Shyama Prasad Mukherji College for Women
(University of Delhi)
Introduction toPart-1
Computer Networks
B.Sc. (H) Computer Science 3rd Semester
Faculty: Manish Kumar Singh
Asst. Professor (Dept. of Computer Science)
Shyama Prasad Mukherji College
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance.
The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data.
Data communications are the exchange of data between
two devices via some form of transmission medium such
as a wire cable.
Topics discussed in this section:
Data Communication System
Components
Data Representation
1.2 Data Flow
Data Communication System
■ Communication system made up of a combination of
hardware and software
■ Effectiveness of data communication system depends
on:
1. Delivery : The system must deliver data to correct
destination. Data received by the indented user only
2. Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately (no
change).
■ Data changed & uncorrected is unusable
3. Timeliness: The system must deliver data in timely manner
■ Data arrived late are useless
■ In the same order (video and audio) & without delay (Real time
transmission)
4. Jitter: Variation in the packet arrival time (uneven
quality in the video is the result)
1.3
Components
A data communication system is made up of
five components
Figure 1.1 Five components of data
communication
1.4
Components
1. Message: the information (data) to be communicated
– Consist of text, numbers, pictures, audio, or video
2. Sender: the device that sends the data message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, video
camera, …
3. Receiver: the device that receives the message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, television,
….
1.5
Components
4. Medium: The physical path by which a message
travels from sender to receiver
– twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic, radio
waves
1.6
Components
5. Protocol: a set of rules that govern data
communications
– An agreement between the communicating devices
– Devices may be connected but not communicating
(no protocol)
– Arabic speaker with Japanese speaker
1.7
Data Representation
Text
Number
s
Images
Audio
Video
1.8
Data Representation
■ Text:
■ Sequence of bits (0s or 1s)
■ Different sets of patterns to represent text
symbols (each set is called: code)
■ ASCII: 7 bits (128 symbols)
■ common coding system today is:
■ Unicode uses: 32 bits to represent a symbol
or character in any language
1.9
Data Representation
■ Numbers:
■ Represented by bit patterns
■ The number is directly converted to a binary number
■ Images:
■ Represented by bit patterns
■ Resolution: size of the pixels
■ High resolution: more memory is needed
■ Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern
■ 1-bit pattern (black and white dots image)
■ 2-bit pattern (4 levels of gray)
■ RGB (color images)
1.10
Data Representation
■ Audio:
■ Continuous not discrete
■ Change to digital signal
■ Video:
■ Recording or broadcasting of a picture or
movie
■ Change to digital signal
1.11
Data Flow
■ Communication between two devices can be:
■ Simplex
■ Half-Duplex
■ Full-Duplex
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
1.12
Data Flow
■ Simplex (one way street)
■ The communication is unidirectional
■ Only one device on a link can transmit; the other
can only receive
■ Use the entire capacity of the channel to send data
■ Example: Keyboards, Monitors
1.13
Data Flow
■ Half-Duplex (one-lane with two-directional traffic)
■ Each station can both transmit and receive, but not
at the same time
■ When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa
■ The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by
the transmitting device
■ Example: Walkie-talkies
1.14
Data Flow
■ Full-Duplex (Duplex) (two-way street)
■ Both stations can transmit and receive at same time
■ Signals going in either direction sharing the capacity
of the link
■ Sharing can occur in two ways:
■ Link has two physically separate transmission paths
■ One for sending and the other for receiving
■ The capacity of the channel is divided between signals
travelling in both directions
■ Example: Telephone network
1.15
Exercise
■ What mode of data flow the following exhibits shows?
Dat
a
Dat
a
Answer: Full-Duplex
1.16
