os - 4 7—£9.03 7 i pie? 5 - cifirid by. T6,,%5,%3)2 (99, $23 22%, 42, 4 =%t 1224423) } Auton to the basis B=f (,019-1,9,0,¢9,),} Salo’ | Given U4, a, %yI= (Ar, +13 da, t%, , 21,4 Qt Hy) | Dou) > out yuigt guy —_____{ der 200,19 4219) | fet Du) = 111,01) “it ug (2,1, , = (ant, -ainto, hae te Buoy uh =f CL 0))(-1 21. a foun) it Tuy) = [4 py niyo Ok oe = Ea 2 i + ie Jaa) 2 + fe ty x S|oS ee ee ee Py fa uta). e oa io ee Po LY [nays hl 4 5 es ays Ae a a Ma ‘a Pt) By =. LG 8 A RH Ni a a Solving G) § (iti) a Mis te Qgis 4 44 ee 3438 = T (tv _ ee Solving ti) cit) Key +4 24 dytA =o VCE oe ee Supstinute tn th) Staak Substitute fin CW. Subttihit fn (fi) sust=d ayrted vaares ; ay sate + te s 7 —- —— SSMenke Sty dt 10, — 3u, = eit ty thay iM 4 +—Comide, _ 4 Thu) Reb APU # 30g 4 Ila) F-1, 9,1) - i elon) e1) sahiien, 9¢ pomenu) - + Se eet Hime 2o)) _— io sity) = eens han 4a I. 5 a a IIE a . [a : I ! , - cece { i Ae ayty ; 4 ety ty i + A=yt dy == 2 (A) | Qy ty = 4 (a) eCege ee EON i Solving (A) and ¢c) See Ges ee =e) Ltyt 4 wg tL Qnty = 7 Pac Solving (8) and te) tL 4 nee evomen Oxtay +4 - 4 L © 6) ©) & : sae C6) aDATE fo DI | Sunstitute fo cA). did re ea 3S. Wy = 7 Hente Su) Fu ‘ta, | Consider =(BO)t! , -2O)4t ,-2 t200+4C)) 2n (gus 8 sD) a il a ae ft Vie +3 4tet fai cht ti : dyt 9 2 —latyts 2 ee Sera yt Se ta ty SW ee Satna) g ce) i 4 Boy aoe Eg oe Qatdyes4 ody Ee= = n ———— mu Mane Ttu3) = Mu, =3 7s ee abe Cale ena ls -Aostty, we have ae [| Maier | Fy 2 Pq uy = yu, nus / ; i oe TEE Wie —- pe tna ie uy Lago aie 5 ra fie we ie - Ih (a): [By 13% ls + - aie i the dd ¢. | i Sy eae ALOU mals 4 of cad ada wae SpAutniation of the given bomformation S| Rank of Ti [ Ta T= fn eW 2 tn=tenh] + Dimemion of fmage of Tf known or Ronk of J. is dino by Lone) ox dim{ReT) whi Riba Aangt space zi i Nutlity of 2 [ ker T= ew 2 E Pret a = +k is denoted by dimiN(T) whee Nin nuuapace eon OMe dtr V ond W be vector spaces and deb bea tinsoa bansformatin m_V to W ee —) ) he Jt Examples Ww i sonk = fui hal Ad on? clipinad b Abn y2)= (atdy-3 Yea, aty-23)i Wwe haw to pied dbe bau oh (lull ty of) 1)» | Ataner, | Abb un tomate, Witt glpasal ph Ausmtialen MOLY 6 7 ;,, | - ini. de ta Th aqogd*0 ytger wt ye dg) +(0,0,0) (eh byt en => dda 5 20 Loita ytz*O soon LED aby ody O eee On. Solving. above equarfons ue que from tf yt pam + a from (tit) _%.* 34, ial ae of dp ntl fg tay stati aa Rese cient ; ‘As, ieee! ink Vea LD chilo foun et Pp— 00 0 ‘ — ae _ M0 01200,.,.0) forms boats, 4+ B. als (eer } oh Aankit) #19, mA * Hebe ee) = ree Aba) Bi) —_————— Say fig et fin) Ti ppp} = HEM Ato we a ee STV) = bh? YULo= GI -Ci+2y, 4-3, 2123) = [0;0,9) = X+2y =0 ci) y=3 29 UD 2423-0 cit) MLO, this? ; Froco ci) y From {i)_%2=23. Tye t-ys9 42k =3 og ne ifay gt = (2,10) Jiu {(-2,, tin thy bouts of nutty of J and NM iy T)=4fet uu console Lhe wera bauis + PO a a B-1t1,0,0),-(0,1,07,l0,0,1 ie a Mo ww. ‘ a fs { dtru,g)= Crtoy, yey tei) j=3 Tthi.o oo ae eee ltal a pel HSL aie om. See : | Constan the rte monte nd. arcuce Tom Erhston: ea i eee dine a a. cs iii z | si =| E ~— ir 0-12 - —_ f ! R,— 2, =9R, t Epes } | Eee i i gue] 2] iL ! Rz > RstR, - Ft 0 14 which’ to ehionpoim Open ih. 2. a SmeoE 0 eee 2.07) = dim(v) £g:03 Aierify rank nutbitiy Hunsem jot th net f Ti RR oupiod by fla 1.) >lr,-2, 2-7 sf an b ” Wwe have Rank (T)+ Nullity af (T) = 244 C ee = dina R*)DATE 1 of Muniity of. v& rh E22 such thar at. . = \ of We-\ ‘dull aie 1S 2fet Fi VOU be oa tinsar tiansformation 4th Anid to be a me oe it, Sf they oni v 20 Auch thar ECv)=0 i, Kor F=fo} Tovertible Opuatnss in Av): CRAIN OTR NTS do be invitbu wf tk hor On fnvewe ie tf thos eit St" fn Av) Auch thar Pe! = —"P=7 thew Atv) fy a tno transfor —DATE | I ° Red dathof he fovlo.wing Linsaa mapt aoe find o. non e0 Vector A whose Be bisa es. puta i ete . gle (ry, Eau) alao plod . se ii 2 12 O uthery ° ps ay ao [2 Gyr= Mano} it, (u-y,%- dy) = (a,b) ete er mor Baie A=dy2b Civ) Solving —ii)_and tiv) popes by de =_b £ yt GG) _&) D4 > a-b + [eso Thuy F" Cayb) = (20-b,-b)en 7 Repiadn Oy bade tof susputivdyy, tte sR mse Gla,y)* (one Ay, 5ue-by) Gi R’=>p? dipined by G. by Auting GL ILEO. uthen. we have to.pfnd Kun. of Ve btyyd i his —|_woe_have hp itl Sisk ce GTS Ox-4y,-3.2- 6y) ——__— iat : = _(aa-4y,34-6y) = Re led Ha-Uy = 0 => %- dy 2 AA postion tf k=1 then or gee — Ke a i VeL2, 0 uhtih fh non yan-vulim, Auch. that Gtui-o| —_— [rasenos eT ee ———— & go $f o matrix Az ie ‘i Af Given sre) = at" 3445 S99 (root ) a Check whuthe, + fy a GAO Dh $64) at gett) __ prove tithe ye =O oH gta) = Soin: | iat hove apes Soe oe 3.4 tae 20 iA) = da? - 30 +5 So EES —Dp | ae 44-1246 fans ee ‘ . ae cial | Aine 41m t0. yhence At not a soot of. 40 | Comidu_ gt) * +? -54-9 — 345 gp- esa Agtee-sa-2 = [x 107 -6f, ge 1S go | =(4 to jea ; $$ Hence SS = = ih_an tigen. vetot errno a = eo. petit a hd Ay i 7 ub at Lie deccett [es yea r+ cca) alu ; fa , i Ay # ie 3 Be — Cav a sign 8 oe apa ff] ea : the tousmn of A-t2 {?)_ has a ; eqn i non trivial : i Anus + isan eigen vals of AZA fo Be Sean na pn al cco) matt i fee [AH gol) as eR eon) 7 Ph ks a ee ER AG, AAD ee Za i (tt ie iy | g Oe Od ils — ol Rim 4 )R, inci ae aa 5 - lo oto ie > %=%, =O ERE. Hs > ' 1 | i Tie ok X= 4 h =l113. | woe 7 ond {12 difiminanr AA) + der (AT_= A) = (-1)"det (A-AT,) Kio genoa ind ; thy choroctertitfe polynomiot of A dnt_manir A con atta he difined a | =dT! <0 40 4 at e Az [Ou On| thin ACA) = A= fap QyJA. tole (ad Os) Oy,Or Ao 2 su GAHAL tal Bee | the characteristic. ALE sbi matin of-et3 ta Suppor A= are aise) Aas AMOR CL a 0-34—0330.33 = (a= A3= be tara2+ ikea | whee Ay As; Ag; denot: sceptcriveny the minus of ee a AtAl= A‘ = trp) A+ 1AlL j= = 1o1= (¢ )t10) -3)(2)i 7 = ——— (contd A Ants o 2 coi ears z et 3 a at | od 10-0 Lal (SEN) MoH A) = Oa i= Os wi SO = SA=I0A+N? = 16 £0 ) AP =1SA + HAFO yee sheeted ese {| \A\\ AAS D- W+ 2 =O awe tae) a zi - _|6 3 i 4r_ Know thot, ACA) = A?- Prep yk +121 whe. btp)* 7-224 and _|A\= a) (9) - CD) = 14+6 Sco Wiener ACA) = A? = 4 A490 ne ha gupnd_bmsawite ongneal 2.8 —— ' bidachatof goa) Pind the characteristic. polynomial of A» We have charactelstte equation, IN-AT140 PoMbt fp ie a A. pe Oh. Oe Bas She On j Eo 001 ee ie : Pia es eet I Ao ' beet be wiicaeil a =e ee - Oo. As i (Ne | rs Tl contan (Ba -Ati = 0 . Jee (is, = OF me ad ORE 2E A 2) A { ome eA i tA 3oA ds | it Lo ae Ou dipe a on | 4A i a + 2foi)-wa-n} Hoe “Al mu 0 caifod-aa-aata' 6] >i f-al + ofa-a} so (ia) (a -matai] +2 + 2A-6 =O. y-atal- AR+MA-DAtI+ QA= 60 = 4{da?-add #1450 3 2 a [Ake [Ss 93-130? eaia- 12-0 ee= Me vranie 3 - - trom Gl at handy» = lal pata CA) = t3+q sig ; = M: ie baat 8 4 =~ i Ay, Min(a,,) *Min ta) = 2) eps 7 “a L a“ ee we O13 [ tal = la anno a9 | | _— EF “TSI sin) 2 anernineeees ey Oi pase 6 leis 14 Gtenis ALA) = \3= 12d? 4091490) 4- ff = AP-13A7 +31A = E> Ag 1a APs Ale) 2 = Om| ‘Coytuy- Homiston. ‘Ineo “Tease "i ia ie = ipo tquatt a fe, §f the charocteustic tquabion— fe rd Aquos math 5 ar 2 pap 2b tke =O aces +k, ao} (nT 20. ORME IN Exompia— Verity Coysey fami Lton ers i ti ar © fue Know thor DlAl2_A?= f(A) A +1 BI whew blA)* {+S=6 [BL = US) -G)03) Fa : 7 oq ' Menge alas _a?- 6l-T @x)_A*-6A-4 = of am chau suating ae ——Ly ae byt, stirasiisp Aha, Considn , Subs Hhute A by A a. AY =. Gale fs Be tots Pw fen -f i . HOP +90 24 30) _ OL fe PAGE NO.: DATE 7 | —— Py Lb} faba Tees ahi ae ay 37 430 O04. 3-6-4 eee f QM =aY =O 49 - 39-9 7 o] oof ft, A?-6A-42 =0 ° hia of WE 23. tT, ACA)? A? -hce UALAL Al) = oe Vel? cy(3) -4)tu evar § 2 -$ aan enue atay= A*-4A-5 20 0get——- Les ~ 7 i i : fe “HO49.8° 10, $) > ©) ty SUE oa) TESA i: CORT ae ae ——— SS | ; VM? =12A-19 (=) G4) tt) pm tN eile £ ASt (AZ =1o7# ieAdeD A fa) (42-0 0~ 2 n Ve Oli CARE) E eed ! AS-4p'tA3siip?p-101 = past’ So the tina ° oneal 4 } ; \ 4 — trcp)2tl+a26a | Lae ain a Min (a) ot: { Pan Aca Mintayy) = Matec = oe ' i sei 4 TT agg: ettovinygh wns a = : ae ae ere eer) : is A I + 29-0) -1(p-0) +4 (0-1) a 7a 2% Ofer 4 | At = 3) | acay= A3-5A24 74-3 A l fe, ABA + TA-3=0 —-— C4) B _By_caying y i LBs i os ! Reptaw A by A fo (4) | Abe 4 FA-3T 20 io = A2-5A+71-3A'=0 3A! 2 A -SA+FT Ke ; CA* sap + 72) a ! ae i 0 “| Olo| io {Der le Loot tL attt otota |= [toc o]4+ [7 00 7 o+lto ot lo rt es np oie L404 Seed lo o 1 ” t f t Ay fe! o-of\_* 3 0 10 eS 4 le 0 7]tA Sal tat aie, cade? anrn) AS e2e In ant Acad GM etA an) +r ORAL AN: SWAG As ied wn43) Diaiiic ACA ace An) 4 Ads abe ‘ oe Ab ABD Ht shi ma Att Ast =fitabe hind av) ak ak Law st Lia ea tl 44lto 4tito ] FO 1ti+1 oto+o | Ytlto UtltO Sate | fO%d ie lag, | ono Gl SiG Dh the oe : ye \ 13-3 2-4-4 ond hina find 1% foveue, —E == | ONES? 1 | g ea soil of btbun valu onan Eboa tector ea. . eee gg ge — zi a ies ofthe Len. values ofa. aquau: ae i ciace_of athe mani | | Product of the. Lign vomit ofa Aqua mati $s tuk T | to the cltterrfinant ofthe matriz ____ i i {dp A pid SA Hoa: the fon vou of nl cd dquaie KAS Ax,- 2, om the ¢iBen values of | 4he_mahit A® = +i] *Novm? of.a.sactom = (x,y,9) olenoted by IX I] ond i it ys 3? =Kiday) tin {2,4,2) i : calid vector he _mahix p2 {| X__, Ke will be an Wx “TAXI it ] Cinititeanei 2 eeen eee OD BRT )SoWe the ag? v a wat alte Vso Obtalnad ayy agen valu ¢ A, Afpadeno: | we igen we ")8ut homoge on re ae puntos uslrg (oer (elefpare | The ’ OO initia Yip a —————— i : ' q vat ake tod OWL cL, shoen Valua and tigen vectors. of the ae ia a = Po si _ Wwe have. “os a ee ee Consider the chara tesiitic equation, PAcATi so 1 5 aos Fy ae are f224-(4-5}2 [2 at | Je- atl [= 3 a Lo “tol Peg AdBA-al 20 (a=a)L-6-A) -G Ja) > o yAga-3latDeo =1) -2At6AtA -97 0 i \-2)2.0 A74YA=Q) 20 (y+ DIA -3)= ra yea -3 Az 3,-1 au theeffen vauies of A——casei For A= eat . ' Baba o(45) )fc-sa- Bey cs tie {4-a-3] | alist 94) ry t= )CA?-6A+4) = [-A-a]+ 3f-144+3.4] = 2-6 A 44 =A +6." ~HA+ A+] - 4244A = 0 =A3 #74236. "0 ) = A3- 407436-0 m Poy riot and eror Az=a] tom soot n§ tm chasataisiic equation Mes teesii a tinT Se = 7 nO wean 7 Anns Qnnuill Bago) =? _ 2 @Awigl= 0 | A? = 6A-3A418 70 Bac To 3CA- a 26) ot J,My : aa i A= -2,6,3 ow si ger ebb es i Now confde the natin equation - fe- AI] Lx3= set ete 2 aad J ENeay - aa | ae © a ¥ 1 A ° q (ce ie aes =o I x + (S-Ay +9, © g | Sages 2 J [=> ([-A)xty +33 = 0 I X_+ (S-Aly+3 20 my 5 Saty + l1=A) 3-0 Cone (i) For Az -2 pe dig i C-Canat ys 39 K+ (S-Cayty oll da +y + (142) 4 =0 £ BLty +35 =0 + Ft 3204 All 9 +4 +3320 5 Ge = ry) = L BL - — Pa oe 1-21 3-3 =o r x a) yey r =20 ° 20 a hae ee 1 0 “all - as c= g X= [1 bo -117 4 the ugen viutDY coun ponding In A= 2 Le \ \.(i) For A= 6 aan _ 7 . | (1-6)% t+y433=0 oe ot Bxaysliog=0 | |e a Seat iaaaO tag Sty = s3 Oo Ke ‘ im 7 F 3 = it | = aa ai, aa -3 j 16 ae = 4 P Bose 34 g : ‘ 4 (6-3 “ “3).gi= 9 _. 0 ye Oe ae ra Te Lay Lup re ) °. omnOy ae, i ii i _- = - okt Oa | % 7 al a Jl ce z bat PBS = a . -y = * a = N+ °- oiasus= On solving, us have | NE eee Now _considi the tots equation a ae mao ce > El ct L zs =>cit) iJN ed — ors | | | aaa Pare a gen Value of A > a ae Ay, Aa) in US pai ndple dia Sonal pe a pa | She _hapsformation of Squat Corin A to Pap PoPrcmsa | a» _sfroiloatiy transformation. a Bo | PA Pee jaa diagonal mahix having the of ei - | = (P'AD[P'AP) =P'A (pp AP = _PUADAP. =_PAAP Z on ee 1 ; = puA’P ll vor un consides 0? = PT APP nae a Ke =) _ pp: pp" APP” i > (pp DAP) a = 2Agr a pp?P" =A? eae ee | Dus or awe ie - {p_2 POP} aa Dd, 3 oe epee Ce one lll ; oe ,prl= adjP 7 IPI Tea ghes heii aa . | j Exampin £9! 01 Riduce tea 7: ung 6 ~ —. al =2 at + i Henct_pind a! J Soin: |e hove A= f-1 3 } ——s ag a by A(M_= Aba) t1B! ¥ where (A) = -14 4243 ¥ [eee Oe aka i = -44+6" Z pi = 2 p i ACA)? 2 -3At9 “cas i li M-3At2=0 2 Ct) L 1 DN? =A=9At2 =0 £ y _A(A=1)~ 2 (A=) = 0 E E ei) {A=n=0 r r A= aa b 4 (onide, A-AT = [1 - Aft fs 94 4 bi bea a ! = = fs a — iwNow _ __[e- -AtJL11= C04 ee +f See firearm l= (1-42 434 = = beens a =21+ (Y-Ady= | Coe G) for A=4 | (1-1) 44y20 | =2143y+0 = 2 ee =21+3y>0 > ax =3y a a4 =e a f= Busty so To eq n to Coe ty _for A= a — aajp Vet uhere = =f = [PL =(3)t) cup = Aa 1e1 =| ps! na a cane es. aie.Si | (ale ra eee hh : | Br: | APO» | ~ . _ | ” <1 | Sere Y | D ai Lio is - ie sS\olaie ee ¥ 2 conider pl = POYp? 4 * E it te eal “aE ~ = © 16 SL —_—s = fs ff 1 1 , baal % = (3901) + 1169-a) (9 C4) +1603). (ruse jinn Od i+ 116013) | eo’ f-aq uc] La =23/0s= U6) | ey manix A= [iy 4-3] nto a diagonal ie Iosif 3% - | a omens —_| matrix. Also pind AS. . eo Bal Given . a = eae, . ail [ia Kae > [Samat hae 6 plo papa aa eA et eC TED — —o = =O = > = Ox=4y -64 20 Ge) Solving. a) @nd tb ing cost Mmuuttip onion mttho a x as = | 20-14 -s5+4q 20498) Benge | x = _aegs Se 6 AG & ee 1 a | => bet eee = Ona. a ~—_ Core G4) oe AEM as) a of equahon 0! oJ lox = Hy = 2329 —cad alee . —o : 104-4 y -7, =O Ct) olving (A) and (B ng Of{ mouttiplication Method x = Al = 4 Qo-al 50 +49 “30+ a8| Care (fit) for A= 2 Systimtt) of equatroa: would be Wt = ty = 74 = 0 ci) ix = Hy -G=0 Gv lor - 4y - ieee Solving i ff c : ° 2 x = ee ee 20-28 eee iB a -3 y% — a > ay| NPL 2 Cota) +Uio-1) tar faba ste | et a [PL > -4 Doha leyi ae ae -64__=197 + a7 -32 ah = Liqo -eu Sad 2 aa ie ee £g:03 | Sf matin A= ‘ ven — Phi c p= (eae sine jn eh esti C050 Sein \oe have P"Ap =@ hur pl = adjP 11 e ova adjp = sin asi +bai0.0:030 +bstones0 tecose__| aroPe-bsinae +¢ gin’ [0-0 sing cose +biosd@ © a -Osin9 coro + _beosg6 —O8in’o + bina tesin? ood al : = ee a = ° 7 in - Mein iy eeA — eee ee =H Monic- Polynorniol = a p enlieeae ae a a os [x "payne “in_wahtn the conffiient PF —bightst peuy, > aad ae unity — ee a aa ee VON epeicipne oedema Lp Se | hatntmat Polynnenfal i ee me sD is ‘is any polynomial 4 dhe! r 20 thn ee | Bay. Uhar_f(aannthiloes Ay The lowest cugrt monic _ eer | poigacrta_annfhflana Ab_said to br—tht-inimat—_ v poly nema oh A — a a = — “3 04 Fina 4nt_minfmat polipaainiat m(A)_of A 7 “i Sa Ta i b ap ee dfn a ee fay =a i z “+t sal — | fo | - a : se, 3 - i) Eins ; - §= 4A - iACA=3) =3 (A=3) = 0 (A-3)(A-3)= 0 7h, t A233 0 (not juguiud) fut us chose fale A=3 end 9 (Alena)? _ Now toni dor ACA: A3T : atteNow = | |P-ATI_=0 _o-A a -S eae 3 Soha re -4-) . Ca-a [Gea eu) = C1 Peete | =e Py =O (o-n) Fos TAtYA4d +30] - 2[-19- 3A4is] -5[6-7+ A] <0 \ta-a) [A?- 3A+ 2] -9[-3Ara] - areas o | Qar-eA+u- Ad #aA?-DA-+ BA-6 -GAtS FO A) 45A7-9A 43 205 Ad -SA? +FA=3 =0 A=41 (by hot g eno.) By syunthuic division 4 A 10 UTE otek fue pe al “YF / Oo