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Limits Continuity & Differentiability Short Notes

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Limits Continuity & Differentiability Short Notes

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Anant Jain
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Short Notes Limits Continuity and Differentiability Limit It is an operator which defines the tendency of the function in neighbourhood of some point Let f(x)be the function. If for every positive number €, however small, there exists a positive number such that whenever <|x~a| 0) 7 im 149 =e= tim (1+) og BO 9. im a 1. Then, £0 ataye aprosces 1 rom ie letthandie., 009 = Jim,| 82%] =0 where (1 denotes step up tution [ote at | un, 2% 2 The limit tim, approaches 1 rom RS = Jn, 80% nme where [] denotes step up function Generalised Formula For 1” Let lim f(x)=land lim 6 (x)=, then tin geo se—1) lim (fone Proof : We have T= fim (1+ fo) v= = lim | 1+ (f@)-D}. oe) se Feet Put f(x)-1= wasr a, y 90 in, gL fo = Howeveriflim f(x)=4>0 and lim (x)= Ba finite quantity then lim (0% = 4" Expansion of Function Expansion of function like Binomial expansion, exponential and logarithmic expansion, expansion of sin.x,c0s.x, tan x should be remembered by heart and ate given below xing x?In?a, x’ Inta (at ait a0 " 2 3 ii) ec" 14244 4% ai) 7 Gi) n)= — Ti for-lexsl (iv) sinx= (9) cos x= Definition of Continuity Let /(x)bea function defined in the interval [a 6], then itis said to ‘be continuous in [a 6] if and only if its graph never be broken at any of the points lie in the interval [a 6} Continuity at Point ‘function f(s) said to be continuous at x= and = f(a). Symbolially fis hy fla A)= lim(arh)= fla) afnte quant, if tim f(x)exists continuous at oxsa_ if be, LHLatr= quantity It should be noted that continuity of a function is the property of interval and is meaningful at= «a only ifthe function hasa graph in the immediate neighbourhood of x= a,not necessatily at x= a Hence, it should not be mislead that continuity of @ function is talked only in its domain. =RHLatx=a= valueof /(x)atr=a=a finite Continuity in an Interval (a) A function f is said to be continuous is (a,b) if f is continuous at each and every point € (a,b) (b) A function f is continuous in a closed interval [a, b]if () Fis continuous in the open interval (a, b)and. Gi) fis right continuous at ‘a’ Le., im, f(%)= fla)=a finite quantity we Gil) Fis left continuous at *B" Le, lim f(x)= f(b)= a finite quantity os Types of Discontinuities There are two types of discontinut ‘Type-I (Removable discontinuity ) : If lim f(x) necessarily exists, butis either not equal to /(a) or /(a)isnot defined. We say A(x) is discontinuous and this type of discontinuity is called Removable Discontinuity. In this case, therefore itis possible to redefine the function in such @ manner that lim f(x)= f(a) and thus making the funetion continuous, These discontinuities can be further classified as (1) Missing point discontinuity (2)Isolated point discontinuity (i) IF fim f(x) exists but /(a)is not defined we say fx) hhas removable type missing point discontinuity. Gi) IF fim f(x) exists also f(a) is a Finite number but slim f0)# fla) we say f(x) has removable type isolated point discontin ‘Type-2 (Non removable discontinuity) If lim f(x) does not exists and therefore it is not possible to redefine f(x) discontinuous at x= a and such discontinuity is called non removable discontinuity. Which is further classified as (a) Finite type (both limits finite and unequal) (6) Infinite type (et least one ofthe two limit are infinity) (©) Oscillatory (limits oscillate between two finite quantities) Theorems on Continuity (1) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two continuous funetions is always a continuous function fx) et) 2) If fis continuous and g(a) discontinuous atx = a,then the product function @(x) = /(x)-g(x) is not necessarily be discontinuous atx = a 3) If f(2) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x= a, then the product function @(x)= f(x)-g() is not necessarily be ‘discontinuous at x= 1 function in any manner to make it continuous we say However (x)= Lis continuous at x= a only if g(a) #0. Intermediate Value Theorem : If fis continuous on [a,b] and f(a) f(b) there for any value c€ (fla), f(b), there is at least one number xp in (a,) for which f(x, )=¢ ‘Note that continuity through the interval [a, b]is essential for the validity ofthis theorem. Extreme Value Theorem If fis continuous on[a,b]then f takes on, a least value of manda ereater value M on this interval Properties of Function Continuous in La, bl (1) Ifa function fis continuous on a closed interval [a, b]. then it is bounded. 2) A continuous function whose domain is some closed interval must have its range also in closed interval. 8) IF f(a)and_f(bypossesses opposite signs then atleast one solution of the equation f(x) = Oin the open interval (a, 6) provided fis continuous ina, b} (4) If Fis continuous on [a,b], then f~? (from the range of /) is also continuous. Single Point Continuity Functions continuous only at one point and defined everywhere. Example vitxeQ 1) fls)= ‘continuous only at.x= 0 0 s00-[Girees) ious only Note that point functions are to be treated as continuous eg. fe) Continuity of Composite Functions If iscontinuous atx = aand g is continuous atx = /(a),then the composite f /(x)] is continuous at x= a. Ditfrentablty of Functions L Geometrical Meaning of Derivative Slope of the tangent dravin to the curve at x= aif it exists, Note “Tangent ata point isthe limiting case of secant through A Physical Meaning of Derivative Instantaneous rate of change of fnetion, Let f(x)isa function and is continuous at point x= a, then instantanous rate of change of {fecjat.x= ais denoted by f*(a)and is given by F(a) jim LO* N= LO) exis Existence of Derivative (i) The right hand derivative of fat = adenoted by f(a" is, defined by stat y= tim LE+W= £0), hi provided the limit exists and is finite % Right secant through Latsecat oon) ena ff ongon Leg ie 8 fo a (Gi) The left hand derivative of fatx= a denoted by J” (a is defined by im L2=1)- fla) mh Provided the limit exists and is finite if f(a" )=f@ =a finite quantity, This geomitrically means that a unique tangent with finite slope can be drawn at x= a as shown in the figure. Fis said to be derivable at Derivability and Continuity Ifa function is derivable atx Note. Iif(x)is derivable for every point ofits domain of definition, then it is continuous in that domain. ‘The Converse of the above result is not true = For a function : Ditferentiabilty —> Continuity; Continuity => derivabilty; ‘Non derivabilty 8 discontinuous But discontinuity —> Non dorivabilty; (a) Let f(a" )= pand f’(a)= qwhere pand q are finite then ‘then f is continuous at () p= 4 fis derivable atx = a= fis continuous atx = a. Gi) p# g= Fis not derivable at x= a Itis very important to note that may be still continuous at (b) Ifa function fis not differentiable but is continuous at x= a it geometrically implies sharp comer at x=. Derivabi Open Interval f(x) is said to be derivable over an open interval (a, 6) if it is derivable at each and every point of the imterval.,forany point c such that a

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