Internet & Windows Operating System
The Internet
Introduction
∙ The Internet or “Net” (network of networks) is the largest computer network in
the world that connects billions of computer users.
∙ The word internet comes from combination between “interconnection” and
“Network”
∙ Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via communication
channels and transmission media allow to share resources (hardware, software,
data, information).
∙ Generally, nobody own internet.
Brief History
∙ ARPA – Advanced Research Project Agency.
∙ 1969 January 2 – started an experimental Computer Network.
∙ Concept – No Server, but equal importance/participation to every computer in the
Network.
∙ Even if, one or two nodes destroyed that will not affect the Network.
∙ In 1982 the word internet started.
∙ 1986: First “freenet” created in Case Western Reserve University
∙ 1991: US government allowed business agencies to connect to internet.
∙ Now all peoples can connect to internet and improve their life and work quality.
∙ The internet support various aspects in our life.
Vinton Ceft
•Widely known as a “Father of the Internet,” Cerf is the co-designer of the TCP/IP protocols and
the architecture of the Internet. In December 1997, President Bill Clinton presented the U.S.
National Medal of Technology to Cerf and his colleague, Robert E. Kahn, for founding and
developing the Internet. In 2004, Cerf was the recipient of the ACM Alan M. Turing award
(sometimes called the “Nobel Prize of Computer Science”) and in 2005 he was given the
Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George Bush.
•Cerf began his work at the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA) playing a key role in leading the development of Internet and Internet-related
data packet and security technologies. Since 2005, he has served as vice president and chief
Internet evangelist for Google. In this role, he is responsible for identifying new enabling
technologies to support the development of advanced, Internet-based products and services. He
is also an active public face for Google in the Internet world.
•He also served from 2000-2007 as chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), an organization he helped form. Cerf served as founding
president of the Internet Society from 1992-1995, and in 1999 served a term as Chairman of the
Board.
How to Connect to Internet
Internet Services
∙ WWW
∙ Webpage / Homepage
∙ Web Publishing
∙ Web browser
∙ Search Engine
∙ Protocol
∙ Internet protocol
∙ DNS
∙ HTTP
∙ URL
∙ HTML
∙ E-mail
∙ Newsgroup
∙ Video conferencing
∙ FTP
∙ Telnet
∙ Forum
WWW
∙ The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext/hypermedia
documents accessed via the Internet.
∙ Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other electronic device with references to other text that the reader
can immediately access, usually by a mouse click or key press sequence.
∙ Hypermedia is used as a logical extension of the term hypertext in which graphics, audio, video, plain text and
hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non- linear medium of information.
∙ Creator: Timm Berners-Lee, 1989.
o Father of WWW
o Invented WWW while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory
Difference Between the Web and Internet
∙ Internet = collection of networks that connect millions of businesses, government agencies, educational
institutions, and individuals.
∙ WWW = the means we use to access information over the internet
o Different communication protocols
o Special link (hyperlink) that enable users to jump from one place to another on the web.
Web Page
∙ A web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be
accessed through a web browser and displayed on a monitor or mobile device.
∙ This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other webpages via
hypertext links.
∙ It can contain text, graphics, audio, video and has built- in connection or links to other web documents.
∙ A web page has a unique address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
Web Browser
∙ A software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.
∙ It allows to locate, view, and navigate the web.
∙ It can have a Graphical User Interface, meaning they can display pictures (graphics) in addition to text and other
forms of multimedia such as sound and video like Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome and Opera, or can be
text-based, like Lynx or Links.
∙ First web browser was developed in 1991: Mosaic develop by Marc Andreessen.
Different Types of Web Browser
∙ Google Chrome
∙ Mozilla Firefox
∙ Internet Explorer
∙ Safari
∙ Opera Mini
∙ Netscape Navigator
Protocol
∙ A set of guidelines or rules.
∙ Communications protocol is a formal description of message formats and the
rules for exchanging those messages.
∙ Format that agreed to transfer data between two devices.
o Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
o Internet Protocol (IP)
o File transfer protocol (FTP)
o Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
o Networks News File Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
o Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); Normally use together with IP
Electronic Mail
∙ A written message that is sent and received over the Internet.
∙ The message can be formatted and enhanced with graphics and may also include other files as attachments.
∙ Like ordinary mail, email have address,
E.g. s12345@e-web.uum.edu.my
∙ An e-mail address identifies an e-mail box to which e-mail messages may be delivered.
∙ Most e-mail on the Internet uses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
Advantages of Internet
∙ Communication
∙ Research
∙ Education
∙ Financial transactions
∙ For Updates
Communication
o Communication is a process transmitting and receiving symbol, data, image, text, document, graphic etc by using
various computer devices.
o It including the process of collecting, processing, distributing, sharing, retrieving, transferring and storing the
information
o Internet now being a main communication tool. Using video conferencing, internet phone, Messenger, email etc.
Research
o In order to do research, you need to go through hundreds of books as well as the references and that was one of
the most difficult jobs to do earlier.
o Research is one such thing which has got lots of benefit from this evolution of internet.
Education
o Education is one of the best things that the internet can provide
o There are a number of books, reference books, online help centers, expert’s views and other study-oriented
material on the internet that can make the learning process very easier as well as a fun learning experience.
Financial Transactions
o Financial transaction is the term which is used when there is exchange of money.
o With the use of internet in the financial transaction, your work has become a lot easier.
o With the ability to do the financial transaction easily over the internet you can purchase or sell items so easily
Disadvantages of Internet
∙ Theft of Personal Information
∙ Spamming
∙ Malware Threats
∙ Social Isolation, Obesity and Depression
Theft of Personal Information
o The use of Internet for banking, social networking, or other services, often makes our personal information
vulnerable to theft
o Unscrupulous hackers can access our sensitive information through unsecured connections by planting
phishing software.
Spamming
o Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails, which serve no purpose and needlessly obstruct the computer
system
o Spammers usually use bots that bombard the receiver with an endless line of advertisements.
o This can prove to be increasingly perplexing, as it keeps getting mixed with our more important emails
Malware Threats
o One of the most annoying problems with the Internet is the ease with which any malware can infect our
computers.
o Virus programs are inconspicuous and may get activated simply by clicking a seemingly harmless link
o Computers connected to the Internet are extremely prone to IP targeted virus attacks that may end up crashing the
system completely.
Social Isolation, Obesity and Depression
o The biggest problem with having the Internet is, its ability to create rifts between the real and virtual world.
o There is an addiction for everything that pertains to the web and that includes excessive surfing, online gambling,
social networking, and gaming addiction
o Since all problems are so deeply linked with one another and with the Internet, it isn't uncommon for people to be
afflicted with multiple issues
Windows Operating System
The Windows operating system (Windows OS) for
desktop PCs are more formally called Microsoft Windows
and is actually a family of operating systems for personal
computers. Windows dominates the personal computer
world, running, by some estimates, more than 90 percent
of all personal computers – the remainder running Linux
and Mac operating systems.
Windows provides a Graphical user interface (GUI),
virtual memory management, multitasking, and support
for many peripheral devices. In addition to Windows The following image indicates the total market share of all
desktop operating systems (November 2017). According to
operating systems for personal computers, Microsoft also Microsoft.
offers operating systems for servers and mobile devices.
MS-DOS - Microsoft Disk Operating System (1981)
∙ Release year 1981
∙ Non-Graphical Command Line
∙ Key board driven
Windows 1.0 – 2.0 (1985-1992)
∙ 1.0 Released 1987
∙ Added overlapping windows. Minimized window to be moved around the desktop with mouse
∙ Bundled with
o MS Word
o Excel Application
∙ M S apps needed GUI (GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE) shell to run properly.
∙ Added desktop icons, keyboard, shortcuts and improve graphic support
Windows 3.0 – 3.1(1990–1994)
∙ Released 1990
∙ 10 Million copy within 2 years
∙ True multitasking
∙ 3D Button and no wallpaper
∙ Program manager, file manager, print manager and games
(Heart, Minesweeper and Solitaire)
∙ 3.1 Released in 1992
o Simple point upgrade
o Bug fixes
o First to display true type scalable fonts
o New “Screen Saver and Drag and Drop operation
Windows 95 (August 1995)
∙ Released in 1995
∙ Successful software release ever.
∙ New start button and desktop
∙ Plug and Play allowed hardware device to be automatically installed into computer with the
proper software
Windows 98 (June 1998)
∙ Windows 98 offers support for a number of new technologies, including FAT32, AGP, MMX, USB, DVD, and ACPI.
∙ Its most visible feature, though, is the Active Desktop, which integrates the Web browser (Internet Explorer) with
the operating system.
∙ From the user's point of view, there is no difference between accessing a document residing locally on the user's
hard disk or on a Web server halfway around the world.
∙ The minimum system requirement for a PC to run Windows 98 was a 66Mhz processor and 16MB of RAM. This
year's Windows 10 will require a 1GHz processor and 1GB of RAM.
Windows ME - Millennium Edition (September 2000)
∙ The Windows Millennium Edition, called "Windows Me" was an update to the Windows 98 core and included
some features of the Windows 2000 operating system.
∙ This version also removed the "boot in DOS" option.
∙ Windows Me was the last operating system released in the Windows 9x series which was targeted specifically at
home PC users, and included Internet Explorer 5.5, Windows Media Player 7, and the new Windows Movie Maker
software, which provided basic video editing and was designed to be easy to use for home users.
Windows NT 3.1 - 4.0 (1993-1996)
∙ Windows NT (New Technology) is a 32-bit operating system that supports preemptive multitasking.
∙ There are actually two versions of Windows NT: Windows NT Server, designed to act as a server in networks,
and Windows NT Workstation for stand-alone or client workstations.
∙ Windows NT is a series of Microsoft's Windows operating systems written in the C and C++ programming
languages.
∙ They were the first to use their new 'NT' (New Technology) core. That meant it had a brand-new core to do
more things than the MS-DOS-based one that they used in older versions of Windows.
Windows 2000 (February 2000)
∙ Often abbreviated as "W2K”, Windows 2000 is an operating system for business desktop and laptop systems to
run software applications, connect to Internet and intranet sites, and access files, printers, and network resources.
∙ Microsoft released four versions of Windows 2000: Professional (for business desktop and laptop systems),
Server (both a Web server and an office server), Advanced Server (for line-of-business applications) and
Datacenter Server (for high-traffic computer networks).
∙ Windows 2000 is an operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of
operating systems.
Windows XP (October 2001)
∙ Windows XP was released in 2001. Along with a redesigned look and feel to the user interface, the new operating system is
built on the Windows 2000 kernel, giving the user a more stable and reliable environment than previous versions of
Windows.
∙ Windows XP is one of Microsoft's best-selling products.
∙ Despite being widely used by a lot of businesses and corporations, Windows XP is actually pretty vulnerable to threats.
∙ Most corporate and enterprise level computers are still on the older versions of Windows. Most ATM’s still currently run
on Windows XP.
∙ Most widely known government agencies is still using XP.
∙ Granted, their failure to upgrade is mostly because their systems are not outfitted to be compatible with newer versions.
Windows Vista (November 2006)
∙ Windows vista (November 2006) it offered and advancement in reliability in security, ease of deployment,
performance and manageability over windows xp.
∙ In this version it has a capability to detect hardware problems before they occur, it is more responsive than windos
xp when it comes in identical hardware.
∙ Microsoft company has invested $6 billion and written over 50 million lines of code for Vista, which Microsoft calls
its most secure operating system ever.
∙ Faster start-up time and low power consumption of the new sleep state.
Windows 7 (October 2009)
∙ Windows 7 (October 2009) it is the latest in the 25-year-old line of windows operating system and as the successor
to windows vista.
∙ Windows 7 released in conjunction with windows server 2008 R2, windows 7 counterpart.
∙ Windows 7 has a new innovation and enhancements included like Internet explorer 8, it improved a lot in
performance and start up time and also improved the windows media center and security.
Windows 8 (August 2012)
∙ Windows 8 (August 2012) it is completely redesigned operating system that's been developed from the
ground up with touchscreen use and it can start up and load in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes.
∙ The start screen is made up of live tiles which are links to applications and update in real time.
Windows 10 (2015)
∙ Windows 10 is Microsoft's Windows
successor to Windows 8.
∙ Windows 10 debuted on July 29, 2015,
following a "technical preview" beta
release of the new operating system that
arrived in Fall 2014 and a "consumer
preview" beta in early 2015.
∙ Microsoft claims Windows 10 features fast
start up and resume, built-in security and
the return of the Start Menu in an
expanded form.
∙ This version of Windows will also feature
Microsoft Edge, Microsoft's new browser.
Any qualified device (such as tablets, PCs,
smartphones and Xbox consoles) can
upgrade to Windows 10, including those
with pirated copies of Windows.
Microsoft Operating Systems for Servers and Mobile Devices
Aside from operating systems designed for use on personal computers (PCs) and laptops, Microsoft has also
developed operating systems for services, handheld devices, and mobile phones.
Windows Server (March 2003)
∙ Windows Server is a series of Microsoft server operating systems.
∙ Windows servers are more powerful versions of their desktop operating system counterparts and are designed to
more efficiently handle corporate networking, Internet/intranet hosting, databases, enterprise-scale messaging and
similar functions.
∙ The Windows Server name made its debut with the release of Windows Server 2003 and continues with the current
release, Windows Server 2008 R2, which shares its codebase with Windows 7. Windows Server 2008 R2 debuted in
October 2009.
Windows Home Server (January 2007)
∙ Announced in January 2007.
∙ Windows Home Server (WHS) is a "consumer
server" designed to use with multiple computers
connected in the home.
∙ Home Server allows you to share files such as
digital photos and media files, and also allows
you to automatically backup your home
networked computers. Through Windows Media
Connect, Windows Home Server lets you share
any media located on your WHS with compatible
devices.
Windows CE (November 2006)
∙ A version of the Windows operating system designed for small devices such as personal digital assistants
(PDAs) (or Handheld PCs in the Microsoft vernacular).
∙ The Windows CE graphical user interface (GUI) is very similar to Windows 95 so devices running Windows
CE should be easy to operate for anyone familiar with Windows 95.
∙ Windows Phone today still uses Windows CE (Windows Consumer Electronics).
Windows Mobile (April 2000)
∙ A mobile operating system for smartphones and mobile
devices from Microsoft based on the Windows CE kernel
and designed to look and operate similar to desktop
versions of Microsoft Windows.
∙ Windows Mobile has largely been supplanted by
Windows Phone 7, although Microsoft did release, in
2011, Windows Embedded Handheld 6.5, a mobile OS
compatible with Windows Mobile 6.5 that's designed for
enterprise mobile and handheld computing devices
Windows Phone (November 2010)
∙ A mobile operating system for smartphones and mobile
devices that serves as the successor to Microsoft's initial
mobile OS platform system, Windows Mobile.
∙ Unlike Windows Mobile, Windows Phone 7 (also
referred to as WinPhone7) is targeted more to the
consumer market than the enterprise market.
∙ It replaces the more traditional Microsoft Windows OS
look and feel with a new "Metro" design system user
interface.
∙ Windows Phone 7 features a multi-tab Internet Explorer
Mobile Web browser that uses a rendering engine based
on Internet Explorer 9 as well Microsoft Office Mobile, a
version of Microsoft Office that’s tailored for mobile
devices. Its successors include Windows Phone 8 and
Windows 10 Mobile.
References
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Windows-OS
https://www.microsoft.com/en-ph/windows
https://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/history_of_microsoft_windows_operating_system.html
https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet/
https://www.vox.com/2014/6/16/18076282/the-internet
https://www.slideshare.net/sushruth645/internet-ppt-36201939
