Telecommunication Systems
Spring 2006
1
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
2
CDMA
What is Multiple Access?
When multiple users are trying to access the
same resource, simultaneously
CDMA allows many users to occupy the
same time and frequency allocations,
simultaneously 3
CDMA
What is the Code, in the CDMA?
In CDMA, the baseband signal is multiplied
with a very high bit rate (typically 1.2288
Mcps) signal to spread it’s spectrum
CDMA is a Spread Spectrum technology?
The power of the baseband signal is
distributed over a band of 1.25 M Hz
W/Hz. Baseband Signal
Spread Signal
4
1.25 M Hz. f
CDMA
What is the advantage of spreading?
The information bearing signal appears like
a noise and becomes very difficult to be
detected
Due to this spectral spreading, a gain of
about 20 dB is achieved at the receiver,
which helps to reduce the transmit power,
which ultimately increases the system
capacity
5
CDMA
CDMA-the cocktail party example!
6
CDMA
CDMA subscriber base!
7
CDMA
CDMA subscriber growth rate!
8
CDMA
Codes used in the CDMA !
Walsh codes are mainly used to uniquely
identify each user on the forward link (from
the BTS to the mobile)
Pseudorandom noise (PN) codes are
mainly used to uniquely identify each user
on the reverse link (from the mobile to the
BTS)
9
CDMA
Walsh Codes !
A Walsh code is a binary sequence
Two Walsh codes of same length are
mutually orthogonal
Example
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1
10
CDMA
Walsh Codes examples!
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
11
CDMA
Generating Walsh Codes !
Start with a seed 0, repeat it horizontally
and vertically and then complement this
seed diagonally
12
CDMA
Walsh Codes !
A set of 64 Walsh codes, each having 64
chips, is used by each BTS
13
CDMA
14
CDMA
Walsh Codes Spreading !
15
CDMA
Walsh Codes Spreading !
16
CDMA
Recovery of spread signal !
17
CDMA
Recovery of spread signal using wrong
function !
18
CDMA
Spreading with three signals !
19
CDMA
Despreading example !
20
CDMA
PN Codes !
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) are maximum
length binary sequences
Generating PN codes
Seed register with 001
21
CDMA
PN Codes generation!
22
CDMA
PN Codes !
In general, it can be demonstrated that the
maximum length of a PN sequence
generated by an n-stage shift register is
2n-1
In IS-95, two types of PN sequences or PN
codes are used: The short PN code and the
long PN codes
The Short PN Code is generated by a 15-
stage shift register (215=32,768) 23
CDMA
Short PN Codes !
In IS-95, two types of PN sequences or PN
codes are used: The short PN code and the
long PN codes
The Short PN Code is generated by a 15-
stage shift register (215=32,768)
The Short PN Code runs at a speed of 1,228,800
chips per second
24
CDMA
Long PN Codes !
The Long N Code is generated by a 42-stage
Shift Register. Therefore, the maximum
length of the Long PN Code is 242-1=4400
Billion chips
The Long PN Code runs at a speed of 1,228,800
chips per second
This yields a repetition cycle of:
4.4 x 1012/1,228,800=41-42 days
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