Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Data Types
Operators
Data Structures
Data Types
R Studio Tabs
Operators
Basic Tips
Data Structures
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
Menu
Source Pane Environment Pane
Console Pane Files Pane
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
Used to open a script
Source Pane
Console Pane
Environment Pane
Used in running a code. You can
Files Pane also run code by pressing
Ctrl+Enter
The source pane is a text
editor where you can
type your code before You can write a comment by adding # to an RScript
R will run the line where you placed your cursor
running it.
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
Source Pane
Console Pane
Environment Pane
Files Pane To clear the console, you press
Ctrl+L or type cat(“\014”)
The console pane is the
interface to R. You can
type commands directly
in the console. The Command Line
console displays the
result of any command
you run.
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
Source Pane
To remove all the objects from the environment
Console Pane
Environment Pane Environment tab displays any objects that you have
created during your R session
Files Pane
To see all the objects in the current session, type ls()
The Environment Pane
To remove a specific object use rm(…)
includes an Environment
tab, History tab,
Connections tab and
Tutorial tab
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
Source Pane
Console Pane
Environment Pane History tab keeps a record of all the commands you have run
Files Pane To copy a command from the History into the console, select the
command and press Enter or click
The Environment Pane
includes an Environment If you want to copy the command into the script, select the
command and press Shift+Enter or click
tab, History tab,
Connections tab and
Tutorial tab
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
Source Pane
Console Pane
Environment Pane
Files Pane
The Files tab displays the content of your working directory
The Files Pane includes You can find out which directory R is using by typing getwd() in the
several tabs that provide command line
useful information To change working directory type setwd(“H:/Preferred Directory”)
Notice that you need a forward slash (/) and not back slash (\)
If you do not see the contents of the file directory in the Files tab, click on
and then on
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
Source Pane
Console Pane
The Plot tab shows all graphs that you have created
Environment Pane
Files Pane Click to export your plot as an image file or a pdf
To remove a single plot, click
The Files Pane includes
several tabs that provide To remove all plots, click or type dev.off() in the command line
useful information
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
Source Pane
Console Pane The packages tab displays the R packages that you have installed in your System
Environment Pane Library. To install a package you can use the command install.packages(“package
name”) . Once you have it installed the package, you need to load it using the
Files Pane command library(package name).
An R package typically
includes code, data,
documentation for the
package and the function If there is a check mark beside the package, it means that it is already loaded
inside, and tests to check
everything works as it
should
Once a package is installed, you do not need to reinstall the package. If you want
to use a package, you have to load it every time you start a new RStudio session
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
Source Pane
Console Pane Function Name {Package Name}
Title
Environment Pane
Files Pane
The Usage section shows the function and the variables that
The Help tab has built-in need to be specified
documentation for
packages and functions in
R.
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Packages
Source Pane
Console Pane The Value section specifies what is returned by the function. R
documentation may also include references, a list of similar functions, and
Environment Pane examples.
Files Pane
The Help tab has built-in
documentation for
packages and functions in
R.
The Viewer tab displays
HTML output
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
R Studio Tabs Basic Tips R Objects
R is case sensitive
A name cannot start with a number
A name cannot use some special symbols, like ^, !, $, @, +, -, /, or *
Good Names Bad Names
a 1trial
b $
F00 ^mean
my_var 2nd
.day !day
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Basic Data Types in R
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Basic Data Types
“a”
Character
“FALSE”
Numeric
“one”
Integer
Logical “integer”
Complex “negative”
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Basic Data Types
1.00
Character
5
Numeric
9.9999
Integer
Logical -7
Complex 0
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Basic Data Types
Append an L suffix
Character
-7L
Numeric
as.integer(4)
Integer
as.integer(3.14)
Logical
as.integer(“5.99”)
Complex
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Basic Data Types
Character
Numeric TRUE
Integer FALSE
Logical
Complex
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Basic Data Types
Character
z = 1 + 2i
Numeric
sqrt(-9+4i)
Integer
Logical sqrt(-25 + 0i)
Complex
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Basic Data Types
Character
z = 1 + 2i
Numeric
sqrt(-9+4i)
Integer
Logical sqrt(-25 + 0i)
Complex
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Character Numeric Integer Logical Complex
Functions to examine features of vectors and other objects
class() What kind of object is it (high-level)?
typeof() What is the object’s data type (low-level)?
How long is it? What about two dimensional
length()
objects?
attributes() Does it have any metadata?
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Operators
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Assignment operators are used to assign
a value to an object Operators
Assignment Operators =
Arithmetic Operators <- ->
Relational Operators Example
Logical Operators
x = 10 y<- 20 30 ->z
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Arithmetic operators are used to
perform basic mathematical operations
+ Addition
Assignment Operators
- Subtraction
Arithmetic Operators
* Multiplication
Relational Operators
Logical Operators / Division
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Relational operators are used to test/define a
< Less than
relationship between two operands
Assignment Operators <= Less than or equal to
Arithmetic Operators > Greater than
Relational Operators >= Greater than or equal
Logical Operators == Is equal to
!= Not equal to
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Logical operators are used to make decision on
| OR
the basis of a condition
Assignment Operators
FALSE FALSE FALSE
Arithmetic Operators
FALSE TRUE TRUE
Relational Operators
TRUE FALSE TRUE
Logical Operators
TRUE TRUE TRUE
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Logical operators are used to make decision on
& AND
the basis of a condition
Assignment Operators
FALSE FALSE FALSE
Arithmetic Operators
FALSE TRUE FALSE
Relational Operators
TRUE FALSE FALSE
Logical Operators
TRUE TRUE TRUE
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Data Structures
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Data Structures
Data structures are used to store data in an organized
fashion in order to make data manipulation and other data
operations more efficient.
• Vector
• List
• Matrix
• Array
• Data Frame
• Factor
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Data structures are used to store data in an organized fashion in order to
Data Structures make data manipulation and other data operations more efficient.
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Vector List Matrix Array Factor Data Frame
Vector is a linear object which contains homogenous elements
c(1, 2, 3)
c(TRUE, FALSE)
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Vector List Matrix Array Factor Data Frame
List is a linear object which contains heterogenous elements
list(101,”Stat”)
list(TRUE, 2+5i)
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Vector List Matrix Array Factor Data Frame
Matrix is a 2-D object which contains homogenous elements
[ , 1] [ ,2 ] [ , 3]
matrix(c(1:6),nrow=2)
[ 1, ] 1 3 5
[ 2, ] 2 4 6
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Vector List Matrix Array Factor Data Frame
Arrays are homogenous objects which have more than 2
dimensions
array(c(vector1, vector2),dim=c(3,3,2))
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Vector List Matrix Array Factor Data Frame
Factors are objects which are used to categorize the data and
store it as levels
data<-c(“Male”, ”Female”, ”Female”, “Male”)
as.factor(data)
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Vector List Matrix Array Factor Data Frame
A data frame is a 2-D table where each column comprises of
homogenous elements and each row may contain either
homogenous or heterogenous elements
data.frame(Name=c(“Tim”, “Ace”), Age=c(24, 18))
Name Age
Tim 24
Ace 18
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Loading Data
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Loading Data into R
• Download and install the package readxl to read excel files
• Click “Import Dataset” in the Environment pane, then
select “From Excel”
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Loading Data into R
• Download and install the package readxl to read excel files
• Click “Import Dataset” in the Environment pane, then
select “From Excel”
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
Loading Data into R
• Select the file
• Click Import
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
References
• http://ncss-
tech.github.io/stats_for_soil_survey/chapters/1_introduction/1_introduction.html
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-structures-in-r-programming/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/r/r_matrices.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGGxJ754Q1c&t=781s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcYcjH-1giM
• http://www.r-tutor.com/r-introduction/basic-data-types/logical
Stat20023: Engineering Data Analysis
