Angle Modulation

 Angle Modulation is the process in which the frequency or the phase of

the carrier varies according to the instantaneous values of modulating
signal (or message signal).

 It is further divided into two types:

 frequency modulation and

 phase modulation.

 Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the

carrier signal linearly with the message signal.

 Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier

signal linearly with the message signal.
Consider the general carrier signal: 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐

Where, 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐 represents the angle of the carrier

Consider the general carrier signal: 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐

𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐
Where, 𝜔 = Carrier frequency
𝑐
𝜑𝑐 = Phase angle

𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜓 𝑡 , Where, 𝜓 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑𝑐
𝑑
𝜓 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐
𝑑𝑡
Frequency Modulation
 We know that in amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier varies.
But in Frequency Modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier signal varies in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
 The amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains constant whereas
the frequency of the carrier changes.
 This can be better understood by observing the following figures:

 The frequency of the modulated

wave remains constant as the
carrier wave frequency when the
message signal is at zero.
 The frequency increases when the
message signal reaches its
maximum amplitude.
 Which means, with the increase in
amplitude of the modulating or
message signal, the carrier
frequency increases.
 Likewise, with the decrease in the
amplitude of the modulating
signal, the frequency also
decreases.
Mathematical Representation
 Equation for FM WAVE

Consider the carrier signal: 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

The frequency variation at the output is called instantaneous frequency

and is expressed as:
𝜔𝑖 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 𝑚 𝑡
Where, kf → proportionality constant known as Frequency Sensitivity factor (Hz/volt)

The angle of the carrier after modulation can be written as:

𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = න 𝜔𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑓 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

The equation for FM wave can be written as:

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑓 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Frequency Deviation in FM:

The instantaneous frequency, 𝜔𝑖 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 𝑚 𝑡

𝜔𝑖 = 𝜔𝑐 + Δ𝜔

Where, Δ𝜔 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑚 𝑡 is called frequency deviation which may be

positive or negative depending on the sign of
m(t)
The modulation index is defined as the ratio of maximum frequency deviation
to the modulating frequency.

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥(𝑀. 𝐼) = 𝛽 =
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Δ𝑓
𝛽= ; Δ𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
𝑓𝑚
Advantages and Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation
Applications of Frequency Modulation

 It is mostly used in radio broadcasting. It offers a great advantage in radio

transmission as it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio, which means that it results
in low radio frequency interference. This is the main reason that many radio
stations use FM to broadcast music over the radio.
 Additionally, some of its uses are also found in radar, telemetry, seismic
prospecting, and in EEG (electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of brain
activity), different radio systems, music synthesis as well as in video-
transmission instruments.
 FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM.

Narrowband FM
 The features of Narrowband FM are as follows −

 This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth.

 The modulation index is small.
 Its spectrum consists of carrier, USB, and LSB.
 This is used in mobile communications such as police
wireless, ambulances, taxicabs, etc

Wideband FM
 The features of Wideband FM are as follows −

 This frequency modulation has infinite bandwidth.

 The modulation index is large, i.e., higher than 1.
 Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of
sidebands, which are located around it.
 This is used in entertainment broadcasting applications such
as FM radio, TV, etc.
Amplitude Modulation vs Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
 In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies. But in Phase
Modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with
the instantaneous values of the magnitude of the modulating signal (or
message signal).
 The amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains constant
whereas the phase of the carrier changes.
 This can be better understood by observing the following figures.

 The phase of the modulated

wave has got infinite points
where the phase shift in a
wave can take place.
 The instantaneous amplitude
of the modulating signal,
changes the phase of the
carrier.
 When the amplitude is
positive, the phase changes
in one direction and if the
amplitude is negative, the
phase changes in the
opposite direction.
Relation between PM and FM
 The change in phase, changes the frequency of the modulated wave.
 The frequency of the wave also changes the phase of the wave.
 Though they are related, their relationship is not linear. Phase
modulation is an indirect method of producing FM.
 The amount of frequency shift, produced by a phase modulator
increases with the modulating frequency.
 An audio equalizer is employed to compensate this.
 Equation for PM WAVE
Consider the carrier signal: 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡

The equation for PM wave is −

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜓𝑖 𝑡
Where,
𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 t + 𝐾𝑝 𝑚 𝑡

Where, kP → proportionality constant known as Phase Sensitivity factor (rad/volt)

The equation for PM wave is −

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 t + 𝐾𝑝 𝑚 𝑡

Frequency Deviation in FM:

𝑑 𝑑
The instantaneous frequency, 𝜔𝑖 = 𝜓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑃 𝑚 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐
𝑑
= 𝜔𝑐 + 𝐾𝑃 𝑚 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 𝜔𝑐 + Δ𝜔
Where, 𝑑
Δ𝜔 = 𝐾𝑃 𝑚 𝑡 is called frequency deviation
𝑑𝑡
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥(𝑀. 𝐼) = 𝐾𝑃 𝐴𝑚
Advantages of Phase Modulation
The advantages of Phase Modulation are as follows:

 High speed
 Phase modulation is considered as one the fastest modulation technique. It is
due to the pulse generation at high speed.
 Low signal power consumption
 PM requires low signal power consumption due to its better efficiency and fast
speed.
 Simple circuit design
 The components required in the phase modulated circuit are less as compared
to FM. Hence, it has a simple circuit design.
 Easy modulation and demodulation
 Phase modulation and demodulation is easy as compared to PM due to its
simple circuit design.
 Disadvantages of Phase Modulation
The disadvantages of Phase Modulation are as follows:

 Low noise immunity

 PM has less noise immunity than FM. It is because the frequencies are less
affected by external disturbances than phase. Hence, PM has low noise immunity
than FM.
 Complex circuitry during conversion from FM to PM
 The conversion process from frequency modulation to phase modulation is
complex. It is due to the additional components required for the conversion.
 Low signal to noise ratio
 PM has a low signal to noise ratio than FM. It is due to the higher bandwidth of
FM.
 Applications of Phase Modulation
The applications of phase modulation include the following.

 This modulation is very useful in radio waves transmission, and it is an

essential element in several digital transmission coding schemes.
 Phase modulation is widely used for transmitting radio waves and is an integral
element of many digital transmission coding schemes that support an ample
range of wireless technologies such as GSM, Satellite television, and Wi-Fi.
 Phase modulation is used in digital synthesizers for generating waveform and
signal
 PM is used for signal and waveform generation in digital synthesizers like
Yamaha DX7 for phase modulation synthesis implementation, and Casio CZ
for sound synthesis which is known as phase distortion.