Current CDMA Networks

Architectures, Algorithms, & Performance

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 1

Section A

CDMA Principles Review

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 2

CDMA: Using A New Dimension

All CDMA users occupy the same frequency at the same time! Frequency and time are not used as discriminators CDMA operates by using CODING to discriminate between users CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby users Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable code CDMA

Figure of Merit: C/I

(carrier/interference ratio)

AMPS: +17 dB TDMA: +14 to +17 dB GSM: +7 to 9 dB. CDMA: -10 to -17 dB. CDMA: Eb/No ~+6 dB.

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 3

DSSS Spreading: Time-Domain View

Input A: Users Data

Originating Site
XOR
Exclusive-OR

At Originating Site:
Input A: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Spread spectrum signal

1
Input B: Spreading Code
Gate

Spread Spectrum Signal

via air interface

Input A: Received Signal

Destination Site
XOR
Exclusive-OR Gate

At Destination Site:
Input A: Received spread spectrum signal Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second just as originally sent
Input B: Spreading Code

Output: Users Original Data

Drawn to actual scale and time alignment

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 4

Spreading from a Frequency-Domain View

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM Spread Spectrum Narrowband
Slow Information Sent TX Signal Slow Information Recovered

Traditional technologies try to squeeze signal into minimum required bandwidth CDMA uses larger bandwidth but uses resulting processing gain to increase capacity

RX

SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal Slow Information Sent TX RX Slow Information Recovered

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

Spread Spectrum Payoff:

Processing Gain

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 5

CDMA Uses Code Channels

The purpose of a CDMA system is to transmit bits from one user to another Bits Vocoder bits are the payload in voice calls from Users Vocoder Fax or Web TCP/IP data bits are also possible A CDMA signal uses many chips to convey just Forward Error one bit of information Correction Each user has a unique chip pattern, in effect a Symbols channel made from codes To recover a bit, integrate a large number of chips Coding and interpreted by the users known code pattern Spreading Other users code patterns appear random and Chips add up in a random self-canceling fashion; they dont disturb the bit decoding decision being made regarding information transmitted on the proper code pattern
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 6

Building a CDMA Signal

Sneak Preview: How One Traffic Channel Is Transmitted by One Sector to a Mobile
QPSK RF

Users

Analog S Summing

BTS

1 if 0 = if 1 =

Demodulated Received CDMA Signal Despreading Sequence (Locally Generated, =0) Received energy: Correlation
matches opposite
+10 -26

Decision:

Matches! (=0) 1
Opposite ( =1)
-16

Time Integration

This figure illustrates the basic technique of CDMA signal generation at the sector and recovery at the mobile. The complete coding process uses two additional codes, as described in following slides.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 7

Spreading: What we do, we can undo

ORIGINATING SITE
Spread Data Stream
Input Data Recovered Data

DESTINATION

Spreading Sequence

Spreading Sequence

Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence, transmits spread data stream Receiver intercepts the stream, uses same spreading sequence to extract original data

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 8

Shipping and Receiving via CDMA

Shipping FedEx FedEx Receiving

Data

Mailer

Mailer

Data

Whether in shipping and receiving, or in CDMA, packaging is extremely important! Cargo is placed inside nested containers for protection and to allow addressing The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receiver unpacks in the reverse order CDMA containers are spreading codes

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 9

CDMAs Nested Spreading Sequences

ORIGINATING SITE
X+A
Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B

DESTINATION
X+A

Input Data

Recovered Data

X
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence

CDMA combines three different spreading sequences to create unique, robust channels The sequences are easy to generate on both sending and receiving ends of each link What we do, we can undo

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 10

One of the CDMA Spreading Sequences: Walsh Codes

WALSH CODES

64 Magic Sequences, each 64 chips long Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal with respect to all other Walsh Codes its simple to generate the codes, or theyre small enough to use from ROM

Unique Properties: Mutual Orthogonality

EXAMPLE: Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59
#23 #59 Sum 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 1s, 32 0s: Orthogonal!!

# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63

---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011 0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101 0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

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Other Sequences: Generation & Properties

An Ordinary Shift Register

Other CDMA sequences are generated in shift registers Plain shift register: no fun, sequence = length of register Tapped shift register generates a wild, self-mutating sequence 2N-1 chips long (N=register length) Such sequences match if compared in step (no-brainer, any sequence matches itself) Such sequences appear approximately orthogonal if compared with themselves not exactly matched in time false correlation typically <2%

Sequence repeats every N chips, where N is number of cells in register A Tapped, Summing Shift Register

Sequence repeats every 2N-1 chips, where N is number of cells in register

A Special Characteristic of Sequences Generated in Tapped Shift Registers

Compared In-Step: Matches Itself
Sequence: Self, in sync: Sum: Complete Correlation: All 0s

Compared Shifted: Little Correlation

Sequence: Self, Shifted: Sum: Practically Orthogonal: Half 1s, Half 0s

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 12

Another CDMA Spreading Sequence: The Short PN Code

32,768 chips long 26-2/3 ms. (75 repetitions in 2 sec.)

CDMA QPSK Phase Modulator Using I and Q PN Sequences

I-sequence cos wt

I Q The short PN code consists of two PN Sequences, I and Q, each 32,768 chips long Generated in similar but differently-tapped 15-bit shift registers Theyre always used together, modulating the two phase axes of a QPSK modulator

chip input

QPSKmodulated S RF Output
sin wt

Q-sequence *

* In BTS, I and Q are used in-phase. In handset, Q is delayed 1/2 chip to avoid zero-amplitude crossings which would require a linear power amplifier

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

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Third CDMA Spreading Sequence: Long Code

Generation & Masking to establish Offset
Long Code Register
(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

1100011000

AND
S UM

P E RMU T E D E S N

Public Long Code Mask

(STATIC)

Modulo-2 Addition

User Long Code Sequence (@1.2288 MCPS)

Generated in a 42-bit register, the PN Long code is more than 40 days long (~4x1013 chips) -- too big to store in ROM in a handset, so its generated chipby-chip using the scheme shown above Each handset codes its signal with the PN Long Code, but at a unique offset computed using its ESN (32 bits) and 10 bits set by the system this is called the Public Long Code Mask; produces unique shift private long code masks are available for enhanced privacy Integrated over a period even as short as 64 chips, phones with different PN long code offsets will appear practically orthogonal
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 14

Putting it All Together: CDMA Channels

FORWARD CHANNELS One Sector LONG CODE: Data Scrambling

WALSH CODE: Individual User SHORT PN OFFSET: Sector

REVERSE CHANNELS

LONG CODE OFFSET: individual handset

WALSH CODES: used as symbols for robustness

SHORT PN: used at 0 offset for tracking

BTS

The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the forward and reverse links A forward channel exists by having a specific Walsh Code assigned to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset of the Long PN sequence
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 15

Section B

IS-95 CDMA Forward and Reverse Channels

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

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How a BTS Builds the Forward Code Channels

Switch BSC or BTS (1 sector) Access Manager Walsh #0
Pilot Sync Paging Vocoder Vocoder Vocoder Vocoder more more FEC Walsh #32 FEC Short PN Code PN Offset 246 I Q cos wt x + Transmitter, Sector X

Walsh #1
FEC Walsh #12 FEC

x sin wt

SS
I

Walsh #23
FEC FEC
a Channel Element

Walsh #27

Walsh #44
FEC more
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

A Forward Channel is identified by: its CDMA RF carrier Frequency Q the unique Short Code PN Offset of the sector the unique Walsh Code of the user

Page 17

Functions of the CDMA Forward Channels

Pilot Paging Walsh 0 Walsh 1 Walsh 6 Walsh 11 Walsh 19 Walsh 20 Sync Walsh 32 Walsh 37 Walsh 41 Walsh 42 Walsh 55 Walsh 56 Walsh 60
PILOT: WALSH CODE 0 The Pilot is a structural beacon which does not contain a character stream. It is a timing source used in system acquisition and as a measurement device during handoffs

SYNC: WALSH CODE 32

This carries a data stream of system identification and parameter information used by mobiles during system acquisition

PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7

There can be from one to seven paging channels as determined by capacity needs. They carry pages, system parameters information, and call setup orders

TRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes

The traffic channels are assigned to individual users to carry call traffic. All remaining Walsh codes are available, subject to overall capacity limited by noise

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

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Code Channels in the Reverse Direction

Switch

BSC, BTS (1 sector) CBSC, Access Long Code Gen Manager

Channel Element Long Code Gen

Access Channels

A Reverse Channel is identified by: its CDMA RF carrier Frequency the unique Long Code PN Offset of the individual handset
Long Code offset Receiver, Sector X

Vocoder

Channel Element
Long Code Gen

Long Code offset

Vocoder

Channel Element
a Channel Element

Long Code Gen Vocoder Channel Element Long Code Gen Vocoder more more Channel Element more
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Long Code offset

Long Code offset

Long Code offset

Long Code offset

Page 19

Functions of the CDMA Reverse Channels

There are two types of CDMA Reverse Channels: TRAFFIC CHANNELS are used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS a reverse traffic channel is really just a userspecific public or private Long Code mask there are as many reverse Traffic Channels as there are CDMA phones in the world!
BTS

ACCESS CHANNELS are used by mobiles not yet in a call to transmit registration requests, call setup requests, page responses, order responses, and other signaling information an access channel is really just a public long code offset unique to the BTS sector Access channels are paired to Paging Channels. Each paging channel can have up to 32 access channels.

REG
1-800 242 4444

Although a sector can have up to seven paging channels, and each paging channel can have up to 32 access channels, nearly all systems today use only one paging channel per sector and only one access channel per paging channel.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 20

Basic CDMA Network Architecture

Switch
SLM CM

GPS
GPSR

Access Manager or (C)BSC

BSM

BTS
GPS
GPSR

CDSU
CDSU

CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC

TFU

DMS-BUS

TFU1 CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2

LPP ENET

LPP

CDSU

Packets
CDSU CDSU CDSU

CDSU

Sa Sb Sc

DS0 in T1
DTCs

Chips
Channel Element RF

Txcvr A Txcvr B Txcvr C

RFFE A RFFE B RFFE C

SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors

Vocoder

PSTN

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 21

Forward Traffic Channel: Generation Details from IS-95

bits symbols chips

CHANNEL ELEMENT
9600 bps 4800 bps R = 1/2 19.2 2400 bps ksps Convolutional 1200 bps Encoding and or Symbol Repetition 14400 bps Puncturing 28.8 7200 bps ksps (13 kb only) 3600 bps 1800 bps (From Vocoder) User Address Mask (ESN-based)

I PN Power Control Bit Walsh function

Scrambling Block Interleaving 19.2 ksps

M U X

1.2288 Mcps

1.2288 Long PN Code Mcps Generation

19.2 ksps Decimator Decimator

800 Hz

Q PN

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

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Reverse Traffic Channel: Generation Details from IS-95

9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps or 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps

R = 1/3 Convolutional Encoder & Repetition R = 1/2 User Address Mask Long PN Code Generator 28.8 ksps 28.8 307.2 ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst Randomizer Modulation 1.2288 Mcps

I PN (no offset)
1/2 PN Chip Delay

Block Interleaver

1.2288 Mcps
Direct Sequence Spreading

Q PN (no offset)

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 23

Section C

IS-95 Operational Details

Vocoding, Multiplexing, Power Control

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 24

Variable Rate Vocoding & Multiplexing

DSP QCELP VOCODER

Vocoders compress speech, reduce bit rate, greatly increasing capacity CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder full rate during speech low rates in speech pauses increased capacity more natural sound Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA frames

20ms Sample

Pitch Filter
Codebook Coded Result

Feedback

Formant Filter

bits 288

Frame Sizes Full Rate Frame

144 1/2 Rate Frame 72 1/4 Rt.

36 1/8

Frame Contents: can be a mixture of Voice Signaling Secondary

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 25

Forward Power Control

BSC BTS (1 sector)
Pilot Sync Paging User 1 User 2 Vocoder/ Selector User 3 more Transmitter, Sector X I Q Short PN

Help!
Forward RF

The BTS continually reduces the strength of each users forward baseband chip stream When a particular handset sees errors on the forward link, it requests more energy The complainers chip stream gets a quick boost; afterward, continues to diminish Each network manufacturer uses FER-based triggers and initial, minimum, and maximum traffic channel DGU values
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 26

Reverse Power Control

800 bits per second

BSC
Bad FER? Raise Setpoint

BTS
Stronger than setpoint? Setpoint

Reverse RF

RX RF Digital Open Loop Closed Loop

TX RF Digital

Occasionally, as needed

Handset

Three methods work in tandem to equalize all handset signal levels at the BTS Reverse Open Loop: handset adjusts power up or down based on received BTS signal (AGC) Reverse Closed Loop: Is handset too strong? BTS tells up or down 1 dB 800 times/second Reverse Outer Loop: BSC has FER trouble hearing handset? BSC adjusts BTS setpoint

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 27

Details of Reverse Link Power Control

TXPO Handset Transmit Power Actual RF power output of the handset transmitter, including combined effects of open loop power control from receiver AGC and closed loop power control by BTS cant exceed handsets maximum (typ. +23 dBm) Subscriber Handset
BTS

Receiver>>
LNA DUP x

TXPO
x

PA LO

~ LO

Rake R R R S S Viterbi Decoder

IF

Open Loop

Closed Loop Pwr Ctrl IF x IF Mod x I Long PN Orth Mod FEC Vocoder

x
Q

<<Transmitter

Typical TXPO: TXPO = -(RXdbm) -C + TXGA C = +73 for 8K vocoder systems TXGA Transmit Gain Adjust +76 for 13K vocoder systems =Sum of all closed-loop power control commands from the BTS since the beginning of this call
+23 dBm in a coverage hole 0 dBm near middle of cell -50 dBm up close to BTS 0 dB -10 dB -20 dB
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Typical Transmit Gain Adjust

Time, Seconds
Page 28

Course 134

CDMA Air Interface Capacity

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 29

The Basic CDMA Capacity Equation

Basic Capacity of a CDMA Cell Vocoder or Data Rate, kb/s Bandwidth, MHz. Eb/No in dB Voice Duty factor Freq Reuse Efficiency Sectorization Gain Gross Number of Users/Cell Percentage of Users in Soft Handoff Net Unique Users Per Cell Case A 9.6 1.25 7 0.40 0.60 2.55 99.4 50% 66.2 Case B 14.4 1.25 7 0.40 0.60 2.55 66.2 50% 44.2 (9.6 for Rate Set 1, 14.4 for Rate Set 2) (IS-95/J-Std 008 is 1.25 MHz.) 5.01 Eb/No as ratio 100% when talking, 12.5% when listening fraction of energy coming from within same cell (2.55 observed for 3-sector cells in tests)

As this spreadsheet shows, actual traffic capacity is influenced strongly by the degree of soft handoff actually in progress

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

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Capacity Issues with Current CDMA Networks

Today, CDMA networks for the most part are still single-carrier this severely limits the capacity of one BTS to approximately 20 erlangs implementing additional carriers brings logistical problems involving handoffs and system acquisition by mobiles Multiple-carrier operation is essential to achieve reasonable capacities Within networks, there are strategies for squeezing the most out of overloaded single-carrier BTSs. Some of the main points are: reduce Pilot, Sync, and Paging levels as low as possible, thereby gaining precious additional energy for traffic channels reduce BTS traffic channel DGU settings as low as possible without provoking forward link FER.

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 31

Wireless System Capacity Comparisons

Each wireless technology (AMPS, NAMPS, D-AMPS, GSM, CDMA) uses a specific modulation type with its own unique signal characteristics

AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

1 3 1 Users 2 3 7 1 6 4 5

Signal Bandwidth determines how many RF signals will fit in the operators licensed spectrum
Robustness of RF signal determines tolerable level of interference and necessary physical separation of cochannel cells

30

30

Vulnerability: C/I @ 17 dB 10 kHz Bandwidth Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

Users

Vulnerability: C/I @ 6.5-9 dB

4
200 kHz

2 3

Number of users per RF signal directly affects capacity In the following page, we will develop the number of users and traffic in erlangs per site for each of the popular wireless technologies

Typical Frequency Reuse N=4

CDMA 22 Users
1250 kHz

Vulnerability: EbNo @ 6 dB

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 32

Comparison of Wireless System Capacities

824 835 845 849 870 880

A
825

B
846.5

Paging, ESMR, etc.

869

8 9 0

8 9 4

891.5

Fwd/Rev Spectrum kHz. Technology Req'd C/I or Eb/No, db Freq Reuse Factor, N RF Signal BW, kHz Total # RF Carriers RF Sigs. per cell @N # Sectors per cell #CCH per sector RF Signals per sector Voicepaths/RF signal SH average links used Unique Voicepaths/carrier Voicepaths/Sector Unique Voicepaths/Sector P.02 Erlangs per sector P.02 Erlangs per site Capacity vs. AMPS800

800 Cellular (A,B) 12,500 12,500 12,500 AMPS TDMA CDMA 17 17 6 7 7 1 30 30 1250 416 416 9 59 59 9 3 3 3 1 1 0 18 18 9 1 3 22 1.66 13.253 18 54 198 18 54 119 11.5 44 105.5 34.5 132 316.5 1 3.8 9.2
A
15 1850 MHz.

1900 PCS (A, B, C) 1900 PCS (D, 15,000 15,000 15,000 5,000 5,000 TDMA GSM CDMA TDMA GSM 17 12 6 17 12 7 4 1 7 4 30 200 1250 30 200 500 75 11 166 25 71 18 11 23 6 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 22 6 11 6 2 3 8 22 3 8 1.66 13.253 66 48 242 18 16 66 48 145 18 16 55.3 38.4 130.9 11.5 9.83 165.9 115.2 392.7 34.5 29.49 4.8 3.3 11.4 1.0 0.9
E F
5 5

E, F) 5,000 CDMA 6 1 1250 3 3 3 0 3 22 1.66 13.253 66 39 30.1 90.3 2.6

C
15 1990 MHz.

D
5

B
15

C
15

unlic. unlic. data voice

A
15

D
5

B
15

E F
5 5

1910 MHz.

1930 MHz.

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

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Multicarrier CDMA Capacity Implications

CDMA Carrier Frequencies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

f
Fwd/Rev Spectrum kHz. 12,500 1,800 3,050 4,300 5,550 6,800 8,050 9,300 10,550 Technology AMPS CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA Req'd C/I or Eb/No, db 17 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Freq Reuse Factor, N 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RF Signal BW, kHz 30 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 Total # RF Carriers 416 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RF Sigs. per cell @N 59 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 # Sectors per cell 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 #CCH per sector 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RF Signals per sector 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Voicepaths/RF signal 1 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 SH average links used 1 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 Unique Voicepaths/carrier 1 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 Voicepaths/Sector 18 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 Unique Voicepaths/Sector 18 13 26 39 53 66 79 92 106 P.02 Erlangs per sector 11.5 7.4 18.4 30.1 43.1 55.3 67.7 80.2 93.8 P.02 Erlangs per site 34.5 22.2 55.2 90.3 129.3 165.9 203.1 240.6 281.4 Capacity vs. AMPS800 1 0.64 1.60 2.6 3.7 4.8 5.9 7.0 8.2 11,800 CDMA 6 1 1250 9 9 3 0 9 22 1.66 13.3 198 119 105.5 316.5 9.2 13,050 CDMA 6 1 1250 10 10 3 0 10 22 1.66 13.3 220 132 119.1 357.3 10.4 14,300 CDMA 6 1 1250 11 11 3 0 11 22 1.66 13.3 242 145 130.9 392.7 11.4

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

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Course 134

Nortel CDMA Network Architecture

www.nortel.com
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 35

Structure of a Typical Wireless System

HLR Home Location Register (subscriber database)

SUPPORT FUNCTIONS

BASE STATIONS Voice Mail System SWITCH BASE STATION CONTROLLER

PSTN Local Carriers Long Distance Carriers

Mobile Telephone Switching Office

ATM Link to other CDMA Networks (Future)

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 36

Signal Flow: Two-Stage Metamorphosis

MTX
SLM CM

GPS
GPSR

BSC-BSM

BTS
GPS
GPSR

BSM DMS-BUS TFU1 CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2

CDSU
CDSU

CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC

TFU

LPP ENET

LPP

CDSU

Packets
CDSU CDSU CDSU

CDSU

Sa Sb Sc

DS0 in T1
DTCs

Chips
Channel Element RF

Txcvr A Txcvr B Txcvr C

RFFE A RFFE B RFFE C

SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors

Vocoder

PSTN

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 37

NORTEL CDMA System Architecture

MTX
SLM CM

GPS
GPSR

BSC-BSM

BTS
GPS
GPSR

BSM DMS-BUS LPP ENET LPP

CDSU CDSU

CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC

TFU

TFU1
CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2

CDSU CDSU CDSU

Sa Sb Sc

DTCs

CDSU

Txcvr A Txcvr B Txcvr C

RFFE A RFFE B RFFE C

SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors

PSTN & Billing Other MTXs

Current Product Capabilities: Each BSC can have up to 4 DISCO shelves About 240 sites, roughly 6000 erlangs capacity Each MTX can have up to 2 BSCs
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 38

Switch: The Nortel MTX

MTX
SLM CM

Primary functions CDMA Call Processing BSC LPP ENET LPP Unch. T1 Mobility Management HLR-VLR access Ch.T1 CDMA DTCs SBS Intersystem call delivery (IS-41C) Inter-MTX handover (IS-41C) IOC Billing Data Capture Ch MAP, Calling Features & Services T1 VDUs CCS7 Collecting System OMs, Pegs Billing PSTN & High reliability, redundancy
DMS-BUS

Other MTXs

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 39

The Nortel BSC

GPS GPSR

BSC

BSM

CDSU CDSU

TFU1

MTX LPP

CDSU CDSU

DISCO 1 DISCO 2

CDSU CDSU CDSU CDSU

BTSs

MTX (voice trunks)

SBS
Vocoders Selectors

T1 channelized (24 DS0) T1 unchannelized BCN link (HDLC)

Primary functions vocoding soft handoff management FER-based power control routing of all traffic and control packets Scaleable architecture expand SBS to keep pace with traffic growth expandable DISCO
Page 40

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

The Nortel BTS

Base Transceiver Station Primary function: Air link generate, radiate, receive CDMA RF signal IS-95/J.Std. 8 high-efficiency T1 backhaul test capabilities Configurations 1, 2, or 3 sectors 800 MHz.: indoor 1900 MHz.: self-contained outdoor, remotable RFFEs new indoor, 800 MHz. & 1900 MHz. multi-carrier options Metrocell

BTS
GPS
GPSR CDSU DISCO TFU

BSC
Ch. Card ACC

Sa Sb Sc

Txcvr A Txcvr B Txcvr C

RFFE A RFFE B RFFE C

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 41

The Nortel BSM

NORTEL CDMA BSM

BSM
Ethernet LAN

X-Windows terminals

GNP TELCO WORKSERVER SHELF --------HIGH AVAILABILITY

BSM Workstation

BCN Links
GPS
GPSR CDSU TFU1 CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2 CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC

BSC

BTS
TFU

GPS
GPSR

CDSU
CDSU CDSU CDSU CDSU

Sa Sb Sc

Txcvr A Txcvr B Txcvr C

RFFE A RFFE B RFFE C

Base Station Manager Primary functions: OA&M for CDMA components Configuration management BSC, BTS configuration and parameters Fault management Alarm Reporting Performance management interface for CDMA statistics and peg counts collection Security management Unix-based

SBS
Vocoders Selectors

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 42

Nortel Operational Capacity Considerations

MTX
Typical CM processor capacity considerations CDMA LPP: One pair CIUs and One pair CAUs per approx. 600 erlangs DISCO has 192 ports max. Each BTS uses 1, SBS shelf 1, LPP CIU 1, Link 2, Ctrl. 2, GPSR BSM 4.

GPS

BSC-BSM

One T-1 can carry all traffic originated by a one-carrier BTS; special consideration required if daisy-chaining

BTS
GPS
GPSR TFU Sufficient channel
elements required for traffic of all sectors: one CE per link; 20 CE per Channel Card

SLM

CM

BSM DMS-BUS LPP

CDSU CDSU

CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC

TFU1
CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2

CDSU CDSU CDSU

LPP ENET

CDSU

Txcvr RFFE Codes/sector Sa64 Walsh A A Txcvr RFFE Codes/sector Sb64 Walsh B B
Codes/sector Txcvr RFFE Sc64 Walsh C C Forward RF Capacity: links use available BTS TX power

DTCs
DTC & ENET: One port per Vocoder plus one port per outgoing trunk.

CDSU

SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors
Sufficient vocoders/selectors required in BSC SBS, one per simultaneous call on the system. 8 Vocoders per SBS card, 12 cards per shelf, 4 shelves per SBS cabinet.

Reverse RF Capacity: links cause noise floor rise, use mobile power

PSTN
PSTN trunk groups must be dimensioned to support erlang load.

1-2001 Current Product Capabilities: Each BSC can have up to 4 DISCO shelves About 240 sites, roughly 6000 erlangs capacity Each MTX can have up to 2 BSCs Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 43

Course 134

CDMA Handset Architecture

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 44

Functional Anatomy of a CDMA Handset

Antenna

Receiver
RF
Duplexer & Bandpass Filters Power Amplifier

chips IF

Traffic Correlator PN Generator Walsh Generator Traffic Correlator PN Generator Walsh Generator Traffic Correlator PN Generator Walsh Generator Search Correlator (Pilots) PN Generator Walsh =0

symbols bits
Viterbi Decoder

RF
LNA

IF
Mixer

IF BPF

IF

Vocoder

LO
Local Oscillator
(Synthesized)

audio messages

RF
Mixer

LO

IF IF
IF IF Modulator

Open Loop Pwr Control

CPU & Control Algorithms

Transmit Gain Adjust: Closed Loop Pwr Control

LONG CODE Generator

chips

symbols
Direct Seq. Spreading Data Burst Randomizer Orthogonal Modulator

messages audio symbols bits

Block Conv. Encoder Interleaver & Symbol Rep.
Vocoder

Baseband Filtering

Quadrature Spreading

Transmitter
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 45

The Rake Receiver

Handset
RF
BTS BTS

Rake Receiver PN Walsh PN PN Walsh S Walsh

Voice, Data, Messages

Pilot Ec/Io

Searcher PN W=0

Every frame, handset uses combined outputs of the three traffic correlators (rake fingers) Each finger can independently recover a particular PN offset and Walsh code Fingers can be targeted on delayed multipath reflections, or even on different BTSs Searcher continuously checks pilots

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 46

CDMA Soft Handoff Mechanics

Switch BSC
Sel.
BTS BTS

Handset
RF

Rake Receiver PN Walsh PN PN Walsh S Walsh Voice, Data, Messages Pilot Ec/Io

Searcher PN W=0

CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset Handset continuously checks available pilots Handset tells system pilots it currently sees System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset Handset assigns its fingers accordingly All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting! Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame basis! Users are totally unaware of handoff

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 47

Adventures in Call Processing

5 Minutes in the Life of a CDMA Handset

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Page 48

Our Call Processing Adventures

Layer-3 Messaging Review Lets Acquire the System! Lets do an Idle Mode Handoff! Lets Register! Lets Receive an Incoming Call! Lets Make an Outgoing Call! Lets End a Call! Lets Receive Notification of a Voice Message! Lets Do a Handoff!

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 49

CDMA Call Processing

Layer-3 Messaging Review

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How CDMA Messages are Sent

CDMA messages on both forward and reverse traffic channels are normally sent via dim-and-burst Messages include many fields of binary data The first byte of each message identifies message type: this allows the recipient to parse the contents To ensure no messages are missed, all CDMA messages bear serial numbers and important messages contain a bit requesting acknowledgment Messages not promptly acknowledged are retransmitted several times. If not acknowledged, the sender may release the call Field data processing tools capture and display the messages for study
EXAMPLE: A POWER MEASUREMENT REPORT MESSAGE
Field MSG_TYPE (00000110) ACK_SEQ Length (in bits) 8 3

MSG_SEQ
ACK_REQ ENCRYPTION ERRORS_DETECTED

3
1 2 5

POWER_MEAS_FRAMES
LAST_HDM_SEQ NUM_PILOTS

10
2 4

NUM_PILOTS occurrences of this field: PILOT_STRENGTH RESERVED (0s) 6 0-7 Page 51

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Message Vocabulary: Acquisition & Idle States

Pilot Channel
No Messages

Sync Channel
Sync Channel Msg BTS

Paging Channel
Access Parameters Msg System Parameters Msg CDMA Channel List Msg Extended System Parameters Msg Extended Neighbor List Msg Global Service Redirection Msg Service Redirection Msg General Page Msg Order Msg

Access Channel
Registration Msg Order Msg
Mobile Station Acknowldgment Long Code Transition Request SSD UpDate 2011Confirmation many others..

Base Station Acknowledgment Lock until Power-Cycled Maintenance required many others..

Channel Assignment Msg Feature Notification Msg Authentication Challenge Msg Status Request Msg

Origination Msg Page Response Msg Authentication Challenge Response Msg Status Response Msg TMSI Assignment Completion Message Data Burst Msg

SSD UpDate 2011Msg

Null Msg

TMSI Assignment Msg

Data Burst Msg

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 52

Message Vocabulary: Conversation State

Forward Traffic Channel
Order Msg
Base Station Acknowledgment Base Station Challenge Confirmation Message Encryption Mode

Alert With Information Msg Service Request Msg Service Response Msg Service Connect Msg Service Option Control Msg Status Request Msg Flash With Information Msg Data Burst Msg Extended Handoff Direction Msg

Reverse Traffic Channel

Service Request Msg Service Response Msg Service Connect Completion Message Service Option Control Message Status Response Msg Flash With Information Msg Data Burst Message Pilot Strength Measurement Msg Handoff Completion Msg Origination Continuation Msg Authentication Challenge Response Msg TMSI Assignment Completion Message Send Burst DTMF Msg Parameters Response Message Power Measurement Report Msg Order Message
Mobile Sta. Acknowledgment Long Code Transition Request SSD UpDate 2011Confirmation Connect

Authentication Challenge Msg TMSI Assignment Msg Send Burst DTMF Msg Set Parameters Msg Power Control Parameters Msg. Retrieve Parameters Msg Analog Handoff Direction Msg SSD UpDate 2011Msg Mobile Station Registered Msg

Neighbor List UpDate 2011Msg

In-Traffic System Parameters Msg

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 53

CDMA Call Processing

Lets Acquire the System!

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 54

Find a Frequency with a CDMA RF Signal

Reverse Link Frequencies (Mobile Transmit)
824 MHz. 835 845 849

Forward Link Frequencies (Base Station Transmit)

870 880 890 894

800 MHz. Cellular Spectrum A

825

B
846.5

Paging, ESMR, etc.

869

B
891.5

1900 MHz. PCS Spectrum

A
1850MHz.

E F

unlic. unlic. data voice 1930MHz.

E F

C
1990 MHz.

1910MHz.

Mobile scans forward link frequencies: (Cellular or PCS, depending on model) History List Preferred Roaming List until a CDMA signal is found. NO CDMA?! Go to AMPS, or to a power-saving standby mode
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

FREQUENCY LISTS:
HISTORY LIST
Last-used: Freq/SID x Freq/SID y Freq/SID z Freq/SID t Freq/SID u etc.

PREFERRED ROAMING LIST

Freq/SID 1 Freq/SID 2 Freq/SID 3 Freq/SID 4 Freq/SID 5 etc.

Page 55

Find Strongest Pilot, Read Sync Channel

Ec/Io 0 All PN Offsets

1. Pilot Searcher Scans the Entire Range of PNs

32K 512 SYNC CHANNEL MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:09.817 [SCH] Sync Channel Message MSG_LENGTH = 208 bits MSG_TYPE = Sync Channel Message P_REV = 3 MIN_P_REV = 2 SID = 179 NID = 0 PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index LC_STATE = 0x0348D60E013 SYS_TIME = 98/05/24 23:14:10.160 LP_SEC = 12 LTM_OFF = -300 minutes DAYLT = 0 PRAT = 9600 bps RESERVED = 1

-20 Chips 0 PN 0

2. Put Rake finger(s) on strongest available PN, decode Walsh 32, and read Sync Channel Message

Active Pilot
Handset

Rake Receiver F1 PN168 W32 F2 PN168 W32

RF
x

Rake Fingers

F3 PN168 W32
Srch PN??? W0

LO

Reference PN

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 56

The Configuration Messages

After reading the Sync Channel, the mobile is now capable of reading the Paging Channel, which now monitors constantly Before it is allowed to transmit or operate on this system, the mobile must collect a complete set of configuration messages Collection is a short process -- all configuration messages are repeated on the paging channel every 1.28 seconds The configuration messages contain sequence numbers so the mobile can recognize if any of the messages have been freshly updated as it continues to monitor the paging channel Access parameters message sequence number Configuration message sequence number If a mobile notices a changed sequence number, or if 600 seconds passes since the last time these messages were read, the mobile reads all of them again
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 57

Go to Paging Channel, Get Configured

Ec/Io 0 All PN Offsets

-20 Chips 0 PN 0 Read the Configuration Messages

Access Parameters Msg System Parameters Msg CDMA Channel List Msg Extended System Parameters Msg (*opt.) (Extended*) Neighbor List Msg Global Service Redirection Msg (*opt.)

32K 512

Keep Rake finger(s) on strongest available PN, decode Walsh 1, and monitor the Paging Channel

Active Pilot
Handset

Rake Receiver

F1 PN168 W01

RF
x

F2 PN168 W01 F3 PN168 W01 Srch PN??? W0

Rake Fingers

LO

Now were ready to operate!! Reference PN

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 58

Two Very Important Configuration Messages

SYSTEM PARAMETERS MESSAGE ACCESS PARAMETERS MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:10.427 [PCH] MSG_LENGTH = 184 bits MSG_TYPE = Access Parameters Message PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index ACC_MSG_SEQ = 27 ACC_CHAN = 1 channel NOM_PWR = 0 dBINIT_PWR = 0 dBPWR_STEP = 4 Db NUM_STEP = 5 Access Probes Maximum MAX_CAP_SZ = 4 Access Channel Frames Maximum PAM_SZ = 3 Access Channel Frames Persist Val for Acc Overload Classes 0-9 = 0 Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 10 = 0 Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 11 = 0 Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 12 = 0 Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 13 = 0 Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 14 = 0 Persist Val for Acc Overload Class 15 = 0 Persistance Modifier for Msg Tx = 1 Persistance Modifier for Reg = 1 Probe Randomization = 15 PN chips Acknowledgement Timeout = 320 ms Probe Backoff Range = 4 Slots Maximum Probe Sequence Backoff Range = 4 Slots Max. Max # Probe Seq for Requests = 2 Sequences Max # Probe Seq for Responses = 2 Sequences Authentication Mode = 1 Random Challenge Value = Field Omitted Reserved Bits = 99 98/05/24 23:14:11.126 [PCH] System Parameter Message MSG_LENGTH = 264 bits MSG_TYPE = System Parameters Message PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0 SID = 179 NID = 0 REG_ZONE = 0 TOTAL_ZONES = 0 ZONE_TIMER = 60 min MULT_SIDS = 0 MULT_NID = 0 BASE_ID = 8710 BASE_CLASS = Public Macrocellular PAGE_CHAN = 1 channel MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX = 0 HOME_REG = 0 FOR_SID_REG = 0 FOR_NID_REG = 1 POWER_UP_REG = 0 POWER_DOWN_REG = 0 PARAMETER_REG = 1 REG_PRD = 0.08 sec BASE_LAT = 00D00'00.00N BASE_LONG = 000D00'00.00E REG_DIST = 0 SRCH_WIN_A = 40 PN chips SRCH_WIN_N = 80 PN chips SRCH_WIN_R = 4 PN chips NGHBR_MAX_AGE = 0 PWR_REP_THRESH = 2 frames PWR_REP_FRAMES = 56 frames PWR_THRESH_ENABLE = 1 PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE = 0 PWR_REP_DELAY = 20 frames RESCAN = 0 T_ADD = -13.0 Db T_DROP = -15.0 dB T_COMP = 2.5 dB T_TDROP = 4 sec EXT_SYS_PARAMETER = 1 RESERVED = 0 GLOBAL_REDIRECT = 0

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 59

Four Additional Configuration Messages

CDMA CHANNEL LIST MESSAGE

98/05/24 23:14:10.786 [PCH] CDMA Channel List Message MSG_LENGTH = 72 bits MSG_TYPE = CDMA Channel List Message PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0 CDMA_FREQ = 283 RESERVED = Field Omitted

EXTENDED SYSTEM PARAMETERS

98/05/24 23:14:10.946 [PCH] Extended System Parameters Message MSG_LENGTH = 104 bits MSG_TYPE = Extended System Parameters Message PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0 RESERVED = 0 PREF_MSID_TYPE = IMSI and ESN MCC = 000 IMSI_11_12 = 00 RESERVED_LEN = 8 bits RESERVED_OCTETS = 0x00 BCAST_INDEX = 0 RESERVED = 0

NEIGHBOR LIST
98/05/24 23:14:11.486 [PCH] Neighbor List Message MSG_LENGTH = 216 bits MSG_TYPE = Neighbor List Message PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0 PILOT_INC = 4 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 220 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 52 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 500 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 8 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 176 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 304 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 136 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 384 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 216 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 68 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 328 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 112 Offset Index RESERVED = 0

GLOBAL SERVICE REDIRECTION

98/05/17 24:21.566 Paging Channel: Global Service Redirection PILOT_PN: 168, MSG_TYPE: 96, CONFIG_MSG_SEQ: 0 Redirected access overload classes: { 0, 1 }, RETURN_IF_FAIL: 0, DELETE_TMSI: 0, Redirection to an analog system: EXPECTED_SID = 0 Do not ignore CDMA Available indicator on the redirected analog system Attempt service on either System A or B with the custom system selection process

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Page 60

CDMA Call Processing

Lets do an Idle Mode Handoff!

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Page 61

Idle Mode Handoff

An idle mobile always demodulates the best available signal In idle mode, it isnt possible to do soft handoff and listen to multiple sectors or base stations at the same time -- the paging channel information stream is different on each sector, not synchronous -- just as the TV news programs on different networks are not in sync word-by-word if viewed together Since a mobile cant combine signals, the mobile must switch quickly, always enjoying the best available signal The mobiles pilot searcher is constantly checking neighbor pilots If the searcher notices a better signal, the mobile continues on the current paging channel until the end of the current superframe, then instantly switches to the paging channel of the new signal The system doesnt know the mobile did this! (Does NBCs Tom Brokaw know you just switched your TV to CNN?) On the new paging channel, if the mobile learns that registration is required, it re-registers on the new sector
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 62

Idle Mode on the Paging Channel: Meet the Neighbors, track the Strongest Pilot
Ec/Io 0 All PN Offsets

-20 Chips 0 PN 0
SRCH_WIN_A Mobile Rake RX F1 PN168 W01 F2 PN168 W01 F3 PN168 W01 Srch PN??? W0

Active Pilot
Rake Fingers

32K 512

SRCH_WIN_N

Reference PN

The phones pilot searcher constantly checks the pilots listed in the Neighbor List Message

Neighbor Set

If the searcher ever notices a neighbor pilot substantially stronger than the current reference pilot, it becomes the new reference pilot and the phone switches over to its paging channel on the next superframe. This is called an idle mode handoff.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 63

Phone Operation on the Access Channel

A Successful Access Attempt A sectors Paging Channel announces 1 (typ) to 32 (max) Access Channels: PN Long Code offsets for mobiles to use if accessing the system. For mobiles sending Registration, Origination, Page Responses Base Station always listening! On the access channel, phones are not yet under BTS closed-loop power control! Phones access the BTS by probing at power levels determined by receive power and an open loop formula If probe not acknowledged by BTS within ACC_TMO (~400 mS.), phone will wait a random time (~200 mS) then probe again, stronger by PI db. There can be 15 max. (typ. 5) probes in a sequence and 15 max. (typ. 2) sequences in an access attempt most attempts succeed on first probe! The Access Parameters message on the paging channel announces values of all related parameters
Origination Msg Success! BTS an Access Probe a Probe Sequence an Access Attempt PAGING Base Sta. Acknlgmt. Order FW TFC TFC frames of 000s MS Probing ACCESS

PAGING

Channel Assnmt. Msg.

TFC preamble of 000s RV TFC

FW FC

Base Sta. Acknlgmt. Order Mobile Sta. Ackngmt. Order RV TFC

FW TFC

Service Connect Msg. Svc. Connect Complete Msg RV TFC

FW TFC Base Sta. Acknlgmt. Order

Call is Established!
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 64

CDMA Call Processing

Lets Register!

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 65

Registration
Registration is the process by which an idle mobile lets the system know its awake and available for incoming calls this allows the system to inform the mobiles home switch of the mobiles current location, so that incoming calls can be delivered registration also allows the system to intelligently page the mobile only in the area where the mobile is currently located, thereby eliminating useless congestion on the paging channels in other areas of the system There are many different conditions that could trigger an obligation for the mobile to register there are flags in the System Parameters Message which tell the mobile when it must register on the current system

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Page 66

An Actual Registration
SYSTEM PARAMETERS MESSAGE
18:26.826 [PCH] System Parameters Message Pilot_PN: 32 CONFIG_MSG_SEQ: 14 SID: 16420 NID: 0, REG_ZONE: 0 TOTAL_ZONES: 0 Zone timer length (min): 1 MULT_SIDS: 0 MULT_NIDS: 0 BASE_ID: 1618 BASE_CLASS: Reserved PAG_CHAN: 1 MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2 HOME_REG: 1 FOR_SID_REG: 1 FOR_NID_REG: 1, POWER_UP_REG: 1 POWER_DOWN_REG: 1 PARAMETER_REG: 1 Registration period (sec): 54 Base station 00000.00 Lon., 00000.00 Lat. REG_DIST: 0 SRCH_WIN_A (PN chips): 28 SRCH_WIN_N (PN chips): 100, SRCH_WIN_R (PN chips): 130 NGHBR_MAX_AGE: 2 PWR_REP_THRESH: 2 PWR_REP_FRAMES (frames): 15 PWR_THRESH_ENABLE: 1 PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE: 0, PWR_REP_DELAY: 1 (4 frames) RESCAN: 0, T_ADD: -14.0dB T_DROP: -16.0dB T_COMP: 2.5dB, T_TDROP: 4s EXT_SYS_PARAMETER: 1 EXT_NGHBR_LIST: 1 GLOBAL_REDIRECT: 0

The System Parameters Message tells all mobiles when they should register. This mobile notices that it is obligated to register, so it transmits a Registration Message. REGISTRATION MESSAGE
16:18:27.144 Access Channel: Registration ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 1 VALID_ACK: 0 ACK_TYPE: 0 MSID_TYPE: 3, ESN: [0x 01 99 0d fc] MFR 1, Reserved 38, Serial Number 69116, IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 1) [0x 01 8d 31 74 29 36] 00-416-575-0421 AUTH_MODE: 0 REG_TYPE: Timer-based SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2 MOB_P_REV: 1 EXT_SCM: 1 SLOTTED_MODE: 1 MOB_TERM: 1

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

16:18:27.506 Paging Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0 VALID_ACK: 1 MSID_TYPE: 2 IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 3) [0x 02 47 8d 31 74 29 36] (134) 00-416-575-0421 Order type: Base Station Acknowledgement Order

The base station confirms that the mobiles registration message was received. Were officially registered!
Page 67

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

CDMA Call Processing

Lets Receive an incoming Call!

Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Page 68

Receiving an Incoming Call

All idle mobiles monitor the paging channel to receive incoming calls. When an incoming call appears, the paging channel notifies the mobile in a General Page Message. A mobile which has been paged sends a Page Response Message on the access channel. The system sets up a traffic channel for the call, then notifies the mobile to use it with a Channel Assignment Message. The mobile and the base station notice each others traffic channel signals and confirm their presence by exchanging acknowledgment messages. The base station and the mobile negotiate what type of call this will be -- I.e., 13k voice, etc. The mobile is told to ring and given a calling line ID to display. When the human user presses the send button, the audio path is completed and the call proceeds.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 69

An Actual Page and Page Response

GENERAL PAGE MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:46.127 [PCH] General Page Message MSG_LENGTH = 128 bits MSG_TYPE = General Page Message CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 1 ACC_MSG_SEQ = 20 CLASS_0_DONE = 1 CLASS_1_DONE = 1 RESERVED = 0 BROADCAST_DONE = 1 RESERVED = 0 ADD_LENGTH = 0 bits ADD_PFIELD = Field Omitted PAGE_CLASS = 0 PAGE_SUBCLASS = 0 MSG_SEQ = 1 IMSI_S = 6153300644 SPECIAL_SERVICE = 1 SERVICE_OPTION = 32768 RESERVED = Field Omitted

The system pages the mobile, 615-330-0644. PAGE RESPONSE MESSAGE

98/05/24 23:14:46.425 [ACH] Page Response Message MSG_LENGTH = 216 bits MSG_TYPE = Page Response Message ACK_SEQ = 1 MSG_SEQ = 2 ACK_REQ = 1 VALID_ACK = 1 ACK_TYPE = 2 MSID_TYPE = IMSI and ESN MSID_LEN = 9 octets ESN = 0xD30E415C IMSI_CLASS = 0 IMSI_CLASS_0_TYPE = 0 RESERVED = 0 IMSI_S = 6153300644 AUTH_MODE = 1 AUTHR = 0x307B5 RANDC = 0xC6 COUNT = 0 MOB_TERM = 1 SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX = 0 MOB_P_REV = 3 SCM = 106 REQUEST_MODE = Either Wide Analog or CDMA Only SERVICE_OPTION = 32768 PM = 0 NAR_AN_CAP = 0 RESERVED = 0

The mobile responds to the page. BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

98/05/24 23:14:46.768 [PCH] Order Message MSG_LENGTH = 112 bits MSG_TYPE = Order Message ACK_SEQ = 2 MSG_SEQ = 0 ACK_REQ = 0 VALID_ACK = 1 ADDR_TYPE = IMSI ADDR_LEN = 40 bits IMSI_CLASS = 0 IMSI_CLASS_0_TYPE = 0 RESERVED = 0 IMSI_S = 6153300644 ORDER = Base Station Acknowledgement Order ADD_RECORD_LEN = 0 bits Order-Specific Fields = Field Omitted RESERVED = 0

The base station confirms that the mobiles page response was received. Now the mobile is waiting for channel assignment, expecting a response within 12 seconds.
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Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Channel Assignment and Traffic Channel Confirmation

CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT MESSAGE
18:14:47.027 Paging Channel: Channel Assignment ACK_SEQ: 2 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0 VALID_ACK: 1 MSID_TYPE: 2 IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 0) [0x 01 f8 39 6a 15] 615-330-0644 ASSIGN_MODE: Traffic Channel Assignment ADD_RECORD_LEN: 5 FREQ_INCL: 1 GRANTED_MODE: 2 CODE_CHAN: 43 FRAME_OFFSET: 2 ENCRYPT_MODE: Encryption disabled BAND_CLASS: 800 MHz cellular band CDMA_FREQ: 283

Only about 400 ms. after the base station acknowledgment order, the mobile receives the channel assignment message.

The base station is already sending blank frames on the forward channel,using the assigned Walsh code. BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
18:14:47.581 Forward Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Base Station Acknowledgement Order

The mobile sees at least two good blank frames in a row on the forward channel, and concludes this is the right traffic channel. It sends a preamble of two blank frames of its own on the reverse traffic channel. MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
18:14:47.598 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order

The base station acknowledges receiving the mobiles preamble.

The mobile station acknowledges the base stations acknowledgment. Everybody is ready!
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Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Service Negotiation and Mobile Alert

SERVICE CONNECT MESSAGE
18:14:47.760 Forward Traffic Channel: Service Connect ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 SERV_CON_SEQ: 0 Service Configuration: supported Transmission: Forward Traffic Channel Rate (Set 2): 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps Reverse Traffic Channel Rate (Set 2): 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps Service option: (6) Voice (13k) (0x8000) Forward Traffic Channel: Primary Traffic Reverse Traffic Channel: Primary Traffic

Now that both sides have arrived on the traffic channel, the base station proposes that the requested call actually begin. SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE MSG.
18:14:47.835 Reverse Traffic Channel: Service Connect Completion ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 3 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 SERV_CON_SEQ: 0

ALERT WITH INFORMATION MESSAGE

18:14:47.961 Forward Traffic Channel: Alert With Information ACK_SEQ: 3 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 SIGNAL_TYPE = IS-54B Alerting ALERT_PITCH = Medium Pitch (Standard Alert) SIGNAL = Long RESERVED = 0 RECORD_TYPE = Calling Party Number RECORD_LEN = 96 bits NUMBER_TYPE = National Number NUMBER_PLAN = ISDN/Telephony Numbering Plan PI = Presentation Allowed SI = Network Provided CHARi = 6153000124 RESERVED = 0 RESERVED = 0

The mobile agrees and says its ready to play.

SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE is a major milestone in call processing. Up until now, this was an access attempt. Now it is officially a call.
18:14:48.018 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 4 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order

The base station orders the mobile to ring, and gives it the calling partys number to display.

The mobile says its ringing.

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Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

The Human Answers! Connect Order

The mobile has been ringing for several seconds. The human user finally comes over and presses the send button to answer the call. CONNECT ORDER
18:14:54.758 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 6 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 Connect Order

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

18:14:54.920 Forward Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Base Station Acknowledgement Order

Now the switch completes the audio circuit and the two callers can talk!

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CDMA Call Processing

Lets make an Outgoing Call!

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Page 74

Placing an Outgoing Call

The mobile user dials the desired digits, and presses SEND. Mobile transmits an Origination Message on the access channel. The system acknowledges receiving the origination by sending a base station acknowledgement on the paging channel. The system arranges the resources for the call and starts transmitting on the traffic channel. The system notifies the mobile in a Channel Assignment Message on the paging channel. The mobile arrives on the traffic channel. The mobile and the base station notice each others traffic channel signals and confirm their presence by exchanging acknowledgment messages. The base station and the mobile negotiate what type of call this will be -- I.e., 13k voice, etc. The audio circuit is completed and the mobile caller hears ringing.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 75

Origination
ORIGINATION MESSAGE The mobile sends an origination message on the access channel.
17:48:53.144 Access Channel: Origination ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 6 ACK_REQ: 1 VALID_ACK: 0 ACK_TYPE: 0 MSID_TYPE: 3 ESN: [0x 00 06 98 24] MFR 0 Reserved 1 Serial Number 170020 IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 0) [0x 03 5d b8 97 c2] 972-849-5073 AUTH_MODE: 0 MOB_TERM: 1 SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2 MOB_P_REV: 1 EXT_SCM: 1 DualMode: 0 SLOTTED_MODE: 1 PowerClass: 0 REQUEST_MODE: CDMA only SPECIAL_SERVICE: 1 Service option: (6) Voice (13k) (0x8000) PM: 0 DIGIT_MODE: 0 MORE_FIELDS: 0 NUM_FIELDS: 11 Chari: 18008900829 NAR_AN_CAP: 0

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

17:48:53.487 Paging Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 6 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0 VALID_ACK: 1 MSID_TYPE: 2 IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 0) [0x 03 5d b8 97 c2] 972-849-5073 Base Station Acknowledgement Order

CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT MESSAGE

17:48:54.367 Paging Channel: Channel Assignment ACK_SEQ: 6 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0 VALID_ACK: 1 MSID_TYPE: 2 IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 0) [0x 03 5d b8 97 c2] 972-849-5073 ASSIGN_MODE: Traffic Channel Assignment, ADD_RECORD_LEN: 5 FREQ_INCL: 1 GRANTED_MODE: 2 CODE_CHAN: 12 FRAME_OFFSET: 0 ENCRYPT_MODE: Encryption disabled BAND_CLASS: 1.8 to 2.0 GHz PCS band CDMA_FREQ: 425

The base station confirms that the origination message was received.

The base station sends a Channel Assignment Message and the mobile goes to the traffic channel.
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Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

Traffic Channel Confirmation

The mobile sees at least two good blank frames in a row on the forward channel, and concludes this is the right traffic channel. It sends a preamble of two blank frames of its own on the reverse traffic channel. MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
17:48:54.835 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order

The base station is already sending blank frames on the forward channel,using the assigned Walsh code. BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
17:48:54.757 Forward Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Base Station Acknowledgement Order

The base station acknowledges receiving the mobiles preamble.

The mobile station acknowledges the base stations acknowledgment. Everybody is ready!

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Service Negotiation and Connect Complete

SERVICE CONNECT MESSAGE
17:48:55.098 Forward Traffic Channel: Service Connect ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 SERV_CON_SEQ: 0 Service Configuration Supported Transmission: Forward Traffic Channel Rate (Set 2): 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps Reverse Traffic Channel Rate (Set 2): 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps Service option: (6) Voice (13k) (0x8000) Forward Traffic Channel: Primary Traffic Reverse Traffic Channel: Primary Traffic

Now that the traffic channel is working in both directions, the base station proposes that the requested call actually begin. SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE MSG.
17:48:55.137 Reverse Traffic Channel: Service Connect Completion ACK_SEQ: 1, MSG_SEQ: 0, ACK_REQ: 1, ENCRYPTION: 0, SERV_CON_SEQ: 0

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

17:48:55.779 Forward Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Base Station Acknowledgement Order

The mobile agrees and says its ready to play.

The base station agrees.

SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE is a major milestone in call processing. Up until now, this was an access attempt. Now it is officially a call.

Now the switch completes the audio circuit and the two callers can talk!
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CDMA Call Processing

Lets End a Call!

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Ending A Call
A normal call continues until one of the parties hangs up. That action sends a Release Order, normal release. The other side of the call sends a Release Order, no reason given. If a normal release is seen, the call ended normally. At the conclusion of the call, the mobile reacquires the system. Searches for the best pilot on the present CDMA frequency Reads the Sync Channel Message Monitors the Paging Channel steadily Several different conditions can cause a call to end abnormally: the forward link is lost at the mobile, and a fade timer acts the reverse link is lost at the base station, and a fade timer acts a number of forward link messages arent acknowledged, and the base station acts to tear down the link a number of reverse link messages arent acknowledged, and the mobile station acts to tear down the link
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A Beautiful End to a Normal Call

MOBILE RELEASE ORDER
17:49:21.715 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 Release Order (normal release)

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

17:49:21.936 Forward Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 2 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0, USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Base Station Acknowledgement Order

At the end of a normal call, this mobile user pressed end.

BASE STATION RELEASE ORDER

17:49:21.997 Forward Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 3 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Release Order (no reason given)

The base station acknowledged receiving the message, then sent a release message of its own.

SYNC CHANNEL MESSAGE

17:49:22.517 Sync Channel MSG_TYPE: 1 Sync Channel Message P_REV: 1 MIN_P_REV: 1 SID: 4112 NID: 2 Pilot_PN: 183 LC_STATE: 0x318fe5d84a5 SYS_TIME: 0x1ae9683dc LP_SEC: 9 LTM_OFF: -10 DAYLT: 1 Paging Channel Data Rate: 9600 CDMA_FREQ: 425

The mobile left the traffic channel, scanned to find the best pilot, and read the Sync Channel Message.

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CDMA Call Processing

Lets receive Notification of a Voice Message!

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Feature Notification
FEATURE NOTIFICATION MESSAGE
98/06/30 21:16:44.368 [PCH] Feature Notification Message MSG_LENGTH = 144 bits MSG_TYPE = Feature Notification Message ACK_SEQ = 0 MSG_SEQ = 0 ACK_REQ = 1 VALID_ACK = 0 ADDR_TYPE = IMSI ADDR_LEN = 56 bits IMSI_CLASS = 0 IMSI_CLASS_0_TYPE = 3 RESERVED = 0 MCC = 134 IMSI_11_12 = 00 IMSI_S = 9055170325 RELEASE = 0 RECORD_TYPE = Message Waiting RECORD_LEN = 8 bits MSG_COUNT = 1 RESERVED = 0

The Feature Notification Message on the Paging Channel tells a specific mobile it has voice messages waiting. There are other record types to notify the mobile of other features.

MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The mobile confirms it has received the notification by sending a Mobile Station Acknowledgment Order on the access channel.
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CDMA Call Processing

Lets do a Handoff!

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The Detailed Rules of Soft Handoff

Handset views pilots in sets Active: pilots of sectors actually in use Candidates: pilots mobile requested, but not yet set up & transmitting by system Neighbors: pilots told to mobile by system, as nearby sectors to check Remaining: any pilots used by system but not already in the other sets (div. by PILOT_INC) Handset sends Pilot Strength Measurement Message to the system whenever triggered by: It notices a pilot in neighbor or remaining set exceeds T_ADD An active set pilot drops below T_DROP for T_TDROP time A candiDate 2011pilot exceeds an active by T_COMP The System may set up all requested handoffs, or it may apply special manufacturer-specific screening criteria and authorize only some
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA

PILOT SETS

Active 6 Candidate 5 Neighbor 20 Remaining

HANDOFF PARAMETERS
T_ADD T_TDROP

T_DROP T_COMP

Exercise: How does a pilot in one set migrate into another set, for all cases? Identify the trigger, and the messages involved.
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Max. Members Reqd. By Std.

The Call is Already Established. What Next?

Ec/Io 0 All PN Offsets

-20
Chips 0 10752 14080 32000 32K

PN 0
Mobile Rake RX F1 PN168 W61 F2 PN168 W61 F3 PN168 W61 Srch PN??? W0

168 220

500 512

Active Pilot
Rake Fingers

The call is already in progress. PN 168 is the only active signal, and also is our timing reference. Continue checking the neighbors. Neighbor Set

Reference PN
T_ADD

!
Page 86

If we ever notice a neighbor with Ec/Io above T_ADD, ask to use it! Send a Pilot Strength Measurement Message!
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Mobile Requests the Handoff!

PILOT STRENGTH MEASUREMENT MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:02.205 [RTC] Pilot Strength Measurement Message MSG_LENGTH = 128 bits MSG_TYPE = Pilot Strength Measurement Message ACK_SEQ = 5 MSG_SEQ = 0 ACK_REQ = 1 ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled REF_PN = 168 Offset Index (the Reference PN) PILOT_STRENGTH = -6.0 dB KEEP = 1 PILOT_PN_PHASE = 14080 chips (PN220+0chips) PILOT_STRENGTH = -12.5 dB KEEP = 1 PILOT_PN_PHASE = 32002 chips (PN500 + 2 chips) PILOT_STRENGTH = -11.0 dB KEEP = 1 RESERVED = 0

Just prior to this message, this particular mobile already was in handoff with PN 168 and 220. This pilot strength measurement message reports PN 500 has increased above T_Add, and the mobile wants to use it too.

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

98/05/24 23:14:02.386 [FTC] Order Message MSG_LENGTH = 64 bits MSG_TYPE = Order Message ACK_SEQ = 0 MSG_SEQ = 0 ACK_REQ = 0 ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled USE_TIME = 0 ACTION_TIME = 0 ORDER = Base Station Acknowledgement Order ADD_RECORD_LEN = 0 bits Order-Specific Fields = Field Omitted RESERVED = 0

The base station acknowledges receiving the Pilot Strength Measurement Message.

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System Authorizes the Handoff!

HANDOFF DIRECTION MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:02.926 [FTC] Extended Handoff Direction Message MSG_LENGTH = 136 bits MSG_TYPE = Extended Handoff Direction Message ACK_SEQ = 0 MSG_SEQ = 6 ACK_REQ = 1 ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled USE_TIME = 0 ACTION_TIME = 0 HDM_SEQ = 0 SEARCH_INCLUDED = 1 SRCH_WIN_A = 40 PN chips T_ADD = -13.0 dB T_DROP = -15.0 dB T_COMP = 2.5 dB T_TDROP = 4 sec HARD_INCLUDED = 0FRAME_OFFSET = Field Omitted PRIVATE_LCM = Field OmittedRESET_L2 = Field Omitted RESET_FPC = Field OmittedRESERVED = Field Omitted ENCRYPT_MODE = Field OmittedRESERVED = Field Omitted NOM_PWR = Field OmittedNUM_PREAMBLE = Field Omitted BAND_CLASS = Field OmittedCDMA_FREQ = Field Omitted ADD_LENGTH = 0 PILOT_PN = 168 PWR_COMB_IND = 0 CODE_CHAN = 61 PILOT_PN = 220 PWR_COMB_IND = 1 CODE_CHAN = 20 PILOT_PN = 500 PWR_COMB_IND = 0 CODE_CHAN = 50 RESERVED = 0

The base station sends a Handof Direction Message authorizing the mobile to begin soft handoff with all three requested PNs. The pre-existing link on PN 168 will continue to use Walsh code 61, the new link on PN220 will use Walsh Code 20, and the new link on PN500 will use Walsh code 50.

MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

98/05/24 23:14:02.945 [RTC] Order Message MSG_LENGTH = 56 bits MSG_TYPE = Order Message ACK_SEQ = 6 MSG_SEQ = 6 ACK_REQ = 0 ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled ORDER = Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order ADD_RECORD_LEN = 0 bits Order-Specific Fields = Field Omitted RESERVED = 0

The mobile acknowledges it has received the Handoff Direction Message.

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Mobile Implements the Handoff!

HANDOFF COMPLETION MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:02.985 [RTC] Handoff Completion Message MSG_LENGTH = 72 bits MSG_TYPE = Handoff Completion Message ACK_SEQ = 6 MSG_SEQ = 1 ACK_REQ = 1 ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled LAST_HDM_SEQ = 0 PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index PILOT_PN = 220 Offset Index PILOT_PN = 500 Offset Index RESERVED = 0

The mobile searcher quickly re-checks all three PNs. It still hears their pilots! The mobile sends a Handoff Completion Message, confirming it still wants to go ahead with the handoff.

BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

98/05/24 23:14:03.085 [FTC] Forward Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Base Station Acknowledgement Order

The base station confirms it has received the mobiles Handoff Completion message, and will continue with all of the links active.

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Neighbor List Updated, Handoff is Complete!

NEIGHBOR LIST UPDate 2011MESSAGE
98/05/24 23:14:03.166 [FTC] Neighbor List UpDate 2011Message MSG_LENGTH = 192 bits MSG_TYPE = Neighbor List UpDate 2011Message ACK_SEQ = 1 MSG_SEQ = 7 ACK_REQ = 1 ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled PILOT_INC = 4 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 164 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 68 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 52 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 176 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 304 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 136 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 112 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 372 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 36 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 8 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 384 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 216 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 328 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 332 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 400 Offset Index NGHBR_PN = 96 Offset Index RESERVED = 0

In response to the mobiles Handoff Completion Message, the base station assembles a new composite neighbor list including all the neighbors of each of the three active pilots. This is necessary since the mobile could be traveling toward any one of these pilots and may need to request soft handoff with any of them soon.

MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The mobile confirms receiving the Neighbor List UpDate 2011Message. It is already checking the neighbor list and will do so continuously from now on. The handoff is fully established.

98/05/24 23:14:03.245 [RTC] Order Message MSG_LENGTH = 56 bits MSG_TYPE = Order Message ACK_SEQ = 7 MSG_SEQ = 7 ACK_REQ = 0 ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled ORDER = Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order ADD_RECORD_LEN = 0 bits Order-Specific Fields = Field Omitted RESERVED = 0

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Handoff Now In Effect, keep checking Pilots!

Ec/Io 0 All PN Offsets

-20
Chips 0 10752 14080 32000 32K

PN 0
Mobile Rake RX F1 PN168 W61 F2 PN500 W50 F3 PN220 W20 Srch PN??? W0

168 220

500 512

Active Set

T_DROP
Rake Fingers

Reference PN
T_ADD

Neighbor Set

Continue checking each ACTIVE pilot. If any are less than T_DROP and remain so for T_TDROP time, send Pilot Strength Measurement Message, DROP IT!! Continue checking each NEIGHBOR pilot. If any ever rises above T_ADD, send PSMM, ADD IT! Keep watching CANDIDATES vs ACTIVES using T_COMP, too.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 91

The Complete Picture of Handoff & Pilot Sets

Ec/Io 0 All PN Offsets

-20 Chips 0 PN 0
SRCH_WIN_A

Rake Fingers

SRCH_WIN_A

Active Set
Pilots of sectors now used for communication

32K 512
Mobile Rake RX F1 PN168 W61 F2 PN500 W50 F3 PN220 W20 Srch PN??? W0

T_DROP

T_DROP

Reference PN CandiDate 2011Set SRCH_WIN_N

Pilots requested by mobile but not set up by system

Neighbor Set
Pilots suggested by system for more checking

T_ADD

Remaining Set
T_ADD

All other pilots divisible by PILOT_INC but not presently in Active, Candidate, or Neighbor sets

SRCH_WIN_R

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Timing of Pilot Searchers Measurement Process

CURRENT PILOT SET CONTENTS 3 A A A 1 C 12 N N N N N N N N N N N N 112 R R R R R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

The searcher checks pilots in nested loops, much like meshed gears. Actives and candidates N N occupy the fastestspinning wheel. N Neighbors are A next, advancing N A A one pilot for each N Act+Cand. revolution. Remaining is slowest, N N advancing one pilot each time the Neighbors revolve.

R R N R R R R N R

PILOT SEARCHER VIEWED IN SEQUENCE: Typical Elapsed Time = 4 seconds

A A A A A A C C N N A A A A A A C C N N A A A A A A C C N N A A A A A A C C N N A A A A A A C C N N A R A A A A C A N C A N A A A A C A N C

N
N C C

A
A N N

A
A A A

A
A A A

C
C A A

N
N C C

A
A N N

A
A A R

A
A A

C
C A

N
N C

A
A N

A
A A

A
A A

C
C A

N
N C

A
R N

A
A A

A
A A

C
A A

N
C C

A
N N

A
A A

A
A A

C
A A

N
C C

A
N N

A
A A

A
A A

C
A A

N
C C

A
N N

A
A A

A
A A

C
A A

Only 3 of 112 remaining set pilots have been checked thus far!
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 93

Troubleshooting Call Events: Watch Messaging, Mobile State

Your current capabilities Earlier in this course we reviewed handset call processing states You have just seen the entire vocabulary of messages ordinarily used in call processing Now youre equipped to do serious troubleshooting of CDMA calls! Auditing Call Processing Problems using messages Watch the messages from birth (origination) to death (release) is the order proper? are there inappropriate responses? are any messages repeated? why? which link is bad? are any messages missed or not acknowledged? are contents and included parameter values reasonable? is the timing appropriate -- delays not too long? track the state in which the mobile and system should be
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 94

Course 134

Handoff Perspective

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Page 95

Overall Handoff Perspective

Soft & Softer Handoffs are preferred, but not always possible a handset can receive BTS/sectors simultaneously only on one frequency all involved BTS/sectors must connect to a networked BSCs. Some manufacturers do not presently support this, and so are unable to do soft-handoff at boundaries between BSCs. frame timing must be same on all BTS/sectors If any of the above are not possible, handoff still can occur but can only be hard break-make protocol like AMPS/TDMA/GSM intersystem handoff: hard change-of-frequency handoff: hard CDMA-to-AMPS handoff: hard, no handback auxiliary trigger mechanisms available (RTD), Ec/Io Global Service Redirection Messages on outlooking sectors.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 96

Which is better - 3-way or 6-way Soft Handoff?

3 Way or 6 Way? All handsets are capable of up to 6-way soft handoff Nortel & Qualcomm networks allow up to 6-way soft-handoff Lucent and Motorola networks allow only up to 3 way soft handoff bug or feature? Advantage of 6-way: mobile does not depend on speedy system reaction to handoff requests; this gives somewhat improved dropped call rates in areas with extensive RF overlap Disadvantage: additional channel elements are used

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Optional Network-Specific Handoff Features

Ec/Io Handoff CandiDate 2011Screening all networks rank the pilots reported by the mobiles, and in cases where more candidates are proposed than the network can support in soft handoff, the soft handoff is set up using the best N pilots Some networks also screen candidates and apply a more conservative theory when authorizing handoffs some networks use T_Comp as a secondary parameter to implement hysteresis and prevent hyperactive handoffs Some networks are experimenting with algorithms for dynamic, adaptive assignment of T_Add, T_Drop, and T_Comp

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Nortel Handoff & Channel Allocation Features

Inter-System Soft Handoff (ISSHO) Soft handoff across SBS and MTX boundaries Multi-Carrier Traffic Allocation (MCTA) Intelligent carrier selection during call setup Soft Handoff Reduction Algorithm (SHORA) Eliminating unneeded excessive soft handoff to improve capacity Multi_Pilot Hard HandOff (MPHHO) Round-trip delay triggers, Pilot Beacon techniques Enhanced Hard HandOff (EHHO) Call quality triggers hard handoff when necessary Multi-Mode Hard HandOff (MMHHO) Sending capable CDMA mobiles between band classes or to analog For more detail and latest improvements to all these features and algorithms, take the Nortel 1203 handoffs course!

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Course 134

Nortel ISSHO: Inter-System Soft Handoff

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Page 100

ISSHO Overview
Before ISSHO, mobiles could not enjoy soft handoff between BTSs on different BSCs. This caused major problems: Hard handoffs were the only type available, with annoying muting If the disjoint BTSs were on the same frequency, serious interference and capacity problems plagued the boundary area If the disjoint BTSs were on different frequencies, auxiliary trigger mechanisms (RTD and Pilot_Beacon) were necessary to allow the system to determine when the handoff should be implemented ISSHO allows mobiles to handoff over simultaneous links through BTSs on more than one BSC This improves call quality, reduces drops, eliminates muting However, ISSHO requires special networking between the BSCs involved so that packets from all BTSs can be routed to the vocoder responsible for the call
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Inter-BSC/Inter-System ISSHO Configuration

INTER-BSC/INTER-SYSTEM ISSHO CONFIGURATION SBS SBS Virtual CIS BSC1 CIS T1s or ATM SBS

BSC2 CIS

SBS

BTS

BTS

Border

BTS

BTS

ISSHO networks multiple BSCs CISs together into one virtual CIS, using T1 links or ATM If both BSCs are on the same MTX, this is an Inter-BSC soft handoff If BSCs are on different MTXs, this is an intersystem soft handoff BTSs on the two BSCs must be on the same frequency All packets from all BTSs in handoff with the mobile are routed to one common Vocoder in one BSC

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Course 134

Nortel MCTA: Multi-Carrier Traffic Allocation

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Page 103

How Idle Mobiles Choose CDMA Carriers

At turnon, Idle mobiles use proprietary algorithms to find the initial CDMA carrier intended for them to use Within that CDMA signal, two types of paging channel messages could cause the idle mobile to choose another frequency: CDMA Channel List Message and GSRM

Start

MRU

Preferred Only Bit

PRL
Is better SID available?

Acq Idx
Yes

Go to last Strongest Is SID frequency PN, read permitted? from MRU Sync No Signal Denied SID

No Read Paging Channel

CDMA Ch List Message Global Svc Redir Msg

HASH using IMSI my ACCOLC? redirect

F3 F2 F1

Config Messages: remain

to another CDMA frequency or system

Legend
Steps from the CDMA standards Steps from proprietary SDAs Proprietary SDA databases

to Analog Typical Mobile System Determination Algorithm

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How an Idle Mobile might change Carriers:

Method 1: Hashing from CDMA Channel List Message Message gives list of carrier frequencies used on its sector Mobiles Hash using their IMSIs (phone number), randomly select After hashing, the mobile will immediately jump to its chosen carrier End result: roughly equal division of idle mobiles among all available carriers
How M obiles Hash
10 Digit IMSI Frequencies in Channel List

TYPICAL CDMA CHANNEL LIST MESSAGE

98/05/24 23:14:10.786 [PCH] CDMA Channel List Message MSG_LENGTH = 96 bits MSG_TYPE = CDMA Channel List Message PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0 CDMA_FREQ = 100 CDMA_FREQ = 125 CDMA_FREQ = 175 RESERVED = Field Omitted

3
Use Freq. # 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 1

6153000124 6153000125 6153000126 6153000127 6153000128 6153000129 6153000130 6153000131 6153000132 6153000133

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How an Idle Mobile might change Carriers:

Method 2: GSRM Global Service Redirection Message A GSRM on the Paging Channel redirects to another carrier or system, all mobiles whose Access Overload Classes (ACCOLC) are listed within the message A phones ACCOLC is normally equal to the last digit of its number The GSRM can be set to send any desired ACCOLC groups of mobiles to other carriers; chosen ACCOLCs determine percentages Either GSRM or Hashing methods can be used, but not both! EXAMPLE GLOBAL SERVICE REDIRECTION MESSAGE
98/05/17 24:21.566 Paging Channel: Global Service Redirection PILOT_PN: 168, MSG_TYPE: 96, CONFIG_MSG_SEQ: 0 Redirected access overload classes: { 0, 1 }, RETURN_IF_FAIL: 0, DELETE_TMSI: 0, Redirection to an analog system: EXPECTED_SID = 0 Do not ignore CDMA Available indicator on the redirected analog system Attempt service on either System A or B with the custom system selection process
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Who Chooses Carriers during Call Setup?

Idle mobiles choose their carriers by Hashing or GSRM, and originate or respond to pages on those carriers The system has the last word on the carrier to be used during a call System can force the mobile to any channel it chooses for call setup Chosen channel is listed in the Channel Assignment Message The System can force the mobile to any channel it chooses anytime while the call is in progress If any form of hard handoff trigger condition occurs, the system can choose the carrier frequency to be commanded to the mobile in the handoff direction message Idle mobiles are like automobile drivers they choose what they want to do, consistent with the rules of the road Mobiles in calls are like airline passengers they board when instructed, and sit where they are told

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MCTA: Choosing best Carrier for Call Setup

Idle-mode selection methods can help equalize the distribution of mobiles among carriers, but traffic inequalities can still occur among carriers Nortels proprietary Multi-Carrier Traffic Allocation feature takes current conditions into account when determining the channel for a mobiles call This allows carriers to supplement each other in true trunking fashion for maximum system capacity MCTA can be deployed on networks of up to three carriers MCTA can be deployed on Legacy BTSs, MetroCell BTSs, and combinations of the two types SBS interrogates all BTSs at a site for their current available capacities during call setup; may also use arbitrary priorities Channel assignment is made to the carrier with the most capacity and and/or highest preference
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Initial MCTA Configuration Considerations

Cell requirements for MCTA use All carriers of each sector must have same cell ID (cell number & sector ID) Multiple records (of individual BTSs) will share same Cell Ids Only one Pilot DataBase record (PDB) will exist per sector Selector chooses carrier during call setup All BTSs receive Capacity Request message and respond PDB is used to return information from queried cell BTSC address, neighbor list, HO thresholds, search windows, type of cell PDB is configured with the following: Frequency Priorities (can favor some frequencies over others) Thresholds capacity value which triggers carrier migration
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The MCTA Call Determination Algorithm

The CDA is the algorithm which drives MCTA Assigns carriers based on frequency priority and Excess Forward Link Capacity (EFLC) threshold response Responses received after an arbitrary time delay are ignored CDA selects BTS with first positive relative threshold in the Capacity Response Message If all responses are negative, CDA will choose least negative (closest to zero) Its best to set the Threshold parameter high enough that all values are negative; otherwise, CDA will select first positive return it sees, not necessarily the best carrier

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Course 134

Nortel SHORA:
Soft Handoff Reduction Algorithm

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Soft Handoff: The Tradeoffs

Soft Handoff improves call quality! Mobile experiences diversity gain due to multiple forward link pathways combined in rake receiver System experiences more reliable reverse link , listening to mobile frame-by-frame over whichever BTS hears mobile best Mobile reverse link power actually decreases during soft handoff, improving reverse capacity Soft Handoff uses up resources! Each involved BTS must dedicate a channel element to this call while soft handoff is in effect Forward link: Each involved BTS uses a few percent of precious transmit power for this call System resources: more packet traffic over T-1s between BTSs and the BSC

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IS-95A Handoff: Inflexible, Threshold Driven

Mobile requests soft handoff with all pilots above T_Add This occasionally leads to some rigid, less-than-optimum decisions! Problem Situation 1 One dominant, strong signal and a lot of weak ones: Mobile asks for them all, but only one is really needed! Problem Situation 2 Heavy pilot pollution, many signals lurk barely below the threshold Mobile may request one or two, but ignore the others which could have helped call survive
-3 Pilot Strength (Ec/Io, db)
Active

All Six sectors in soft handoff!

Active

Active Active Active Active

T_Add

-20

-3
Pilot Strength (Ec/Io, db)

Only One Sector in soft handoff!

Active

T_Add

-20

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Two Methods for Improving Rigid Handoffs

IS-95B Improved Handoff Algorithm Uses additional soft handoff parameters to make handoffs smarter -- slopes and intercepts Only by IS-95B-equipped mobiles can use these parameters pre-existing mobiles cant benefit from the improvements Net system improvement depends on IS-95A/IS-95B user mix Nortels Proprietary Soft Handoff Reduction Algorithm (SHORA) Uses additional intelligent algorithms in system to evaluate all handoffs requested by mobile Handoff performance of all mobiles is improved, not just IS95B-capable mobiles

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The IS-95B Approach to Handoff Reduction

Additional Soft Handoff Parameters: SOFT_SLOPE ADD_INTERCEPT DROP_INTERCEPT Special Selection Criteria: CANDIDate 2011CRITERIA NEIGHBOR>CANDIDate 2011CRITERIA ACTIVE SET REMOVAL CRITERIA

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IS-95B Handoff Trigger

A handoff process more intelligent than fixed thresholds Handoff events driven by smarter, situation-influenced triggers CandiDate 2011Set Removal:

Neighbor-to-Active transition:

Removal from Active Set:

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Nortels Proprietary Approach

The soft-handoff reduction improvements in IS-95B can be achieved without requiring all mobiles to upgrade to IS-95B New Parameters are used in the Nortel Soft Handoff Reduction Algorithm (SHORA) Mobiles continue to request handoffs using the original parameters T_Add, T_Drop, T_TDrop and T_Comp BSC analyzes pilot strength data received from each mobile The system dynamically updates T_Add, T_Drop, T_TDrop and T_Comp to each mobile for best performance in current situation The system uses special DELTA parameters to avoid excessive soft handoff

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SHORA Algorithm Operation Perspective

SHORA works in two main ways: The threshold manipulation parameters The main benefit of these is to ensure that mobiles in multi-pilot soft handoff situations are not restricted from asking for the pilots they need due a fixed T_Add These ensure that all needed pilots will be requested The DELTA parameters DELTA parameters are used to safeguard against too much soft handoff The delta parameters inhibit excessive soft handoff by making sure that each additional sector added in handoff is really needed The DELTA parameters require careful setup!

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SHORA Parameters
After each PSMM is received from the mobile, Nortels SHORA analyzes the reported strengths and applies the following parameters New values of T_Add, T_Drop, T_Comp, and T_Tdrop are then communicated to the mobile for use in future handoffs

Valid Parameter Name Range, dB T_ADD_OFFSET_A 0-4 dB T_ADD_OFFSET_B 0-4 dB T_DROP_OFFSET_A 0-4 dB T_DROP_OFFSET B 0-4 dB T_COMP_OFFSET_A -2 to +2 dB T_COMP_OFFSET_B -2 to +2 dB T_TDROP_OFFSET_B -2 to +2 sec DELTA_6 0 to 15.5 DELTA_5 0 to 15.5 DELTA_4 0 to 15.5 DELTA_3 0 to 15.5

Step Datafill To Disable, Size, db Values Set Value 0.5 dB 0-8 0 0.5 dB 0-8 0 0.5 dB 0-8 0 0.5 dB 0-8 0 0.5 dB -4 to +4 0 0.5 dB -4 to +4 0 0.5 sec. -4 to +4 0 0.5 dB 0 - 31 31 0.5 dB 0 - 31 31 0.5 dB 0 - 31 31 0.5 dB 0 - 31 31

Function Offset added to T_ADD when 2 pilots active Offset added to T_ADD when 3 or more active Offset added to T_DROP when 2 pilots active Offset added to T_DROP when 3 or more active Offset added to T_COMP when 2 pilots active Offset added to T_COMP when 3 or more active Offset added to T_TDROP when 3 or more active Strongest vs 6th strongest pilot strength delta Strongest vs 5th strongest pilot strength delta Strongest vs 4th strongest pilot strength delta Strongest vs 3th strongest pilot strength delta

Recommended Initial Value Comments 1 - 2 db 1 - 2 db depends on level of 1 - 2 db reduction desired, 1 - 2 db higher = more reduction 0 0 not recommended for 0 use 1 to 4 db depends on level of 1 to 4 db reduction desired, 1 to 4 db experiment for optimum 1 to 4 db results in specific

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Course 134

Nortel MPHHO:
Multiple Pilot Hard Handoff

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Comparing Hard Handoff Trigger Methods

Round-Trip Delay (RTD) Generally the best method for multi-carrier/same system situations allows precise tailoring of where the handoffs will occur This allows the good coverage of boundary sectors to be fully exploited for maximum system capacity Pilot Beacons (PB) Pilot beacons are cells or scaled-down pilot-sync-paging transmitting devices which do not carry traffic but which mobiles can see, measure, and request for handoff like police posing as fences for stolen merchandise The PN offsets of their pilots are specially tagged in the pilot database so when a mobile requests to use a beacon, the system can step in and send the mobile where it belongs the other carrier! Enhanced Hard Handoff (EHHO) This unique method allows you to design your own trigger based on a flexible selection of quality measurements and thresholds you specify EHHO is so flexible, it has its own chapter later in this course!
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How Round Trip Delay Method Operates

Mobiles path
Datafill as Cell_Border

Hard handoff is triggered when the system detects all the following conditions are met: All Active pilots are defined as CELL_BORDER in pilot database records The shortest measured RTD on any active sector must exceed the datafilled BorderRefPilotRTDThresh Method BTSs send RTD measurements to IHM IHM sorts meas in order of increasing delay Minimum RTD is compared against maximum BorderRefPilotRTDThresh of all active sectors If min. meas. RTD > max RTDThresh, HO!!

Frequency F1

System Border Frequency F2

RTD = round trip delay IHM = Intersystem Handoff Manager PDB = Pilot DataBase

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RTD Reference Sector & First Target Sector

IHM uses sector with shortest RTD as Reference Sector Not necessarily the mobiles timing reference PN!! IHMs choice of reference sector is very important! Datafill of MPHHOEnabled for the reference sector determines whether MPHHO will be used All datafilled target sectors of the reference sector are selected The MSCId for the reference sectors first target sector becomes the target MSCId for the hard handoff Any target CellIds not appearing with this MSCId will not be used in the MPHHO and are not passed to the target MSC The frequency/bandclass for the references first target sector becomes the target frequency for the hard handoff unless MCTA is enabled Any target CellIds lacking this frequency wont be used in MPHHO

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RTD Reference, First Target Sector, & MCTA

MCTA will be triggered if it is available for the first target sector Any target CellIds lacking the MCTA-chosen frequency will not be used in the MPHHO Notice MCTA may result in a frequency change across an ISSHO border! OMs and Billing Implications of MPHHO All OMs relating to the hard handoff are pegged against the first target sector Logs, billing, and VLR entries use the first target sector

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RTD Calculations: Setting Delay Thresholds

BTS RTD is the total delay the signal encounters from BTS to mobile back to BTS Every 244.14 meters traveled adds 1 chip of delay 800.98 feet is 1 chip of delay Every kilometer traveled adds 4.1 chips of delay 1 mile is 6.7 chips of delay Example in the figure at right: BTS to Mobile is 4 KM; delay is 4 x 4.1 = 16.4 chips Mobile to BTS is 4 KM, delay is 4 x 4.1 = 16.4 chips Total round-trip delay is 16.4 + 16.4 = 32.8 chips Exercise: If we want to trigger MPHHO when the mobile is 1 KM from the BTS, what RTD in chips should be set? Ans.: 1 KM is 4.1 chips. RTD = 4.1 + 4.1 = 8.2 chips
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MOBILE RTD = 16.4 + 16.4 = 32.8 chips

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Pilot Beacon Triggers

Mobiles path

Pilot Beacon Trigger is activated whenever Mobile sees pilot beacon, sends PSMM The SHM in the BSC recognizes the reported pilot is from a CELL_PILOT_BEACON in the PDB The MultiPilotHHOEnabled flag is set to allow MPHHO If all the above are true, the SHM sends orders to set up the MPHHO If SHORA is enabled, only SHORA-acceptable pilots are set up in handoff If SHORA is not enabled, SHM sets up links for all requested pilots
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Pilot_Beacon Cell MTX1 Logical Cell System Border

MTX2

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Pilot Beacon Reference and Target Sectors

The IHM arranges pilots from the PSMM in order of strongest-first Pilot with strongest reported Ec/Io becomes the IHM reference sector IHM reference sector may not be the mobiles reference PN!! IHMs choice of reference sector is very important! Datafill of MPHHOEnabled for the reference sector determines whether MPHHO will be used All datafilled target sectors of the reference sector are selected The MSCId for the reference sectors first target sector becomes the target MSCId for the hard handoff Any target CellIds not appearing with this MSCId will not be used in the MPHHO and are not passed to the target MSC The frequency/bandclass for the references first target sector becomes the target frequency for the hard handoff unless MCTA is enabled Any target CellIds lacking this frequency wont be used in MPHHO
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Multiple Target Selection for MPHHO

The main advantage of MPHHO is allowing multiple target sectors for the hard handoff Since most hard handoffs occur in difficult RF conditions, this feature improves the likelihood of a successful handoff

RTD Trigger

RTD increases Pilot Ec/Io increases

Pilot0 (VirRef) Pilot1 Pilot2 Pilot3 Pilot4 Pilot5 1st traverse 2nd traverse 3rd traverse 4th traverse

Pilot_Beacon Trigger

All of Ref Pilot Targets selected Target Lists

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Target Selection Process for Pilot_Beacon

Demonstration: A PSMM is received with four pilots A A, B, E, G Assume already Ec/Io ranked: A, B, C, D B B, A, C, F C D, E, F Their target lists are as shown at right D B, H, J, K Handoff MPHHO process is: Take ref sector As target list (now ABEG) Add 1st target from second ranked sector (B) (list still ABEG) Add 1st target from third ranked sector ( C) (now ABEGD) Add 1st target from fourth ranked sector ( D) (still ABEGD) Add 2nd target from 2nd ranked sector (B) (still ABEGD) Add 2nd target from 3rd ranked sector (C ) (still ABEGD) Add 2nd target from 4th ranked sector (D) (now ABEGDH) Six targets is the limit, so scanning now stops
Example Target List Sector TargetCellIdList

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Course 134

Nortel EHHO:
Enhanced Hard Handoff

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EHHO Background & Perspective

MPHHO is a big step forward in utilizing overlay sectors Extended target lists allows RTD threshold to be pushed far away When the underlay is analog or an unfriendly network, there is desire to stretch the overlay coverage even farther if possible There is a need for additional trigger mechanisms to allow the call to remain on the overlay sector(s) as long as possible Only hand down to the underlay when call quality is impacted The answer to this need is Nortels Enhanced Hard HandOff (EHHO)

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EHHO: Using Call Quality as an HHO Trigger

What is EHHO? Another Hard Handoff Triggering Mechanism, like RTD and Pilot_Beacon Whats different about EHHO? RTD is based on absolute time delay, which is absolute distance Pilot_Beacon is based on visibility of pilots Neither RTD nor Pilot_Beacon triggers mean the Overlay CDMA service is bad; in fact, premature handoff is still often triggered How EHHO Works User-configured trigger conditions are defined from many parameters FER, Forward Traffic Gain, Eb/No are common triggers, individually or in combinations specified by the operator The triggers can be set to occur only when the mobile exhausts the coverage of the CDMA overlay, making handdown appropriate EHHO can be deployed for individual sectors Allows customized response to individual sector propagation

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Course 134

Nortel MMHHO:
Multi-Mode Hard Handoff

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The Current Mode Algorithm

MMHHO performs target cell selection using the current mode algorithm, based on The mobiles multimode capabilities The created handoff target list The current mode of operation

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MMHHO Handoff Capabilities

This diagram shows all of the handoff types available in the MMHHO feature Not all transitions are possible for all phones, but the feature supports all possible transitions Note there is no handoff from Analog back to CDMA because of the long lockup time (~10 sec.) required by the mobile Most users would assume the call had dropped!
Dual Mode Network: 1900 CDMA 800 AMPS Tri-Mode Network: 1900 CDMA, 800 CDMA, 800 AMPS

1900 Mhz CDMA

800 Mhz CDMA

Dual Mode Network: 800 CDMA 800 AMPS

800 Mhz AMPS

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Bibliography
Wireless Communications Principles & Practice by Theodore S. Rappaport. 641 pp., 10 chapters, 7 appendices. Prentice-Hall PTR, 1996, ISBN 0-13-375536-3. If you can only buy one book, buy this one. Comprehensive summary of wireless technologies along with principles of real systems. Includes enough math for understanding and solving real problems. Good coverage of system design principles.

The Mobile Communications Handbook edited by Jerry D. Gibson. 577 pp., 35 chapters. CRC Press/ IEEE Press 1996, ISBN 0-8493-0573-3. $89 If you can buy only two books, buy this second. Solid foundation of modulation schemes, digital processing theory, noise, vocoding, forward error correction, excellent full-detailed expositions of every single wireless technology known today, RF propagation, cell design, traffic engineering. Each chapter is written by an expert, and well-edited for readability. Clear-language explanations for both engineers and technicians but also includes detailed mathematics for the research-inclined. Highly recommended.
CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook by Jhong Sam Lee and Leonard E. Miller, 1998 Artech House, ISBN 089006-990-5. Excellent treatment of CDMA basics and deeper theory, cell and system design principles, system performance optimization and capacity issues. Highly recommended. Wireless Telecom FAQs by Clint Smith, 2001 McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-134102-1. Succint, lucid explanations of telecom terms in both wireless and landline technologies. Includes cellular architecture, AMPS, GSM, TDMA, iDEN, CDMA. Very thorough coverage; an excellent reference for new technical people or anyone wishing for clear explanations of wireless terms.

CDMA RF System Engineering by Samuel C. Yang, 1998 Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-991-3. Good general treatment of CDMA capacity considerations from mathematical viewpoint.
"CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication" by Andrew J. Viterbi. 245 p. Addison-Wesley 1995. ISBN 0-201-63374-4, $65. Definitive very deep CDMA Theory. You can design CDMA chipsets after reading it, but beware lots of triple integrals; not very relevant to operations. Prestige collectors item among CDMA faithful. "Mobile Communications Engineering" 2nd. Edition by William C. Y. Lee. 689 pp. McGraw Hill 1998 $65. ISBN 0-07-037103-2 Lees latest/greatest reference work on all of wireless; very complete and well done. "Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook" by Simon, Omura, Scholtz, and Levitt. 1227 pp., 15 illus., McGrawHill # 057629-7, $99.50 Definitive technical reference on principles of Spread Spectrum including direct sequence as used in commercial IS-95/JStd008 CDMA. Heavy theory.

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Bibliography (concluded)
Wireless and Personal Communications Systems by Garg, Smolik & Wilkes. 445 pp., Prentice Hall, 1996, $68. ISBN 0-13-234-626-5 $68. This is the little brother of The Mobile Communications Handbook. Good explanation of each technology for a technical newcomer to wireless, but without quite as much authoritative math or deep theoretical insights. Still contains solid theory and discussion of practical network architecture.

"Voice and Data Communications Handbook" by Bates and Gregory 699 pp, 360 illus., McGraw-Hill # 05147-X, $65 Good authoritative reference on Wireless, Microwave, ATM, Sonet, ISDN, Video, Fax, LAN/WAN
"Communication Electronics" by Louis E. Frenzel, 2nd. Ed., list price $54.95. Glencoe/MacMillan McGraw Hill, April, 1994, 428 pages hardcover, ISBN 0028018427. All the basic principles of transmission and their underlying math. If you didnt take signals & systems in school, this is your coach in the closet. Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications by Bernard Sklar. 771 pp., Prentice Hall, 1988. $74 ISBN# 0-13-211939-0 Excellent in depth treatment of modulation schemes, digital processing theory, noise. "Wireless Personal Communications Services" by Rajan Kuruppillai. 424 pp., 75 illus., McGraw-Hill # 036077-4, $55 Introduction to major PCS technical standards, system/RF design principles and process, good technical reference "PCS Network Deployment" by John Tsakalakis. 350 pp, 70 illus., McGraw-Hill #0065342-9, $65 Tops-down view of the startup process in a PCS network. Includes good traffic section. "The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs (1997)" published by the American Radio Relay League (phone 800-5940200). 1100+ page softcopy ($44); useful exposure to nuts-and-bolts practical ideas for the RF-unfamiliar. Solid treatment of the practical side of theoretical principles such as Ohms law, receiver and transmitter architecture and performance, basic antennas and transmission lines, and modern circuit devices. Covers applicable technologies from HF to high microwaves. If you havent had much hands -on experience with real RF hardware, or havent had a chance to see how the theory you learned in school fits with modern -day communications equipment, this is valuable exposure to real-world issues. Even includes some spreadspectrum information in case youre inclined to play and experiment at home. At the very least, this book will make dealing with hardware more comfortable. At best, it may motivate you to dig deeper into theory as you explore why things behave as they do.

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