Systems and Control Eng. Dept.
Computer Networks
Fourth Year Class
Lecture 1
Fundamentals of Data Networks
Abdulhameed N. Hameed
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Data Communications
1.2 Networks
1.3 Network Types
Introduction
Data communications and networking
Change the way we do business and the way we live
Business decisions have to be made more quickly
Decision depends on immediate access to accurate
information
Business today rely on computer networks and
internetworks
Before we ask how quickly we can get hooked up,
we need to know:
How networks operate
What types of technologies are available
Which design best fills which set of needs
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1.1 Data Communications
Communication:
Means sharing information
• Local (face to face) or remote (over distance)
Telecommunication
• Telephone, telegraph and television
• Means communication at a distance
• Tele is Greek for far
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Data Communications
Data:
Refers to information
• Presented in any form
Data communication : is the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of
transmission medium (wire cable).
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Data Communications
Communication system made up of a combination of
hardware and software
Effectiveness of data communication system depends
on:
1. Delivery : The system must deliver data to correct
destination. Data received by the indented user only
2. Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately (no
change).
• Data changed & uncorrected is unusable
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Data Communications
3. Timeliness: The system must deliver data in timely
manner
• Data arrived late are useless
• In the same order (video and audio) & without delay (Real time
transmission).
4. Jitter: Variation in the packet arrival time (uneven quality in the
video is the result).
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Components
A data communication system is made up
of five components
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Components
1. Message: the information (data) to be communicated
– Consist of text, numbers, pictures, audio, or video
2. Sender: the device that sends the data message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, video
camera, …
3. Receiver: the device that receives the message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, television,
….
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Components
4. Medium: The physical path by which a message
travels from sender to receiver
– twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic, radio waves
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Components
5. Protocol: a set of rules that govern data
communications
– An agreement between the communicating devices
– Devices may be connected but not communicating (no
protocol)
– Arabic speaker with Japanese speaker
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Data Representation
Text
Numbers
Images
Audio
Video
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Data Representation
Text:
Sequence of bits (0s or 1s)
Different sets of patterns to represent text
symbols (each set is called: code)
Example of coding system is: Unicode
Unicode uses: 32 bits to represent a symbol or
character in any language
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Data Representation
Numbers:
Represented by bit patterns
The number is directly converted to a binary
number.
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Data Representation
Images:
Represented by bit patterns
A matrix of pixels
Resolution: size of the pixels
High resolution: more memory is needed
Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern
1-bit pattern (black and white dots image)
2-bit pattern (4 levels of gray)
RGB (color images)
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Data Representation
Audio:
Continuous not discrete
Change to digital signal
Video:
Recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie
Change to digital signal
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Data Flow
Communication between two devices can be:
Simplex
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
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Data Flow
Simplex (one way street)
The communication is unidirectional
Only one device on a link can transmit; the other
can only receive
Use the entire capacity of the channel to send data
Example: Keyboards, Monitors
Data
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Data Flow
Half-Duplex (one-lane with two-directional traffic)
Each station can both transmit and receive, but not
at the same time
When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa
The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by
the transmitting device
Example: Walkie-talkies
Data
Data 19
Data Flow
Full-Duplex (Duplex) (two-way street)
Both stations can transmit and receive at same time
Signals going in either direction sharing the capacity
of the link
Sharing can occur in two ways:
Link has two physically separate transmission paths
• One for sending and the other for receiving
The capacity of the channel is divided between signals
travelling in both directions
Example: Telephone network
Data
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Data
Exercise
What mode of data flow the following exhibits shows?
Data
Data
Answer: Full-Duplex
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