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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Module 6
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DEVELOPMENT & EDITORIAL TEAM:

Writers: Vincent M. Taguinod and Lorelee A. Arreza

Illustrators:
Layout Artists:
Content Editors:
Language Editors:
Management Team:
Regional Director: Malcolm S. Garma
SDS: Margarito B. Materum
CLMD Chief: Genia V. Santos
CID Chief: Ellery G. Quintia
Regional EPS (Math): Bernadeth C. Daran
Regional LR Supervisor: Dennis M. Mendoza
SDO EPS (Math): Mirasol I. Rongavilla
SDO LR: Daisy L. Mataac
Regional Librarian:
Librarian II:

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LESSON 1: Sampling Distributions

EXPECTATIONS
After exploring this supplementary learning material, you should be able to
identify sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean).

Pretest
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best completes the sentence or
answers the question.
1. A probability distribution that describes the probability for each mean of all the
samples with the same sample size n is called ____________.
A. Frequency Distribution C. Sampling Distribution
B. Normal Distribution D. Non-probability
2. A population consists of values 2, 4, 6, and 8. What is the population mean?
A. 4.0 C. 5.0
B. 4.5 D. 4.5
3. A sample consists of values 5, 10, and 15. What is the sample mean?
A. 10 C. 12
B. 11 D. 13
4. If the
variance?
A. 10 C. 20
B. 15 D. 25
5. If the population variance of a set of data is 16, what is the population standard
deviation?
A. 3.5 C. 4.5
B. 4.0 D. 5.0
6. If a population has a mean of 5.6, what is the mean of the sampling distribution
of its means?
A. 4.6 C. 6.6
B. 5.6 D. 7.6
7. If a population has a mean of 25, what is the mean of the sampling distributions
of its means?
A. 20 C. 30
B. 25 D. 35
8. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 12.4, what is the mean
of the population?
A. 12.0 C. 12.4
B. 12.2 D. 12.6

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9. Which of the following states that, “If samples of size n, where n is sufficiently
large,
then the sampling distribution of sample means approximates a normal
distribution”?
A. Probability Distribution C. Central Limit Theorem
B. Normal Distribution D. Random Variable.
10. If a population has a variance of 6.2, what is the variance of the sampling
distribution if the mean is n=2?
A. 3.1 C. 3.3
B. 3.2 D. 3.4

LOOKING BACK
Suppose that a population consists of six (6) employees in a small business. The
random variable of interest x is the number of years the employees have been with the
business. The values of the variable are as follows:

Employees Years in the

Business
Shiela 1
Claudine 2
Mildred 3
Divine 4
Bridgette 5
Sophia 6
What are the population mean, population variance, and population standard
deviation of the given data?
Solution:
Given the values of x = 1,2,3,4,5,6. We first solve for the population mean; we get
∑𝑥 1+2+3+4+5+6 21
µ= = = = 3.5
𝑁 6 6

Then, we solve for the population variance and standard deviation.

Employees Year in the Business x - µ (x - µ)²

(x)
Shiela 1 -2.5 6.25

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Claudine 2 -1.5 2.25
Mildred 3 -0.5 0.25
Divine 4 0.5 0.25
Bridgette 5 1.5 2.25
Sophia 6 2.5 6.25
Total 21 17.50
∑(𝑥−µ)² 17.50
= = 2.92
𝑁 6

√∑(𝑥−µ)²= √17.50 = √2.92 = 1.71

𝑁 6

The population mean is 3.5; the population variance is 2.92; and the population
standard deviation is 1.71.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Using the data about the six (6) employees in a small business in the previous
section, what is the sampling distribution of the sample means for a sample of size 2?

Steps in Constructing a Sample Distribution

1. Find the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the finite population
using a combination formula.
N Cn= (𝑁−𝑛)!𝑛!
𝑁!

2. Randomly draw all possible samples of size n from a discrete, finite population of size
N.
3. List observed values of the statistic and their corresponding frequency of occurrence.

Solution:
To generate the sampling distribution of the sample means, we need to collect all
possible samples of size n without replacement from the population.
Step 1. By applying the combination formula, we can determine the number of
possible samples of size 2. Note that N=6 and n=2.
6! 720
6C2 = = = 15
(6−2)!2! 48
There are 15 possible samples of size 2.
Step 2. Now, we list the 15 distinct samples of size 2 which can be drawn from the
population.

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Table 1: All Possible Samples of Size 2
Observations Employees Years
1 Shiela, Claudine 1,2
2 Shiela, Mildred 1,3
3 Shiela, Divine 1,4
4 Shiela, Bridgette 1,5
5 Shiela, Sophia 1,6
6 Claudine, Milded 2,3
7 Claudine, Divine 2,4
8 Claudine, Bridgette 2,5
9 Claudine, Sophia 2,6
10 Mildred, Divine 3,4
11 Mildred, Bridgette 3,5
12 Mildred, Sophia 3,6
13 Divine, Bridgette 4,5
14 Divine, Sophia 4,6
15 Bridgette, Sophia 5,6
The table shows the sampling distribution of the population consisting of six (6)
employees in a small business of sample means for the sample of size 2.

Activity 1.1
There are four newly hired salespersons at Honda Cars Taguig Branch. The
number of motorcycles sold by each newly hired salesperson last month was 4,5, 8,
and 9.

Complete the information needed in the table below.

a. How many samples of size 2 are possible?
b. List all possible samples of size 2.

Observation Sample

REMEMBER

Steps in Constructing a Sample Distribution

1. Find the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the finite population
using combination formula.

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N Cn = (𝑁−𝑛
𝑁!
)!𝑛!
2. Randomly draw all possible samples of size n from a discrete, finite population of size
N.
3. List observed values of the statistic and their corresponding frequency of occurrence.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Suppose that each of the five workers makes up a population of support
personnel in a fabrication department. The number of defective products by each worker
is presented in the table.

Workers Rowel Rudolph Edwin Jerry Vincent

No. of Defective 3 1 2 4 6
Products

a. How many samples of size 2 are possible?

b. List all possible samples of size 2.

LESSON 2: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of

the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean include
the formula for infinite population
After exploring this supplementary learning material, you should be able to find
the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

LOOKING BACK
Consider the population consisting of the values 2, 3, and 4. List all the possible
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from the population with replacement then compute
the mean 𝑥 for each sample.
Solution:
All possible samples of size 2 with replacement are listed in the second column.
The corresponding means of all these samples are shown in the third column. For
instance, the first sample consists of (2, 2) and the corresponding mean is (2 + 2) ÷ 2
= 2.0.
Means of Samples Drawn with Replacement from the Population = (2, 3, 4)
Observation Sample 𝑥

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1 (2,2) 2.0
2 (2,3) 2.5
3 (2,4) 3.0
4 (3,2) 2.5
5 (3,3) 3.0
6 (3,4) 3.5
7 (4,2) 3.0
8 (4,3) 3.5
9 (4,4) 4.0

A total of 9 samples with 9 sample means can be drawn from the population (2,
3, and 4).

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Consider the population consisting of values 2, 4, and 6.
a. List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn from the
population with replacement.
b. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
c. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of the means.
d. Find the standard deviation of the means.
To find the mean µ𝑥 of the sampling distribution of means is:
∑𝑥
µ𝑥 =
𝑛
where 𝑥 is the sample mean
n is the total number of observation
To find the variance 𝜎²𝑥 of the sampling distribution of means is given by:
∑( 𝑥 − µ𝑥 )²
𝜎²𝑥 =
𝑛
𝜎²𝑥 is the variance of the sampling distribution of the means.
Where 𝑥 is the sample mean
µ𝑥 is the mean of the sampling distribution of the means.
n is the total number of observation
To find the standard deviation 𝜎𝑥 of the sampling distribution of means is:
∑( 𝑥 − µ𝑥 )²
𝜎𝑥 = √
𝑛
Where 𝜎𝑥 is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
means.
𝑥 is the sample mean

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µ𝑥 is the mean of the sampling distribution of the means.
n is the total number of observation
Solution:
a. Means of Samples Drawn with Replacement from the Population = (2, 4, 6) are
listed in the second column of the table below.
Observation Sample 𝑥 𝑥 - µ𝑥 (𝑥 - µ𝑥 )²
1 (2,2) 2.0 -2.0 4.0
2 (2,4) 3.0 -1.0 1.0
3 (2,6) 4.0 0 0
4 (4,2) 3.0 1.0 1.0
5 (4,4) 4.0 0 0
6 (4,6) 5.0 1.0 1.0
7 (6,2) 4.0 0 0
8 (6,4) 5.0 1.0 1.0
9 (6,6) 6.0 2.0 4.0
∑𝑥 = 36 ∑(𝑥 - µ𝑥 )²= 12

b. To solve the mean of the sampling distribution of the means, use the formula:

∑𝑥
µ𝑥 =
𝑛
36
µ𝑥 = = 4.0
9
The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 4.0.

c. To solve the variance of the sampling distribution of the means, use the formula:
∑( 𝑥 − µ𝑥 )²
𝜎²𝑥 =
𝑛
12
𝜎²𝑥 = = 1.33
9
The variance of the sampling distribution of the means is 1.33.

d. To solve the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means,

use the formula:

∑( 𝑥 − µ𝑥 )²
𝜎𝑥 = √
𝑛

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12
𝜎𝑥 = √
9 = 1.15
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means is 1.15.

Activity 2.1
Complete the following table.
Number Sample Mean 𝑥 𝑥 - µ𝑥 (𝑥 - µ𝑥 )²
1 (2,2)
2 (2,4)
3 (2,6)
4 (2,8)
5 (4,4)
Calculate the following:

a. Mean of the sampling distribution of means

b. Variance of the sampling distribution of means
c. Standard Deviation of the sampling distribution of means

REMEMBER
To find the mean µ𝑥 of the sampling distribution of means use:
∑𝑥
µ𝑥 =
𝑛
To find the variance 𝜎²𝑥 of the sampling distribution of means use:
∑( 𝑥 − µ𝑥 )²
𝜎²𝑥 =
𝑛
To find the standard deviation 𝜎𝑥 of the sampling distribution of means, use:

∑( 𝑥 − µ𝑥 )²
𝜎𝑥 = √
𝑛

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

A population consists of four numbers (2, 4, 6, 8). Consider all possible samples
of size 2 that can be drawn with replacement from this population. Find the following:
a. Mean of the sampling distribution of means
b. Variance of the sampling distribution of means
c. Standard Deviation of the sampling distribution of means

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POST TEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best completes the sentence or
answers the question.
1. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is greater than the
population mean.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is less than
the population mean.
C. The means of the samples drawn from a population are always equal to
the population mean.
D. The means of the samples drawn from a population may be equal, less
than, or greater than the population mean.
2. A population consists of values 3, 6, 9, and 12. What is the population mean?
A. 5.5 C. 7.5
B. 6.5 D. 8.5
3. A sample consists of values 4, 8, 12, and 16. What is the sample mean?
A. 10 C. 12
B. 11 D. 13

variance?
A. 9 C. 16
B. 12 D. 25
5. If the population variance of a set of data is 25, what is the population standard
deviation?
A. 5.0 C. 6.0
B. 5.5 D. 6.5
Answer Key

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