Evolution of
Microprocessors
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Intel 4004
Year of introduction 1971
4-bit microprocessor
4 KB main memory
45 instructions
PMOS technology
was first programmable device which was used
in calculators
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Intel 8008
Year of introduction 1972
8-bit version of 4004
16 KB main memory
48 instructions
PMOS technology
Slow
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Intel 8080
Year of introduction 1973
8-bit microprocessor
64 KB main memory
2 microseconds clock cycle time
500,000 instructions/sec
10X faster than 8008
NMOS technology
Drawback was that it needed three power supplies.
Small computers (Microcomputers) were designed in mid
1970s using 8080 as CPU.
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Intel 8085
Year of introduction 1975
8-bit microprocessor-upgraded version of 8080
64 KB main memory
1.3 microseconds clock cycle time
246 instructions
Intel sold 100 million copies of this 8-bit
microprocessor
uses only one +5v power supply.
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Intel 8086/8088
Year of introduction 1978 for 8086 and 1979 for
8088
16-bit microprocessors
Data bus width of 8086 is 16 bit and 8 bit for 8088
1 MB main memory
400 nanoseconds clock cycle time
6 byte instruction cache for 8086 and 4 byte for 8088
Other improvements included more registers and
additional instructions
In 1981 IBM decided to use 8088 in its personal computer
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Intel 80186
Year of introduction 1982
16-bit microprocessor-upgraded version of
8086
1 MB main memory
Contained special hardware like programmable
counters, interrupt controller etc.
Never used in the PC
But was ideal for systems that required a
minimum of hardware
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Intel 80286
Year of introduction 1983
16-bit high performance microprocessor with
memory management & protection
16 MB main memory
Few additional instructions to handle extra 15
MB
Instruction execution time is as little as 250 ns
Concentrates on the features needed to
implement MULTITASKING
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Intel 80386
Year of introduction 1986
Intels first practical 32-bit microprocessor
4 GB main memory
Improvements include page handling in virtual
environment
Includes hardware circuitry for memory
management and memory assignment
Memory paging and enhanced I/O permissions
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Intel 80486
Year of introduction 1989
32-bit high performance microprocessor
4 GB main memory
Incorporates 80387-like floating point
coprocessor and
8 K byte cache on one package
About half of the instructions executed in 1
clock instead of 2 on the 80386
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Pentium
Year of introduction 1993
32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 32-
bit address bus
4 GB main memory
Double clocked 120 and 133MHz versions
Fastest version is the 233MHz, Dual integer
processor
16 KB L1 cache (split instruction and data: 8 KB
each)
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Pentium Pro
Year of introduction 1995
32-bit microprocessor, formerly code-named P6
64 GB main memory, 64-bit data bus and 36-
bit address bus
16 KB L1 cache (split instruction/data: 8 KB
each), 256 KB L2 cache
Uses three execution engines
Intel launched this processor for the server
market
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Pentium II
Year of introduction 1997
32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-
bit address bus, MMX
64 GB main memory
32 KB split instruction/data L1 caches (16 KB
each)
Module integrated 512KB L2 cache (133MHz)
A version of P2 called Xeon; specifically
designed for high-end applications
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Pentium III
Year of introduction 1999
32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-
bit address bus
64 GB main memory
Dual Independent Bus (simultaneous L2 and
system memory access)
On-chip 256 KB L2 cache
P3 was available in clock frequencies of up to 1
GHz
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
Pentium IV
Year of introduction 2002
32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-
bit address bus
64 GB main memory
1.4 to 1.9 GHz and the latest at 3.20 GHz and
3.46GHz (Hyper-Threading)
1MB/512KB/256KB L2 cache
Specialized for streaming video, game and
DVD applications
Microprocessor
is a semiconductor device consisting of
electronic logic circuits
manufactured by using various
fabrication schemes
capable of performing computing
functions
capable of transporting data/information
can be divided into 3 segments:
Arithmetic
and Logic Unit
Register Unit
Control Unit
Von Neumann Machine
Three key concepts:
Data and instructions are stored in a single set
of
read-write memory
Contents of memory are addressable by
memory address, without regard to the type of
data contained
Execution occurs in a sequential fashion,
unless explicitly altered, from one instruction to
the other
Computer System
Components
Memory
Stores instructions and data
Input/Output
Called peripherals
Used to input and output instructions and data
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Performs arithmetic operations (addition,
subtraction)
Performs logical operations (AND, OR, XOR,
SHIFT, ROTATE)
Computer System
Components
Control Unit
Coordinates the operation of the computer
System Interconnection and Interaction
BusA group of lines used to transfer bits between
the microprocessor and other components of the
computer system. Bus is used to communicate
between parts of the computer. There is only one
transmitter at a time and only the addressed device
can respond.
Types
Address
Data
Control signals
CPU Components
Registers
Hold data, instructions, or other items
Various sizes
Program counter and memory address
registers must be of same size/width as
address bus
Registers which hold data must be of same
size/width as memory words
CPU Components
Control Unit
Generates control signals which are
necessary for execution of an
instruction.
Connect registers to the bus.
Controls the data flow between CPU and
peripherals (including memory).
Provides status, control & timing signals
required for the operation of memory
and I/O devices to the system.
Acts as a brain of computer system
All actions of the control unit are
associated with the decoding and
executions of instructions (fetch and
CPU Components
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Executes arithmetic and logical
operations.
Accumulator is a special 8-bit register
associated with ALU.Register A in 8085
is an accumulator.
Source of one of the operands of an
arithmetic or logical operation.
serves as one input to ALU.
Final result of an arithmetic or logical
operation is placed in accumulator.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
ALU performs the following arithmetic & logical
operations:
Addition
Subtraction
Logical AND
Logical OR
Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
Complement(logical NOT)
Increment (add 1)
Decrement (subtract 1)
Left shift, Rotate Left, Rotate right
Clear etc.
Status Flags
Intel 8085 microprocessor
contains five flip-flops to serve as
status flags. The flip-flops are set
or reset according to the
conditions which arise due to an
arithmetic & logical operation
Intel 8085
Architecture
ALU
PIN DIAGRAM 0F 8085
