x86, Linux ARM, Mac OS, Solaris
- Linux POWER, zLinux, AIX
Node Standard Library
Node Bindings
V8 libuv
JavaScript
C

Async I/O Model

Typical approach to IO
 One thread (or process) per connection
- Each thread waits on a response
- Scalability determined by the number of threads
 Each thread:
- consumes memory
- is relatively idle
 Number of concurrent customers determined by number
of depot workers
 Additional customers wait in a queue with no response

Asynchronous non-blocking IO
 One thread multiplexes for multiple requests
- No waiting for a response
- Handles return from I/O when notified
 Scalability determined by:
- CPU usage
- “Back end” responsiveness
 Number of concurrent customers determined by
how fast the food Server can work
 Or until the kitchen gets slammed

Drawbacks of Asynchronous IO
 Tasks must execute quickly to avoid blocking the event queue
- Analogous to work done under a lock
- Stick to the right jobs, eg, I/O
- Delegate CPU bound tasks to back end processes
 Easy to run out of memory
- No direct bound on amount of parallel work
- Holding state for each piece or work means unbounded memory usage

JavaScript and Asynchronous IO
 JavaScript is already event based in the browser
- eg. onClick and onMouseOver events
 First class functions and closures fit well with events
- Easy to create and pass function callbacks
- Easy to execute callbacks in the context of the event
 Node.js execution is based on an event loop
- Asynchronous I/O built in from the ground up
 Node.js execution uses a single thread
- No need to worry about locking or shared data
- Most machines are now multi-CPU, so cluster capabilities are provided

HTTP Server Example
var cluster = require('cluster');
var cpus = require('os').cpus().length;
var http = require('http');
if (cluster.isMaster) {
for (var i = 0; i < cpus; i++) {
cluster.fork();
}
cluster.on('death', function(worker) {
console.log("Worker" + worker.pid + "died");
});
} else {
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("Hello World!n");
response.end();
}).listen(8080);
}

HTTP Server Example with Clustering
var cluster = require('cluster');
var cpus = require('os').cpus().length;
var http = require('http');
if (cluster.isMaster) {
for (var i = 0; i < cpus; i++) {
cluster.fork();
}
cluster.on('death', function(worker) {
console.log("Worker" + worker.pid + "died");
});
} else {
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("Hello World!n");
response.end();
}).listen(8080);
}

Event Loop Example
 Hypothetical implementation of readFile():
function readFile(filename, cb) {
nb_open(filename, function(err, fd) {
if (err) cb(err, null);
nb_read(fd, function(err, data) {
cb(err, data);
nb_close(fd);
});
});
}

JavaScript and Asynchronous I/O
 Very little time spent with events on the Event Loop
 Provides good scalability, so should provide great performance for IO bound apps
 Like WebApplications...

WebApp Performance

JSON Serialization
 JSON serialization of a newly
instantiated object
 Maps
- Key of message
- Value of Hello, World!
 Example response:
Results from TechEmpower.com Round 9 tests (2014-05-01)

JSON Serialization
 JSON serialization of a newly
instantiated object
 Maps
- Key of message
- Value of Hello, World!

Single Query
 Fetches single row from simple
database table
 Row serialized as JSON

Multiple Query
 Fetches multiple rows from a
simple database table
 Rows serialized as JSON

Multiple Query
 Rows serialized as JSON

Data Updates
 Converts rows to objects and
modifies one attribute of each
object
 Updates each associated row and
serializes as JSON
 Example Response:
Results taken from TechEmpower.com

Under the Hood

Polymorphism and Object Representation
Integer Class
Integer Object Name: Integer
Class pointer
Class pointer
Class pointer
Class pointer
Flags
Flags
Flags
Flags
Locks
Locks
Locks
Locks
int
int
int
int
Super Class
Method Table
Field Table
Constant Pool
Object Offsets
...
 Java objects are fixed in size and shape
- Determined by the object type
- Type determined by class pointer
 Class pointer gives access to Method Table
- All methods executable from the object
 Class pointer also gives access to Object Offsets
- Fields in the object that are objects
- Used for graph traversal during GC

Polymorphism and Object Representation
Map
Field: offset
Field: offset
Field: offset
Fixed Array
Map
Length
Fixed Array
Map
1:
2:
1:
Length
2:
JSObject
 JavaScript objects polymorphic and can change in
size and shape
 “Simple” objects:
- Created with 32 fields
- Contains a Map describing key : value
parings
- Contains “extra properties” for overflow
- Contains “elements” for array values
- All fields are 64bits
 Multiple maps can exist for “equal” objects
- Dependent on order in which fields are added
to the object
- ie. X then Y, or Y then X
Map
Extra Props
Elements
1:
2:
3:
...
...
32:

Polymorphism and JIT Compilation
 Functions are stored in JavaScript objects as fields
- No fixed set of methods for an object
● Objects are not typed, so data much be checked to determine how to handle it
eg. the '+' operator:
- number + number → addition
- string involved? → concatenation
- objects involved? → convert to primitives then addition or concatenation
eg. property load:
- Load prototype object
- Load getter method
- Load callback function
● Therefore not possible to determine what instructions to use just from the source code

Approach to JIT Compilation
 V8 JavaScript engine has two compilers
 Full Compiler
- Compiles JavaScript to native code on first execution
- No bytecode stage, and no real optimization applied
- Implements a Polymorphic Inline Cache (PIC)
 Crankshaft
- Execution counter based compilation strategy
 Also supports on-stack replacement for code with hot loops
- Compilation is done in the execution path
- Optimized for types present in the PIC

Polymorphism and Garbage Collection
 Implements Generational Garbage Collection, similar to the JVM
– New space, Old space, Large Object space, Remembered sets
– Additional JavaScript specific areas: map space, cell space, property cell space
– Implements concurrent mark/sweep capabilities
 Root scan based on Global objects and local variables on the stack
– Reference tree built by following object references to further objects
– However... how do we know which variables are Objects rather than data?
• Solution is tagged pointers – use of 01 in the low order bits to denote a
pointer

JavaScript on the JVM?

JavaScript on the JVM
 Rhino was bundled in JDK6
- Based on the Mozilla Rhino engine
- Allowed JavaScript to be embedded in Java, and for JavaScript to call out to Java
- Provided jrunscript command line utility
 Nashorn replaces JavaScript in JDK8
- Supports full ECMAScript 5.1 specification
- Exploits invokedynamic to provide 2x to 10x better performance than Rhino
- Provides jjs command line utility

 SRcrhiinpot Ewnagsi nbeuMnadnleadge inr JsDcKri6ptEngineManager = new ScriptEngineManager();
ScriptEngine nashorn = scriptEngineManager.getEngineByName("nashorn");
int sendVal = 7;
nashorn.put("sendVal", sendVal);
nashorn.eval(" "+
"var Thread = Java.type("java.lang.Thread"); "+
"var MyThread = Java.extend(Thread, { "+
" run: function() { "+
" print("Run in separate thread"); "+
" } "+
"}); "+
"var th = new MyThread(); "+
"th.start(); "+
"th.join(); "+
"var resultVal = sendVal + 3;");
System.out.println(nashorn.get("resultVal");

ScriptEngineManager scriptEngineManager = new ScriptEngineManager();
int sendVal = 7;
nashorn.eval(" "+
" } "+
"}); "+
"th.start(); "+
"th.join(); "+

int sendVal = 7;
nashorn.eval(" "+
" } "+
"}); "+
"th.start(); "+
"th.join(); "+

Introduction to Avatar.js
 Support for Node.js on Nashorn
 Binary builds available from Maven
– Avatar-js.jar
– Avatar-js library (64bit)
 Number of common NPM modules
are supported
 NPM required to dependencies
 Issues for native NPMs
– No native V8 APIs
From https://avatar-js.java.net/

Avatar.js vs Node.js
 Running Octane r33
– The “SpecJVM98” of the JavaScript world
– Actually a JavaScript benchmark rather than a Node.js benchmark
– So more comparing Nashorn to V8
 Run on a 8 CPU Windows using:
– Node.js v0.10.31
– HotSpot 8u20
 Settings are “out of the box” with no attempt to tune

Avatar.js running Octane Bencmark
Avatar.js
● Duration: 1m 56s
● Peak memory: 2830MB

Node.js running Octane Bencmark
Node.js
● Duration: 24s

Avatar.js vs Node.js Memory Usage
Avatar.js
● Duration: 1m 56s
Node.js
● Duration: 24s
Node.js is 4.8x faster
Avatar.js is >10x bigger

Avatar.js vs Node.js: Garbage Collection
 Avatar.js peak is:
– 920MB / 1.85GB
 Node.js peak is:
– 200MB / 220MB
 Additional 700+MB of Object Heap
 Additional 1GB of non-Object Heap

Avatar.js vs Node.js: Stack Traces
 Interpretation of JavaScript at the Java layer means stacks are large and anonymous

Summary
 JavaScript has a large amount of interest and is growing
– Fits well for web applications and code sharing between server and browser
– Async IO and event loop model makes it easy to write scalable applications
 Weak typing and dynamic linkage makes programming easier, but introduces challenges
– Errors found during compilation for strongly typed languages are found at runtime
– JIT compilation loves certainty, which is removed
 Nashorn and Avatar.js introduces JavaScript to the JVM
– Adds interoperability
– … but suffers from the same challenges

IBM Developer Kits for Java
ibm.biz/javasdk
WebShere Liberty Profile
wasdev.net
IBM Bluemix
ibm.com/bluemix
IBM Developer Kits for Node.js
ibm.biz/nodesdk

Questions?

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JavaOne 2014: Java vs JavaScript

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