System Verilog

RANDOMIZATION
Verilog Constrained Randomization

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Random in range

module test;
integer a, b, c;

initial
repeat(20) begin
a=$random % 10; //-9 to 9 (Random range)
b={$random} % 20; //0 to 19 (Random range)
c=$unsigned($random)%15; //0 to 14 (Random range)
#2; end
endmodule
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Random in range

module test;
integer a, b, c;

initial
repeat(20) begin
a=10 + {$random} % 6; //10 to 15 (positive range)
b=-5 - {$random} % 6; //-5 to -10 (negative range)
c =-5 + {$random} % 16; //-5 to 10 (mix range)
#2; end
endmodule

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Weighted Random numbers

module test;
integer a, count=0;

always if(count< 10) #2 count=count+1; else #2 count=0;

initial repeat(20)
if (count<3)
#2 a=1 + {$random} % 9; //1 to 9
else
#2 a=11 + {$random} % 8; // 11 to 18 Higher weight
endmodule
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
SV Constrained Randomization

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 $urandom_range

module test;
integer num1, num2 , num3;

initial
repeat(20) begin
#2 num1=$urandom_range(35, 20); //35:max to 20:min
num2=$urandom_range(9); //9:max to 0:min
num3=$urandom_range(10,15); //10:min to 15:max
end
endmodule

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Randomize function

 SV provides scope randomize function which is used to

randomize variables present in current scope.

 randomize() function can accept any number of variables

which have to be randomized as an arguments.

 This function returns true if randomization was successful

else false.

 User can also provide inline constraints to control range of

random values.
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Randomize function

module test;
integer num1, num2;

initial
repeat(20) begin
if(randomize(num1, num2)) //Randomize num1 and
num2
$display(“Randomization Successful”);
else $display(“Randomization Failed”);
#2 ; end
endmodule
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
Randomize function with constraint

module test;
integer num;

initial
repeat(20) begin
if(randomize(num) with {num>10; num<20;} )
$display(“Randomization Successful”);
//num should be between 10 and 20 Inline
Constraint
#2 ; end
endmodule
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
Result

# num=19
# num=15
# num=11
# num=13
# num=15
# num=14
# num=16
# num=15
# num=17
# num=15
# num=11
# num=15
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Randomize Object Properties

 In SV properties (variables) inside a class can also be

randomized.

 Variables declared with rand and randc are only considered

for randomization.

 A class built-in randomize function is used to randomized

rand and randc variables.

 User can also specify constraint blocks to constrain random

value generation.
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 rand vs randc

 Variables defined with rand keyword, distribute values uniformly.

rand bit [1:0] num1;

num1: 3, 2 , 0, 3, 0, 1, 2, 1, 3

 Variables defined with randc keyword, distribute values in a cyclic

fashion without any repetition within an iteration.

randc bit [1:0] num2;

num2: 3, 2, 0, 1
0, 2, 1, 3
1, 3, 0, 2

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example1

program test; class sample;

sample sm; rand int num1;
initial begin
int num2;
sm=new;
repeat(20) endclass
assert(sm.randomize()) //assert checks randomization status
$display(“num1=%0d num2=%0d”, sm.num1, sm.num2);
end
endprogram

num1 is randomized num2 remains untouched

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Result

# num1=-1884196597 num2=0
# num1=-326718039 num2=0
# num1=1452745934 num2=0
# num1=-2130312236 num2=0
# num1=1572468983 num2=0
# num1=131041957 num2=0
# num1=1115460554 num2=0
# num1=-818992270 num2=0
# num1=2000525113 num2=0
# num1=1547354947 num2=0
# num1=1196942489 num2=0
# num1=736230661 num2=0
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 pre_randomize and post_randomize

 Every class contains pre_randomize and post_randomize functions

which are evoked every time randomize function is called.

 When randomize function is called, it first evokes pre_randomize and

then randomization is done.

 post_randomize function is only called if randomization was successful.

 pre_randomize and post_randomize functions can be written in a class

to offer user defined functionality before and after randomization.

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example1

class packet; program test;

rand bit [7:0] data; packet pkt;

function void pre_randomize; initial begin

$display(“Pre-Randomize”); pkt=new;
endfunction repeat(5) begin
void'(pkt.randomize);
function void post_randomize;
$display(pkt.data);
$display(“Post-Randomize”);
end
endfunction
end
endclass endprogram
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Result

# Pre-Randomize
# Post-Randomize # 33
# Pre-Randomize
# Post-Randomize # 25
# Pre-Randomize
# Post-Randomize # 202
# Pre-Randomize
# Post-Randomize # 138
# Pre-Randomize
# Post-Randomize # 15

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example2

class A; class B extends A;

function void pre_randomize; function void pre_randomize;

$display(“B: Pre-Randomize”);
$display(“A: Pre-Randomize”);
endfunction
endfunction
function void post_randomize;
function void post_randomize; $display(“B: Post-Randomize”);
$display(“A: Post-Randomize”); endfunction
endfunction endclass

endclass

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example2

program test;
Result
B b1; # B: Pre-
Randomize
initial begin # B: Post-
b1=new; Randomize
# B: Pre-
repeat(2)
Randomize
void'(b1.randomize); # B: Post-
end Randomize
endprogram
Pre-Randomize and Post-
Randomize of parent class are
overridden Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Controlling Randomization

 Randomization nature of rand and randc variables can be turned on/off

dynamically.

 rand_mode method is used to change randomization status of rand and

randc variable.

 When used as a task, the argument determines the state of rand and
randc variables.

 When argument is 0 then randomization is disabled(turned-off), when

argument is 1 then randomization is enabled(turned-on).

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example1

class packet; repeat(4) begin

rand bit [7:0] data; void'(pkt.randomize);
$display(pkt.data); end
endclass
pkt.rand_mode(0);
//Disabling Randomization
program test; repeat(3) begin
packet pkt; void'(pkt.randomize)
$display(pkt.data);
initial begin
end end
pkt=new;
endprogram
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
Result

# 33
# 25
# 202
# 138
# 138
# 138
# 138

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example3

class packet; repeat(10) if(pkt.randomize)

rand bit [7:0] data1; $display(pkt.data1, pkt.data2);
rand byte data2; pkt.data2.rand_mode(0);
//turn off for data2
endclass
repeat(10) if(pkt.randomize)
$display(pkt.data1, pkt.data2);
program test; pkt.data2.rand_mode(1);
packet pkt; repeat(10) if(pkt.randomize)
initial begin $display(pkt.data1, pkt.data2); end
pkt=new; endprogram

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Result

# 238 94
# 85 48
# 202 -92
# 29 38
# 155 48
# 225 -91
# 81 -66
# 232 -82
# 85 -112
# 141 -34
# 244 -34
# 32 -34
# 9 -34 Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example4

class packet; repeat(10)

rand bit [7:0] data1; if(pkt.randomize)
byte data2; $display(pkt.data1, pkt.data2);
repeat(10)
endclass
if(pkt.randomize(data2))
program test; //will only randomize data2
packet pkt; $display(pkt.data1, pkt.data2);
initial begin end
pkt=new; endprogram

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Result

# 238 0
# 85 0
# 202 0
# 29 0
# 155 0
# 225 0
# 141 75
# 141 115
# 141 -24
# 141 111
# 141 -119

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example5

class packet;
rand int data;
int Max, Min;
constraint c1{ data> Min; data<Max; }
constraint c2 { Max> Min; }
task set(int Min, Max);
this.Min=Min;
this.Max=Max;
endtask
endclass

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example5

initial begin
packet p1=new;
p1.set(5, 25);
repeat(5) if(p1.randomize)
$display(“Random value=%0d”, p1.data);
p1.set(35, 20);
repeat(5) if(p1.randomize)
$display(“Random value=%0d”, p1.data);
else $display(“Randomization Failed”);
end

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Result

# Random value=14
# Random value=18
# Random value=15
# Random value=16
# Random value=16
# Randomization Failed
# Randomization Failed
# Randomization Failed
# Randomization Failed
# Randomization Failed

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Set Membership

 User can use inside operator to set membership in a

constraint block.

 Example: To limit address in range from 1 to 5, 7 to 11 and

to a set of values 15, 18, 25.

class packet;
rand int address;
constraint limit {address inside { [1:5], [7:11], 15, 18, 25
};}
endclass

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Set Membership

 A ! Operator can be used to exclude set of values

class packet;
rand int address;
constraint limit { !(address inside { 6, [12:14]} ) ;}
endclass

 Using arrays to set membership.

class packet;
int arr [ ]= `{ 5, 7, 11, 13, 19};
rand int address;
constraint limit { address inside { arr }; }
endclass

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Set Membership

class packet;
rand int data;
constraint limit { ( (data==5) || (data==7) || (data==9) );}
endclass
There is a better way of providing such
constraints:
class packet;
rand int data;
constraint limit { data inside { 5, 7, 9}; }
endclass

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Weighted Distribution

 User can provide weights for random numbers to obtain

non-uniform distribution.

 := operator is used to assign same weight to all the values.

 :/ operator is used to distribute weight among all the values.

 dist operator is used to specify distribution.

 Weighted distribution does not work on randc variables.

 Example: constraint con { src dist { 0:=40, [1:3] :=60 };

dst dist { 0:/40 , [1:3] :/60 }; }
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example1

class packet;
rand int data;
constraint con { data dist { 0:=40, [1:4] :=60, [6:7]:=20 }; }
endclass
//Total weight= 40 + 60 + 60 + 60 + 60 + 20 + 20=320

data=3 weight=60/320=18.75%
data=0 weight=40/320=12.5%
data=4 weight=60/320=18.75%
data=1 weight=60/320=18.75%
data=6 weight=20/320=6.25%
data=2 weight=60/320=18.75%
data=7 weight=20/320=6.25%

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example2

class packet;
rand int data;
constraint con { data dist { 0:/20, [1:3] :/60, [6:7]:/20 }; }
endclass
//Total weight= 20 + 60 + 20=100

data=0 weight=20/100=20% data=3 weight=20/100=20%

data=1 weight=20/100=20% data=6 weight=10/100=10%
data=2 weight=20/100=20% data=7 weight=10/100=10%

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example3

typedef enum {Red, Green, Blue} color;

class temp;
rand color col;
int redw=5, greenw=3, bluew=4;
constraint weight { col dist { Red:=redw,
Green:=greenw,
Blue:=bluew}; }
endclass

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Bidirectional Constraints

 Constraints are not procedural but declarative.

 All constraints should be active at same time.

rand bit [15:0] a, b, c; Solution a b c

constraint cp { a < c; S1 6 6 7
b == a; S2 6 6 8
c < 10; S3 6 6 9
b > 5; S4 7 7 8
} S5 7 7 9
S6 8 8 9
 Even though there is no direct constraint on lower value of
c, constraint on b restricts choices.
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Implication Constraints

constraint mode_c { if (mode == small)

len < 10;
else if (mode == large)
len > 100; }

Is equivalent to
constraint mode_c { (mode == small) -> len < 10;
(mode == large) -> len > 100; }
 If mode is small that implies length should be less than 10.
 If mode is large that implies length should be more than 100.
 Implication helps in creating case like blocks.

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Controlling Constraints

 Constraints can be turned on/off during runtime.

 constraint_mode() is used to achieve this capability.

 When used with handle.constraint, this method controls a single

constraint.

 When used with just handle, it controls all constraints for an object.

 To turn off constraint, 0 is passed as an argument to constraint_mode

and to turn on, 1 is passed as an argument.

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example

class Packet;
rand int length;
constraint c_short { length inside { [1:32] }; }
constraint c_long { length inside { [1000:1023]};
}
endclass

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example

Packet p;
initial begin
p = new;
// Create a long packet by disabling short constraint
p.c_short.constraint_mode(0);
assert (p.randomize());
// Create a short packet by disabling all constraints
// then enabling only the short constraint
p.constraint_mode(0);
p.c_short.constraint_mode(1);
assert (p.randomize());
end

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Inline Constraints

 New constraints can be added to existing constraints while

calling randomize function using randomize with.

 constraint_mode can be used disable any conflicting

constraints.
class Transaction;
rand bit [31:0] addr, data;
constraint c1 { addr inside { [0:100], [1000:2000] }; }
endclass

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Inline Constraints

Transaction t;
initial begin
t = new(); // addr is 50-100, 1000-1500, data < 10
repeat(5)
assert(t.randomize() with { addr >= 50;
addr <= 1500;
data < 10;} );

repeat(5) // force addr to a specific value, data > 10

assert(t.randomize() with { addr == 2000;
data > 10; } );
end
Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Constraint in Inheritance

 Additional constraints can be provided in a subclass

class(child class). Child class object has to fulfill both the
constraints (parent and child).
class base; class child extends base;
rand int data; constraint limit2 { data > 50;
constraint limit1 { data> 0; }
data< 100; } endclass
endclass
Parent: 0 < data < 100 Child: 50 < data < 100

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example2

class base; class child extends base;

rand int data; constraint limit2 { data ==
constraint limit1 { data> 0; 50;
data< 100; }
} endclass
endclass

Parent: 0 < data < 100 Child: data=50

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example3

class base; class child extends base;

rand int data; constraint limit2 { data > 10;
constraint limit1 { data> 40; data< 30;
data< 50; }
} endclass
endclass

Parent: 40 < data < 50

Randomization Fails because both constraints are not satisfied

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Example 4

class base; class child extends base;

rand int data; rand int data;
constraint limit1 { data> 40; constraint limit2 { data > 10;
data< 50; data< 30;
} }
endclass endclass

Parent: 40 < data < 50 Child: 10 < data < 30

Parent data is different as compared to child data. Data Overridden

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in
 Constraint in Inheritance

 Constraints are overridden in child class if they are defined

with same name as that present in parent class.
class base; class child extends base;
rand int data; constraint limit { data > 50;
constraint limit { data> 20; data < 90; }
data< 40; } endclass
endclass

Parent: 20 < data < 40 Child: 50 < data < 90

Constraints are overridden

Futurewiz
www.futurewiz.co.in