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Linux Administration for Developers
The document is an outline for a course on Linux administration aimed at developers, covering basics like the file system, command shells, scripting, and server management. It emphasizes the importance of Linux knowledge for developers working with open-source applications and includes practical commands and tools for system monitoring. Key topics include file paths, SSH access, and troubleshooting techniques, along with references to various shells and useful commands.
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Linux Administration for Developers
- 1. Linux Administration forDevelopers by Mahmoud Said
- 2. Outline ● Why ● Linux Basics ● Servers ● WTF ● More monitoring tools 2
- 3. Why ● Free ● Hosting Open Source web apps ● Developing Open Source apps ● Robustness ● Development by Community 3
- 4. Why Admin Common Knowledge Developer 4
- 5.
- 6. Filesystem “Everything is afile” ● Regular files ● Directories ● Symbolic links ● Hard links ● Devices ● Sockets 6
- 7. Filesystem - Filenames ● Case sensitive ● Can contain any character except “/” ● Extensions are only used for user convenience ● Examples: README .bashrc index.html My World conf.old database.yml.bak 7
- 8. Filesystem – Filepathes ● Sequence with nested directories ending with or without a file ● Relative: config/database.yml ● Absolute: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf ● Special pathes: ~/ #home of current user / # root .. # parent directory 8
- 9. Shells ● Interface to execute user commands ● Hide the details of the OS ● Text based Commands ● Can be scripted 9
- 10. Famous Shells ● sh The Bourne shell (obsolete) Traditional, basic shell found on Unix systems, by Steve Bourne. ● csh The C shell (obsolete) Once popular shell with a C-like syntax ● bash The Bourne Again shell (most popular) An improved implementation of sh with lots of added features. 10
- 11. Scripting ● Commands to the shell can be scripted ● The script can be passed to the interpreter, or it can be executed by specifying the interpreter at the beginning bash init.sh.old #!/bin/bash ./init.sh.old echo “bash script...” ruby setup.rb #!/usr/bin/ruby ./setup.rb puts “ruby script...” 11
- 12. Common bash commands pwd cat find ls less sort cp more wc cd vim alias man nano echo mkdir tail ln mv head chmod rm grep chown rmdir crontab 12
- 13. Bash Keyboard commands ● TAB # auto completion ● CTRL+R # search commands history ● CTRL+D # exit the current shell ● CTRL+P # previous command (also “up”) ● CTRL+N # next command (also “down”) ● CTRL+L # clear screen 13
- 14. Standard I/O &piping ● Redirect output to a file using “>” ● Append output to a file using “>>” ● Obrain input from a file using “<” ● Redirect output as input to another process (piping) “|” 14
- 15. Servers 15
- 16. ssh access ● Using password ● Public/private key pair ssh user@35.231.23.120 -p5022 ( default 22) 16
- 17. Important paths /usr/local/project Root directory (capistrano convension) /var/log/ all important logs /etc/ system configuration files /etc/init.d/ startup scripts 17
- 18. Uploading/Downloading files ● scp scr_file user@server.com:/dst_path/ ● wget http://www.akhbarak.net/traces.log.gz 18
- 19. Server Anatomy Web server Memcache Application server Indexer Database 19
- 20. WTF!! 20
- 21. WTF ● Something wrong ● Too few details ● Admin/dev related 21
- 22. Identifying the problem ● Browser/Firebug ● Isolating the request ● Logs – Application logs – Web server logs – Other logs ● Rails console 22
- 23. System status ● System load/CPU (top) ● IO (iotop) ● Memory (free -m, top) ● Check processes (ps aux | grep ruby) ● …. 23
- 24.
- 25. Newrelic.com ● Multiple technologies ● Performance analysis ● Server monitoring ● Traces of errors & slow requests 25
- 26. Thank You 26