TATA POWER DELHI DISTRIBUTION LIMITED

Work Instructions/Testing Reference Manual

Doc. Title Protection and Testing Reference Manual

Doc. No W01 (PRT-P-01) Eff. Date: 01-01-2012

Rev. No 00 Page 0 of 32

Prepared By Reviewed By Approved By Issued By

Lalit Kumar Nilesh Kane Jayanta Chatterjee Ajit Maleyvar

0
 TESTING PROCEDURES

PROTECTION & TESTING

REFERENCE MANUAL

Protection & Testing Department

33 KV Grid station, Ranibagh

Delhi-110034

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Index
Serial No. Test Page No.

1 MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST 3-6

2 MESUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE 7-8

3 VECTOR GROUP TEST 9-10

4 TRANSFORMER TURN RATIO 11-12

CAPACITANCE AND TAN DELTA

5 13-16
(DISSIPATION FACTOR)

6 INSULATION RESISTANCE AND POLARISATION INDEX 17-19

7 SEPARATE SOURCE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST 20-21

8 INDUCED OVER VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST 22-24

9 BREAKER TIMER 25-26

10 CONTACT RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT 27-28

11 POLARITY TEST 29-30

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TEST REFERENCES
• IS-2026(Part 1)-1977-Clause 16.3
• IEC-60076(Part 1)-1993-Clause 10.3
TRANSFORMER TURN RATIO
• ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 –Clause 7
• BS 171 (Part 1)-1978-Clause 8.3
• IEC 1633:1995
BREAKER TIMER • IEC 62335
• IS14658:1999
CAPACITANCE AND TAN DELTA ( DISSIPATION FACTOR) • IEC-60422
• IEC 62335
CONTACT RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
• IS14658:1999
• IS-2026(Part 1)-1977-Clause 11
INDUCED OVER VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST • IEC-60076(Part 1)-1993-Clause 12
• ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 –Clause 10
• IS-2026(Part 3)-1977-Clause 16.6
INSULATION RESISTANCE AND POLARISATION INDEX • ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 – Clause
10.11
• IS-2026(Part 1)-1977-Clause 16.2
MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST
• IEC-60076(Part 1)-1993-Clause 10.2

• IS-2026(Part 1)-1977-Clause 16.2

• IEC-60076(Part 1)-1993-Clause 10.2
MESUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE
• ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 –Clause 5
• BS 171 (Part 1)-1978-Clause 8.2

POLARITY TEST • ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 – Clause 6.2

• IS-2026(Part 3)-1977-Clause 11
SEPARATE SOURCE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST • IEC-60076(Part 3)-2000-Clause 11
• ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 – Clause 10.6

• IS:2026 (PART)-2000-Clause 16.3

VECTOR GROUP TEST • IEC-60076 (PART 1)-2000- Clause 10.3
• ANSI /IEEE C-57.12.90-1999- Clause 6.3

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MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST

Scope

 To ascertain healthiness of the core of transformer.

 To brief the winding condition.

Reference

 IS-2026(Part 1)-1977-Clause 16.2

 IEC-60076(Part 1)-1993-Clause 10.2

Equipment Used

Recommended
S.NO Equipments
Make Range Accuracy
1 Multimeter Rishab (14 S) 0.1 Volt-1000 Volt +/-0.5%
2 Leakage current tester Meco (4671) 0.001 A - 80 A 0.001
3 Single phase variac Rectifiers & Electronics 10 Volt-280 Volt 0.02

Testing Procedure
For star side of transformer:

 Connect the output terminal of variac to u phase and neutral.

 Voltage is applied to u-n & if there is no abnormal increase in current the voltage is
increased to 250 volt.
 Measure and record the following current and voltages: un, vn, wn, Iu.
 Check the equations.

VunVvn+Vwn
0.70VunVvn0.90Vun & 0.10VunVwn0.30Vun

 The same procedure is repeated for remaining other phases and check the equations

VvnVwn+Vun
0.40VvnVun0.60Vvn & 0.40VvnVwn0.60Vvn

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VwnVun+Vvn
0.70VwnVvn0.90Vwn 0.10VwnVun0.30Vwn

For delta side of Dyn1 or Ynd11

 Connect the output terminal of variac to U V phase. If there is no abnormal rise in current
increase the voltage up to 250 V
 Measure and record the following current and voltages: UV ,VW & WU

Check the equation

VUVVVW+VWU

0.40VUVVVW0.60VUV & 0.40VUVVWU0.60VUV

 The same procedure is repeated for remaining combination of phases and check the
equations

VVW VUV +VWU

0.70VVWVUV0.90VVW & 0.10VVWVWU0.30VVW

VWUVUV+VVW
0.70VWUVUV0.90VWU & 0.10VWUVVW0.30VW

For Delta Side of Dyn11 or Ynd1

 Connect the output terminal of variac to U V phase. If there is no abnormal rise in current
increase the voltage up to 250 V
 Measure and record the following current and voltages: UV ,VW & WU check the
equation

VUVVVW+VWU

0.70VUVVVW0.90VUV & 0.10VUVVWU0.30VUV

 The same procedure is repeated for remaining combination of phases and check the
equations

VVW VUV +VWU

0.40VVWVUV0.60VVW & 0.40VVWVWU0.60VVW

VWUVVW+VUV
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0.70VWUVVW0.90VWU & 0.10VWUVUV0.30VWU

Schematic Drawing
For Star Side

A u
E
A v
230 V ac
supply v
V
w
C
n

1 Ø Variac Star side

For Delta Side

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Confirmation of Test

For Star side:

If the test result of the subject transformer satisfies the respective equations mentioned above
then the test is confirmed. If primary side of the subject transformer is star then the current
noted for each phase should be equal and in the range of 5 to 10 milliamps. If the secondary
side of the transformer is star then the current noted for each phase should be equal and in
the range of 80 to 150 milliamps. Since the current measured depends upon the rating of the
transformer under test therefore the current mentioned above is only for transformers existing
in NDPL.

For Delta Side:

If the test results of the subject transformer satisfy the respective equations mentioned above
then the test is confirmed. It is worth mentioning that the equations for delta side sometimes
do not follow the respective equations. But this deviation alone is not sufficient enough to
create any doubt on the subject transformer. In that case the subject has to undergo another
test called magnetizing current test.

Inference/Recommendation

If the subject transformer satisfies its respective equations then we can conclude that the core
of the transformer is healthy. If there is any deviation then the transformer is kept under
observation and the same test is performed again after 2 months. If the deviation exists or
increases then following actions are recommended.

 Thorough inspection of the core of the transformer. Tightness of the core and terminations.
 DGA analysis of the main tank oil. If water content is found high after DGA test then the
transformer has to undergo induction heating. The main tank oil has to be filtered.
 If still the results do not improve then it can be concluded that it is a case of core
displacement and the transformer has be sent for repair.

Dos and Don’ts:

 Magnetic test should be done after de-enerzing / breakdown as the primary test to get the
exact picture of the core.

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Measurement of Winding Resistance

Scope

 To calculate I2R loss of the winding

 To ensure proper crimping, brazing and other connections
 To calculate the winding temp. at the end of temp. rise test
 As a base for assessing possible damage in the field

Reference

 IS-2026(Part 1)-1977-Clause 16.2

 IEC-60076(Part 1)-1993-Clause 10.2
 ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 –Clause 5
 BS 171 (Part 1)-1978-Clause 8.2

Equipment required:

Recommended
S.NO Equipment
Make Range Accuracy
Transformer
1 winding Multi-Amp/Eltel/Tinsley 2 m ohm-2000 ohm +/-0.5%
resistance meter
2 Thermometer Dimple/Sita/Zeal 0-50 C +/- 1C

Testing Procedure:
For calculation of I2R losses in the winding, it is necessary to measure DC resistance of each
winding. The resistance measurement shall be done by circulating the direct current in the
winding and after it has reached a steady state value. In some cases this may take several
minutes depending upon the winding inductance. The time taken can be a reference for hot
resistance measurement at the time of temperature rise test.

Temperature of the winding should be stable and for this session, the test shall be carried out
normally before the load loss shall be recorded.

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The measurement of winding resistance shall be done using the Transformer ohmmeter.
Lead connection shall be as shown in figure

Schematic Drawing

Inference/Recommendation

 Winding resistance should be less than the guaranteed value (if any)
 Resistance of each phase should be nearly equal
 Resistance value from highest winding tap to lowest winding tap should in descending
order.

Dos and Don’ts:

 Cold resistance measurement shall not be made when the temp. is fluctuating rapidly.
 The temp. of the windings shall be assumed to be the same as the average temp. of the
insulating liquid and the windings have been under insulating liquid with no excitation and
with no current in the from 3 to 8 hrs.
 The current used for measurement shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the
winding whose resistance is to be measured.
 Polarity of the core magnetization shall be kept constant dirng all resistance readings.
 Reading shall be taken only after attainting the steady state values.
 The voltmeter leads shall be independent of the current leads and shall be connected as
close as possible to the winding terminals tightly.

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Vector Group Test

Scope

 To confirm the marked vector group of a particular 3-phase Power Transformer. Since the
vector group of any transformer is not supposed to change therefore this test is
recommended as an acceptance and or commissioning test.

Reference

 IS:2026 (PART)-2000-Clause 16.3

 IEC-60076 (PART 1)-2000- Clause 10.3
 ANSI /IEEE C-57.12.90-1999- Clause 6.3

Equipment Used

Recommended
S.NO Equipment
Make Range Accuracy
0-1000 volt , 10
1 Multimeter Rishab +/- 1 %
A

Testing Procedure

 De- energize, discharge the equipment which is to be tested as a safety precaution.

 Short terminals U and u of the windings respectively.
 Apply 3 phase 440V through variac on HV Side of The transformer.
 The following voltage needs to be recorded.
 UV, UW, VW, uv, uw, vw, Vw, Vv, Ww, Wv, Un,Vn
 We have 3 types of Power Transformers in NDPL , the respective equations for
confirmation of vector group are as follows:

Sr. no Vector group Conditions

•Vv=Vw
1 Dyn11 •Ww<Wv &Wv>Supply Voltage(UV/UW/VW)
• Un+Vn=UV

2 Yy0 • Ww=Vv Vw=Wv

•Vw=Ww
3 Ynd11
• Vv<Wv & Wv> Supply Voltage (UV,UW,VW)

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Schematic Drawing
U ,u
Dyn11 Yy0 Ynd11
U, u
U, u v
w
n v w v

w N
N
W V W V

W V

Confirmation of Test

 If the results taken during the test satisfy the respective equations then the vector group
test is confirmed.

Inference/Recommendation
It is worth mentioning that the combination of voltages of V, W, v, w gives the confirmatory
equation for any vector group. Though the vector group of a transformer is not supposed to
change with time still this test is recommended at the commissioning and after major
overhauling.

Dos and Don’ts

 While measuring the voltage supply at various terminals, supply voltage at HV terminal
should not vary much.

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TRANSFORMER TURN RATIO

Scope:

 To measure the turn ratio of the power transformer.

 As a base to assessing possible damage in the field.
 To ensure proper crimping , brazing and other connections

Equipment required

Recommended
S.NO Equipment
Make Range Accuracy

1 TRM PWR3A TINSLEY 110 volt 0.03

2 Multimeter Rishab 0-1000 volt +/- 0.5

Testing Procedure

 Remove the Neutral Earth Link of the transformer. The transformer should not be
connected to the system earthing.
 Ensure the terminals are properly cleaned & current terminal is clamped properly.
 Check the TTR set & earth it properly
 Tap changer to be operated (over its entire range, mechanically or electrically) at least
once prior to the test.
 Arrange the circuit as per diagram & Set the voltage ratio on the equipment (6:1 OR 3:1)
as per testing equipment.
 Take the reading (ratio) with every tap (from tap 1 to tap 17). Compare it with standard
result as per name plate specification

Schematic Drawing

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Confirmation of Test
If the result fulfilled the basic transformation equation N1/N2=V1/V2. With increasing the tap
from 1 to 17, the voltage changes from -5 to +15 times respectively of the rated valve of the
primary side. Maximum Deviation +/- 2 % between different phases at same tap is accepted
only.

Inference/Recommendation
Turn ratio is recommended during commissioning, tap changer replacement & after the major
overhaul of the transformer

Dos and Don’ts

While measuring the voltage supply at various terminals, supply voltage at HV terminal should
not vary much.

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Capacitance and Tan Delta

Scope:

 To ensure proper dryness of all active parts.

 To ensure clearance between windings and earth.

Equipment used

Recommended
S.NO Equipment
Make Range Accuracy

1 TAN DELTA Doble 1 KV -11 KV 0.003 %

Testing Procedure:

 De- energize , discharge the equipment which is to be tested as a safety precaution

 Remove the Neutral Earth Link from the transformer. The transformer should not be
connected to the system earthing.
 Connect the earthing lead to the transformer body. This earthing lead is to be connected
first and removed at last after all the tests have been done as a safety precaution.
 Check the earthing connections properly. The supply board should contain proper
earthing wiring.
 Short the HV leads (3 Terminals) and the LV leads (4 Terminals) of the transformer.
 Connect the HV lead to the kit.
 Connect the LV lead(s) to the kit. In case of two-winding transformer, only one lead (say,
the red lead) is to be connected. However, for a three winding transformer both the LV
leads are to be connected.
 Connect the Humidity and Temperature Sensor leads.
 Connect the Safety Strobe (Flash Light).
 Connect the PC interface and AC input supply to the kit and laptop.
 Connect the Safety Switches. There are two leads – the longer lead is to be carried by
the person climbing the top of the transformer, whereas, the shorter one is be carried by
the person standing down. These two leads are provided for safety of personnel. During
the test, these two safety switches are to be kept pressed.
 Now start the test from laptop.

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 Perform the test as follows:

Test ID Line Configuration Ckt. Description KV

a. CH+CHL B-Ref to 10 KV GND RB 2 or 10

b. CH ………………… GAR RB ………

c. CHL ……………….... ………. ………

 Now accept the results. Theoretically, a = b + c (On same scale of reference).

Schematic Drawing

Tan delta can be taken in three methods

1) GST mode
2) GST + Guard mode
3) UST mode

 In GST mode, we measure the current flowing through the ground.

 In GST + Guard, a certain portion is guarded and we do not measure the current flowing
through it.
 In UST mode we do not measure the current flowing through the ground.
 In GST mode, once, the HV & LV leads are connected – the Cl portion is shorted and we
measure capacitance and tan delta with Ch & Chl in parallel.
 In GST + Guard mode – Cl is shorted and the measurement of Chl is not taken. We only
measure Ch
 In UST mode – the grounded portion: Ch & Cl is not measured and we only measure Chl.

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Confirmation of Test
Capacitance

If the sum of CH and CHL is equal to CH+CHL provided the results are taken on the same scale
of reference then the capacitance value is confirmed.

Tan Delta (Dissipation factor)

The value of tan delta should be ideally within 1%. Although a tolerance limit of -100% to +100%
can be allowed for older transformers.

Inference/Recommendation:
The di-electric loss of any insulating material is given by V2 C ω tanδ. If the dielectric loss is
more then the di-electric strength of the insulation would be reduced. In the ideal case the
capacitive current leads the voltage by 90 degree. But in practice, in all insulating systems,
there exists a loss current Ir which is small in magnitude
but in phase with the voltage. The total current I therefore
leads the voltage by an angle less than 90 degree. The
angle by which it is less than 90 degree is also known as
loss angle delta. The test kit measures voltage current and
power and with these measurements the insulation power
factor is determined. For a well processed insulation system, the di-electric loss is low with a
correspondingly low loss angle. When the loss angle is small then cosØ is nearly equal to tanδ.

If the value of tan delta is more than the limit specified above then the subject transformer is
kept under observation. Higher value of tan delta indicates presence of moisture in the
transformer. The same test is performed again after 2 months and if the results deteriorate the
following actions are recommended.

DGA analysis

Induction heating recommended.

Oil filtration of Main tank oil.

If the test results still do not improve then the transformer needs to be internally inspected or to
be sent for repair.

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Dos and Don’ts

 Tan delta test is the test give the complete information about the insulation; it should be
performed on the transformer on the routine basis.
 Transformer should be discharged after completion of the test.

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Insulation resistance And Polarization index

Scope:

 To ensure proper dryness of all active parts.

 To ensure clearance between windings and earth.

Reference:

 IS-2026(Part 3)-1977-Clause 16.6

 ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 – Clause 10.11

Equipment required:

Recommended
S.NO Equipment
Make Range Accuracy
1 IR tester Megger Up to 10 T +/-3

Testing Procedure

 Confirm that equipment under test is de-energised & no parallel circuits are connected to
the equipment under test. In the case of neutral grounded equipment
(transformer/motor/generator) ensure that the ground connection to neutral is removed.
 Equipment terminals should have adequate clearance. Connecting leads shall be
properly insulated and as short as possible.
 In case transformer neutral star connection is opened and each phase winding shorted
and grounded.
 Connect the winding under test to 'L' terminal of the megger Connect 'E' terminal of
megger to Ground.
 In case of the digital battery operated megger set the test voltage and time before staring
the test.
 Apply the suitable voltage for 1 minute & repeat the test 2-5 times to get more accurate
value.

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Absorption index and polarization index :-

Total DC current IDC seen by the current coil of the megger in insulation resistance
measurement has the following four components.

IDC = IC+IA+I1C+I1S

IC = Charging current of the capacitance

IA = Absorption current of the insulation
I1C = Conduction leakage current through the insulation
I1S = Surface leakage current

At beginning IC and IA components of current flow for several seconds or minutes depend upon
the size of the insulation; Magnitudes of these two components become zero after that.
Remaining two components of the current remain constant for a given applied voltage and are
true indicator of insulation condition.

PI & AI values can be calculated as follows

Absorption index = (IR value after 60 seconds) / (IR value after 15 seconds)
Polarization index = (IR value after 600 seconds) / (IR value after 60 seconds)

Schematic Drawing

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Confirmation of Test
IR test is routine test of the switchgear while Polarization Index tests of switchgear conduct
during commissioning, overhaul and maintenance to get the condition of the insulation. Limit
level of the tests

Equipment Minimum PI value

Rotating Machine 1.5

Transformer 1.3

IR value at least 1M per kV rating of the equipment.

Inference/Recommendation:
IR test is recommended after breakdown, overhauling & maintenance to get the condition of the
insulation while the PI test is conducted during commissioning or major overhaul of the
equipment. If the results satisfy the basic limits or the specification by the vendor then
equipment is recommended healthy for charging.

Dos and Don’ts

 Temperature difference between oil and ambient should not be greater than 20C
 After completing the test all the terminal of the test object should be earthed for significant
time to allow any charge to negligible value.
 All metal parts and bushing should be cleaned
 IR test is to be done before and after all the routine tests

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SEPARATE SOURCE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST

Scope:

 To ensure sufficient clearance between windings and windings to earth.

 To check the adequacy of the main insulation to earth and between windings.

Reference:

 IS-2026(Part 3)-1977-Clause 11
 IEC-60076(Part 3)-2000-Clause 11
 ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 – Clause 10.6

Equipment Used:

Recommended
S.NO Equipment
Make Range Accuracy
0-200-kV,0-350
1 HV test set AE +/-3%
mA
2 Stop watch Taksun 0-10 min +/- 0.5 Sec

Testing Procedure:
This test is intended to check the adequacy of main insulation to earth and between windings.
The line terminals of the winding under test shall be connected together and appropriate test
voltage as per standards shall be applied to them. All other windings, core and tank shall be
connected together and to earth. The test duration of the test shall be 60 seconds.

Schematic Drawing:

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Confirmation of Test

 The test shall be successful if no collapse of the test voltage occurs.

Dos and Don’ts:

 After the completion of the test, transformer shall be discharged.

 Test shall be conducted at rated frequency and with sinusoidal voltage.
 Transformer temp. Shall be nearly equal to the ambient temp.

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INDUCED OVER VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST

Scope:

 To check adequacy of turn/interlayer insulation of the windings.

Reference:

 IS-2026 (Part-3)-1977 Clause 11

 IEC-60076 (Part-3)-2000-Clause 12.0
 ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90.1999-Clause 10.7

Equipment Required:

Recommended
S.NO Equipment Make Range Accuracy
0-1000 volt,0-
1 IOVW test set AE/RE/Kirloskar 100/200Hz 0.5
2 Stop watch Taksun 0-10 min +/- 0.5 sec

Testing Procedure
This test is intended to check the inter-turn and line end insulation as well as main insulation to
earth and between windings. For transformers with uniformly insulation windings, the test
voltage is twice the corresponding rated voltage at double the rated frequency.

For three phase Transformers with test voltage up to 66 KV, generally 3-phase source is directly
applied. When the test frequency exceeds twice the rated frequency, the duration of the test
shall be determined by the following formula.
120 x rated frequency

Test duration in seconds = ------------------------------

Test frequency

Test duration should not be less than 15 seconds.

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According to ANSI C.57.12.20-1998 Clause-5.2, the single phase transformer with one end of
the HV solidly grounded; this test is to be carried out by applying a sinusoidal voltage on LV so
as to induce on HV which is equal to 3.46 times the rated voltage +1000 Volts. Since the
applied voltage is more than rated voltage, frequency also must be increased at least by the
same proportion as that of voltage so as to keep flux density within the rated value.

The minimum test frequency to meet this condition = (Et/ (1.1*Er)) I*Rated frequency.

Where,

ET= Induced voltage across winding

Er= Rated voltage across the winding

The voltage shall be applied for 7200 cycles or 60 second whichever is shorter.

Schematic Drawing

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Confirmation of Test

 The test shall be successful if no collapse of the test voltage and sudden increase of the
current occurs

Dos and Don’ts

 The voltage should be started at one quarter or less of full value and be brought up
gradually to full value in not more than 15 sec. After being held for the time specified it
should be reduced gradually to one quarter or less of the maximum value.
 Transformer temperature shall be nearly equal to the ambient temperature in order to
generate this double voltage at double the frequency Motor Generator sets can be used.

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BREAKER TIMING
Scope:

 To measure CLOSE, OPEN & CO timings of the breaker.

Reference:

 IS-14658:1999
 IEC-62335
 IS/IEC-60947

Equipment Used:

Recommended
S.NO Equipment
Make Range Accuracy
1 SCOT MXP (SCOPE) 0.1 Volt-1000 Volt 0.01%

Testing Procedure

 De- energize, discharge the equipment which is to be tested as a safety precaution. .

 Check whether Timer leads and associated clips that are to be connected to the breaker
poles are good & tight.
 Make the test connections on the lines of circuit diagram
 Switch on the power supply to the timer and issue Close command from the timer. Note
down the close timing displayed on the timer
 After recommended time interval (3 seconds), issue Open command from the timer. Note
down the open timing displayed on the timer.
 Now issue Close-Open (CO) command from the timer. Note down the CO timing
displayed on the timer.

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Schematic Drawing

Confirmation of Test:
Breaker opening time should be less than the closing time of the breaker it should come on the
range of 30-45 ms. while closing time should be 40-60 ms.

Co- time breaker should at the middle of the closing and opening time.

Opening time < closing –Opening time < closing time

Please refer GTP Details of the Breaker for confirmation of the Timing Results.

Inference/Recommendation:

If the specimen breaker satisfies the respective condition then the respective breaker is
considered to be satisfactory. If any deviation is observed from above mentioned condition then
corrective action should be taken with the help of the manufacturer /OEM.

Dos and Don’ts

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Contact resistance measurement

Scope

 To ensure minimum resistance between two contacts.

 To get the resistance of breaker in close position for examine condition of the moving and
fixed contact.

Reference

 IS-14658:1999
 IEC-62335

Equipment Used
Recommended
S.NO Equipment Make Range Accuracy
1 CONTECT RESISTANCE METER SCOPE 10 micro ohm to 100 m-ohm +/-3

Testing Procedure

 De-energize and discharge equipment which is to be tested as a safety precaution.

 In case of the breaker make sure that Breaker/ isolated is isolated and kept in closed
condition.
 Make all the contact clean & connect current / voltage lead as shown below

VOLAGE LEAD

CURRENT LEAD

 Check the Firmness of the connections as loose connections may give erroneous results.
 Switch on the power supply to the CRM and wait for the displayed values to become
steady.

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 Repeat the test 2-3 times to get the steady value.

 Repeat the same procedure for another phase in case of breaker.
 It is a DC current injection measurement method where 100 A dc is injected to measure
DC resistance of the breaker / Isolator contact.
 Standard values of the contact resistance are in the range of 25-60 micro-ohms.

Schematic Drawing

Confirmation of Test

Contact resistance test is conduct during commissioning, overhaul and maintenance of

switchgear (Breaker) to ensure the minimum resistance of the contact.

Inference/Recommendation

Contact resistance measurement is recommended for measurement of resistance between

contacts of the breaker/ Bus Bar which should as minimum as possible, because as the
resistance increases I2R losses will increase which will overheating and pitting of the contacts.
It should come in the range of micro ohm.

** Breaker /Isolator maintenance /repair is recommended if the variation is 50 % is observed

w.r.t commissioning results.

Dos and Don’ts

 Contact should be cleaned properly before testing.

 Repeat the same procedure for getting more accurate results.

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POLARITY TEST
Scope

 To measure ratio of current transformer; potential transformer.

Reference

 ANSI/IEEE C-57.12.90-1999 – Clause 6.2

Equipment Used

Recommended
S.NO Equipment
Make Range Accuracy
1 Dc source ( 1.5 to 6 V Dry Cell-1 or 2 ) ANY 1.5 Volt-6 Volt
Rishab
2 Multimeter 0.02 volt -1000 volt 0.003
(14s)

Testing Procedure

 De-energize and discharge equipment which is to be tested as a safety precaution.

 Connect as per the diagram. In the case of tapped secondary windings, the full winding to
be considered.
 Close the switch momentarily (for a second) and open. Observe the deflection of the
meter and note whether it is positive or negative.
 If the show positive value for the given connection, then the marked polarities are
correct. Marked polarities can be concluded incorrect if it shows a negative value.

Schematic Drawing

Confirmation of Test

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 If the meter show positive valve then the polarity of the CT is appropriate if meter shows
any negative valve then few corrective action can be taken out
 If the test is carried out on the terminals of the CT junction box, repeat the test on the
direct CT terminals after the disconnection of associated wiring. If the marked polarities
are correct at the CT terminals, then the associated wiring up to the junction box to be
rectified and repeat the test after rectification.
 If the marked polarities are wrong at the CT terminals, reject the CT and inform the
concerned Maintenance Engineer for necessary rectification.
 Repeat the test after the rectification

Inference/Recommendation:

If the specimen breaker satisfies the respective condition then the respective breaker is
considered to be satisfactory. If any deviation is observed from above mentioned condition then
corrective action should be taken with the help of the manufacturer or vender.

Dos and Don’ts:

 Contact should be cleaned properly before testing.

 Battery source of proper value should be used.

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