UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING

ENEQ 633: ADVANCED TIMBER STRUCTURES

Assignment 2:

Lateral Load Resisting System Design

Submitted by:
Ilya Malyavin
Student ID 15628309

CHRISTCHURCH 2017
Contents

1 Braced Glulam frame design ............................................................................................. 2

1.1 Brace size .................................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Brace joint design. ....................................................................................................... 5

1.2.1 Glulam brace to steel plate connection ................................................................ 6

1.2.2 Gusset plate design .............................................................................................. 8

2 Plywood shear wall design............................................................................................... 10

2.1 Nails type selection ................................................................................................... 10

2.2 Nails spacing ............................................................................................................. 11

2.3 Plywood sizing .......................................................................................................... 12

2.4 Chord members design .............................................................................................. 13

2.5 Wall deflection at the ground level ........................................................................... 14

2.5.1 Panel shear ......................................................................................................... 14

2.5.2 Nail slip .............................................................................................................. 14

2.5.3 Overturning ........................................................................................................ 15

2.5.4 Flexure ............................................................................................................... 16

2.5.5 Total Deformation:............................................................................................. 17

Reference list ........................................................................................................................... 18

Appendix A. Section properties of dry glulam member subject to axial compression and
tension, GL12 grade. ................................................................................................................ 19

Appendix B. The characteristic load-carrying capacity per 1 dowel ....................................... 20

1
1 Braced Glulam frame design

A 4-storey glulam frame needs to resist ULS seismic load, shown in the following figure. GL12
grade glulam are used. The design properties are given in the attached tables. Based on the
preliminary design for gravity loads, the size of the beams is 300 mm x 630 mm and the size
of the columns is 300mm x 450mm.

Size the diagonal braces at different levels; and design the diagonal brace joint at the ground
level (highlighted by the circle in the figure, dowels with inserted steel plates are
recommended).

Figure 1 Frame scheme section

1.1 Brace size

For the design purposes, the following assumptions have been made:

• columns are simply supported at the foundation;

• beams connected to columns using shear joints;
• vertical braces are attached using hinge joints;
• all members assumed to be in the dry condition.

Structural analysis software (Risa 2d) was used to determine axial loads applied on braces. The
analysis results are shown in the figure 2 and table 1.

2
Figure 2 Axial force diagram as per Risa-2d analysis

Table 1 Structural analysis results

№ Brace location Axial force (kN)

1. 3rd floor, left side -131.2
2. 3rd floor, right side 135.2
3. 2nd floor left side -197.4
4. 2nd floor right side 200.2
5. 1st floor left side -249.8
6. 1st floor right side 250.7
7. Ground floor, left side -279.2
8. Ground floor, right side 278.1
Note: Positive value of axial force indicates compression, negative value – tension.

Capacity of glulam members are calculated in accordance with NZS 3603:1993*1 and New
Zealand Timber Guide (Buchanan, 2015).

The design is completed in following steps:

1
Here and further star (*) indicates reference to New Zealand Standard NZS 3603:1993

3
1. Standard breadth of the members is retrieved from table 8.1* (p.90).
2. The 45mm thickness of laminations in members is adapted in accordance with
8.3.2(a)*. The depth of a member is limited to match dimensions of the main
frame (300mm) for architectural design purposes, therefore, the maximum number
of laminations is limited by N=6.
3. The following modification factors have been applied:
a. Strength reduction factor ∅ = . (2.5*)
b. Load factor for seismic loads k1=1 (Table 2.4*)
− . − .5
c. Parallel support factor for X and Y directions � = , where
− .

v=19.5% (C2.9.1*),
i. For members in tension and for the case of compression buckling
in the plane of the laminations ny=1N of total number of
laminations (N)
ii. For the case of buckling out of the plane of the laminations
nx=0.5N (8.7.1.1*)
d. Slenderness coefficient for x and y directions (3.3.3*)
i. � =
�

ii. � =
�

, where k10=1 (Figure 3.5*), L – unrestrained length of a member

=√ . + = .
e. Stability factor for x and y directions
i. � = , � ∈[ ; ]
ii. � = . + . �− . � + ⁄ � , �∈ ; ]

iii. � = . �− .
, �>
f. Size factor for tensile strength k24 (8.7.7*)
.
� =( ⁄ )
4. Compressive strength of a member for buckling about X and Y axis:
∅ = ∅� � � , where fc=29 MPa (Buchanan, 2015)
5. Tensile strength of a member:
∅ = ∅� � � , where ft=12.5 MPa (Buchanan, 2015)

4
The tensile and compression capacity of standard-size glulam members are conducted using
spreadsheets generated in accordance with the described above method.

The results are given in the Appendix A. Table 2 indicates the chosen sections and their strength
properties.

Table 2 Section properties of proposed brace elements

Min. compression Tensile strength

№ Proposed section Demand, kN
strength, kN (∅Nnt), kN
1. 180x180 146.9 478.4 -131.2
2. 180x180 146.9 478.4 135.2
3. 180x225 203.1 581.4 -197.4
4. 180x225 203.1 581.4 200.2
5. 205x225 297.6 662.2 -249.8
6. 205x225 297.6 662.2 250.7
7. 205x225 297.6 662.2 -279.2
8. 205x225 297.6 662.2 278.1
Note: Section are chosen with minimum area that satisfies the design load demand (see the
list of calculated sections in Appendix A). Demand retrieved from table 1. Braced numbered
as per table 1. For brace position see table 1 and figure 1.

Following the design procedure described above it is recommended to use GL-12 180x180
braces on the third floor, 180x225 braces on the second floor, and 205x225 braces on the first
and ground floors.

1.2 Brace joint design.

The initial design concept comprises a still connection implemented into glulam column. This
connection provides ductility advantage of a steel structure and allows to achieve
predominantly axial loads in the structure (Gilbert, Gohlich, & Erochko, 2015). The concept
design of the connection is illustrated on the Figure 3.

5
Figure 3 Connection concept design retrieved from Gilbert, Gohlich, & Erochko, 2015
The task includes design of diagonal brace joint only, therefore, the following connection
elements to be further designed:

1. Brace to steel plate joint

2. Gusset plate

The maximum applied axial load as it is discussed in part 1 equals -279.2 kN / 278.1 kN, where
positive value indicates that the brace is in compression, negative value – in tension.

1.2.1 Glulam brace to steel plate connection

The design is as per Eurocode 5 (BS EN 1995-1-1:2004) and Porteous & Abdy, 2007.

The proposed steel-to-timber connection is a double shear connection with a steel plate as a
central member. The failure modes of the connection are shown on the figure 4.

The load-bearing capacity per fastener per shear plane

is the minimum value from the failure equations 8.11-
8.13 given in EC 5.

Figure 4 Failure modes for steel to

timber connection (Porteous & Abdy,
2007)

, where:

6
 . − . �
1. Embedment strength equals ℎ,�, = , GL12 density � =516 kg/m3
9 � �+ �

(Jensen, Girhammar, Quenneville, & Kallsner, 2012), � = . + .

(assumed the same as for LVL), � = ° - loading parallel to the grain, d - dowel
diameter.
�− ��
2. Thickness of the timber side member is equal = , section depth (D)=225

mm.
.
3. Fastener yield moment , = . , , tensile strength , = N/mm2
for Grade 8.8 (Bird & Feeney, 1999)
4. The contribution from the rope effect for dowels is not applicable, therefore,
���,
=

Appendix B contains results of the calculations for dowel diameters d=6mm, 8mm, 10mm;
12mm, 16mm, 20mm; and steel plates with thickness tsteel=16mm, 20mm, 25mm. The
calculations showed that with increase of dowel diameter up to 16 mm the failure mode
changes from h-mode for smaller diameters to g-mode for bigger diameters, additionally,
with change of the failure mode the connection capacity is inversely proportional to the steel
plate thickness.

The number of fasteners is dictated by minimum spacing and edge and end distances
calculated in accordance to table 8.5 of EC5. The minimum and proposed distances are
shown in the table 3

It is proposed to use 10 / M16 Dowels with 16mm steel plate 200mm wide. The total
connection capacity is , � =∅� ∙ ∙ . � = . � (refer to Appendix
B) exceeds the demand. Where ∅=0.7, k13=0.8 (refer to table 4.15*, n=10)

Table 3Minimum spacing and distances as per EC5

Proposed
Distance Minimum spacing, mm
spacing, mm
� = + |cos α| d = mm
a1 80mm
α=0, d=16mm
a2=a4 3d=48mm 50mm
a3 Max(7d, 80mm) 80mm

7
To prevent member cracking, it is suggested to reinforce it with 2 M8 bolts at each side of the
timber-to-steel connection. The minimum spacing for the bolts is defined using the same
formula as for a dowel and equals 40mm.

1.2.2 Gusset plate design

Two holes in the gusset, that are shown on the concept drawing, are replaced with one hole to
eliminate any moment loading in the steel plate. The gusset plates are designed in accordance
with NZS 3404:1997 and “Simplified Design of Steel Members” (Bird & Feeney, 1999).

A snug tight bolt connection is proposed to join

gusset plates to the brace steel plate. The bolt in the
connection is tightened manually without any further
tightening. The load transfers entirely by bolt shear
from the plys as illustrated on the figure 5.

The factored nominal shear capacity of a bolt must be

less then design shear force (279.2 kN)
Figure 5 Snug bolt connection,
According to section 9.3.2 the nominal shear capacity retrieved from Bird & Feeney, 1999
of a bolt is equal:

∅� = ∅ . � + = �

, where ∅ = . (Table 3.3 NZS 3404) = � for Grade 8.8, � = , number of

shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane = , number of shear planes
without threads intercepting the shear plane = , =364.6mm2, Ao=452.4mm2 for M24
bolt.

The edge distance is to be not less than 2 bolt diameters, apply 50mm distance.

The plate bearing capacity is calculated according to clauses 9.3.2.4 and 12.9.4.3 of NZS 3404.

∅� = ∅ . = �

, where = . , ∅ = . (Table 3.3 NZS 3404) = �, bolt diameter = ,

plate thickness =

The following calculations aim to determine the minimum welding length using design
capacity per 1 mm length of general purpose fillet weld with E41XX Electrodes given in the

8
table 8.3 of Steel design guide (Bird & Feeney, 1999) and components of the design force in
horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) directions.

� ∗ si � �∗c s �
, = = , , = =60mm
�� � ∅ � �� � ∅ �

,where design load V*=279.2 kN, angle between vertical brace and column � = . °, number

of gusset plates = , 10mm fillet weld capacity ∅ = . � /

The design results are illustrated in the figure 6

Figure 6 Brace joint detail

9
2 Plywood shear wall design

Use capacity design approach to design a 4-storey plywood shear wall subjected to the ULS
seismic load. The over strength factor for nailed connections is 2.0.

Select type of nails, calculate nail spacing, size plywood sheets, design chord members for
shear walls at different levels. (Use either SG8 timber or glulam as chord members).

Also calculate the deflection of the wall at the ground level to satisfy the 2.5% inter-storey drift
ratio limit. Assume hold-down devices are sufficiently stiff and ignore the anchoring
connection deformation.

Figure 7 Shear wall dimensions

The design is completed according to section 3 of Multi-storey timber building seismic design
guide (Department of Natural and Civil Resaurces Engineering. University of Canterbury,
2013).

2.1 Nails type selection

Table 4 shows the result of design action calculation, where

The interstorey shear: ��∗ = ∑ =� ,

∗
The interstorey moment: � =∑ = − � ,
∗
∗
The chord force � = �
, Lw=7.2m

10
 Table 4 Design actions

Shear Vi, Moment M*i,

Level Fi, kN Hi , m Chord Force N*i kNm
kN kNm
5 89.6 11.55 89.6 0 0.0
4 55.2 8.725 144.8 253.1 35.2
3 36.8 5.775 181.6 680.3 94.5
2 18.4 2.825 200 1216 168.9
1 0 0 200 1781 247.4

Buchanan provides the following formula to determine nail capacity:

� = � � , where Qk=0.99 kN Characteristic strength of 4mm nail in single shear in dry

timber. n = Number of nails
k = 1.4*1.3 = 1.82. Timber–timber connections in plywood, 1.4 and large number of fasteners
(>50), 1.3.

� = . ∗ ∗ . ∗ . � = . �

2.2 Nails spacing

The table 5 represents the determined nail spacing and consequent overstrength factor, where

∗ ��∗
The shear flow � =

Required nails ��∗ ≤ � divided by LW ∗

≤� �
,therefore; ≤� �
∗

� . � . �
The overstrength factor (2.0): � = �
=
.
= . , where � �= the
� � �
required nail spacing (mm); � �� = the provided nail spacing (mm)
Table 5 Nail spacing and consequent overstrength factor

Shear flow Required Provided

Level
q*i,kNm spacing, mm spacing, mm
5 12.44 115.83 100 2.32
4 20.11 71.67 50 2.87
3 25.22 57.15 50 2.29
2 27.78 51.89 50 2.08

11
2.3 Plywood sizing
The shear demand on the plywood is determined by the overstrength shear forces
� = � ��∗ . Where � = . - overstrength factor of the floor subject to inelastic
deformation. The factored design actions are shown in the table 6.

Table 6 Factored design actions

Level Shear Vosi, kN Moment Mosi , kNm Chord force Nosi, kN

5 186.4 0.0 0.0
4 301.2 526.5 73.1
3 377.7 1415.0 196.5
2 416.0 2529.3 351.3
1 416.0 3704.5 514.5

The shear capacity of the wall is provide by the plywood sheeting, according to NSZ 3603:
� ∗ ≤ �� �

, where:
�� � = � � � � �
The above expression is only appropriate for uniform shear, where the chords take all wall
flexure. And:
� = Load duration factor (1.0)
� = 1.0 Assumed stability factor
� = 1.0 Moisture content factor
� = 1.0 Face grain orientation factor
� = 1.0 Framing support factor (supported on 2 or more sides)
= 4.7MPa (characteristic shear strength of plywood panel)
= thickness of panel
= depth of panel considered (Lw = 7.2 m in total).
� = 1.0 (overstrength design)

Therefore;
�� � =

The capacities for different thickness of plywood:

Table 7 Plywood capacity

Ply thickness, mm φVni, kN

12 406
15 508
17 575
19 643

12
Use 12mm plywood panels on levels 3-5 and 15mm panels on level 1-2.
2.4 Chord members design
The chord design demand is given in the table 6.

Assume that the chords are restrained in both directions, therefore, stability factor k8 = 1. Load
duration factor for the earthquake case k1=1. Strength reduction factor for SG8 members �=1,
therefore, section capacity can be calculated as

� =�
� =�

It is proposed to use SG8 timber with characteristic compression strength = 18MPa, and
tension strength = 6MPa. The members to be assembled using 90mm bread studs of various
depth by adding studs where required to obtain the specified section. The proposed chord
members sections are given in the table 8.

Table 8 SG8 timber chord properties

Chord force A, φNnc, φNnt,

Level B, mm D, mm
Nosi, kn mm2 kN kN
5 0 90 190 17100 307.8 102.6
4 73.1 90 190 17100 307.8 102.6
3 196.5 270 190 51300 923.4 307.8
2 351.3 360 240 86400 1555.2 518.4
1 514.5 360 340 122400 2203.2 734.4

The plywood panels can be attached directly to the timber chords. The chords on level 1-3 are
assembled with a number of 90mm timber studs, therefore, the studs should be bolted together
to transfer the panel shear to all members. It is proposed to use M16 bolts. Additionally,
plywood sheeting is attached to a base plate. The base plate connection is to be designed to
resist the overstrength base shear. The bolts spacing per each level is given in the table 9,
where bolt capacity:

� = �� � � =1*1*1*1*18.5kN=18.5kN

The design shear for the connection by level is:

� , =∆ ,� =514.5-351.3=163.2 kN, hence minimum number of bolts at level 1

13
 .
= =8.8 -> use M16 bolts @ 250mm CRS (9 bolts)
.

� , =∆ ,� =351.3-196.5=154.8 kN, hence minimum number of bolts at level 2

.
= =8.4 -> use M16 bolts @ 250mm CRS (9 bolts)
.

� , =∆ ,� =196.5-73.1=123.4 kN, hence minimum number of bolts at level 2

.
= =6.7 -> use M16 bolts @ 300mm CRS (7 bolts)
.

The shear connection on the base Vos, b=416 kN, using M16 bolts the minimum number of bolts

is = = . , -> use M16 bolts @ 300mm CRS (23 bolts)

.

2.5 Wall deflection at the ground level

The total deflection of the wall is made up of 4 components that are panel shear, nail slip,
overturning, and flexure.

2.5.1 Panel shear

�∗
Δ =

Where: Wall length B= Lw = 7.2m, H - Wall height per floor, G=525MPa - Panel shear
modulus.

The panel shear deflection per floor is provided in the table 9.

Table 9 Panel shear deflection

Shear V*i Ply thickness Cumulative Δs

Level H, mm Δs (mm)
(KN) (mm) (mm)
5 2.825 89.6 12 5.6 37.2
4 2.95 144.8 12 9.4 31.6
3 2.95 181.6 12 11.8 22.2
2 2.95 200 15 10.4 10.4
1 2.825 200 15 0.00 0
TOTAL 37.2

2.5.2 Nail slip

∆ = +�

Where: m = Number of panels = 1 (per storey)

� = Wall aspect ratio = Lw/1.2

14
 = Nail slip
Nail slip (assume NZS3603 equation):

� .
≈�=

Where: k37 = Nail load duration factor = 1.0 (for EQ)

Q = applied load on nail (kN)
The load applied to each nail divided by the capacity of the nail is related to the
overstrength factor:

=
�
Hence:

=( )
�

Table 10 Nail slip deflection

Δn Cumulative
Level ( ) ��
� (mm) Δn (mm)

5 0.19 0.15 1.00 7.16

4 0.12 0.10 0.67 6.16
3 0.19 0.15 1.06 5.49
2 � =0.8 0.64 4.43 4.43
1 N/A N/A 0.00 0.00
TOTAL 7.16

2.5.3 Overturning
�
∆ = � +�
�

Where:
� = compressive deformation of chord as the base of the wall
� = tensile deformation of chord as the base of the wall
∗
. � .
� = �� = = = .
�
�
Therefore, ∆ = ∗ . , refer to the table 11 for overturning deflection values.
�

15
 Table 11 Overturning deflection

Level Hi, m Cumulative Δr, mm

5 11.55 4.75
4 8.725 3.59
3 5.775 2.37
2 2.825 1.16
1 0 0.00

2.5.4 Flexure
The flexural deformation is derived from the bending moment applied to the wall.
∆ ≈

Where: EI - flexural stiffness of the chord members (ignore plywood contribution)

The flexural stiffness of the chords changes up the height of the structure. Due to the most
deformation occurs in the bottom floor where the moment is highest the chord section for the
bottom floor (360x340 SG8) is used for the flexural stiffness

The second moment of area:

= + + +

ℎ ∗
= = = = ∗

.
= ∗ ∗( ) = . ∗

=> = + = ∗

=>EI = 8GPa * ∗ =25.4 Nmm2

Therefore;

,� − �
∆ ,� ≈ −

Where: ,� = the moment at every floor assuming a triangular distribution of moment.

The results of flexural deformation are included in the table 12

16
 Table 12 Flexural deformation

Level Hi (m) Moment Mi kNm Cumulative Δf, mm

5 11.55 0 3.12
4 8.725 445.3 3.07
3 5.775 890.5 2.73
2 2.825 1335.8 1.78
1 0 1781 0.00

2.5.5 Total Deformation:

The total deformation of the wall included in the table 13 is the sum of the components. ∆=
∆ +∆ +∆ +∆ f

∆�+ −∆�
The interstorey drift is: Ө = % The maximum allowable displacement or
�

interstorey drift is defined by either material strain limits or code based drift limit states. For a
plywood wall, significant loss of strength can occur after 40mm of displacement per floor.

Ө= %= . %

Table 13 Total deformation of the wall

Interstorey
Hi Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Δ
Level Drift, Ө
(m) Δs (mm) Δn (mm) Δr (mm) Δf (mm) (mm)
(%)
5 11.3 37.2 7.16 4.75 3.12 52.2
4 8.475 31.6 6.16 3.59 3.07 44.5 0.28
3 5.65 22.2 5.49 2.37 2.73 32.8 0.41
2 2.825 10.4 4.43 1.16 1.78 17.8 0.53
1 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.63

Under NZS1170.5 the maximum allowable interstorey drift is 2.5%. Therefore, the wall does
not exceed the ultimate limit state displacement limits

17
 Reference list

NZS 3603:1993 Timber Structures Standard.

NZS 3404:Part 1:1997 Steel Structures Standard.

BS EN 1995-1-1:2004 Eurocode 5:Design of Timber Structures – part 1-1: General-Common

rules and rules for buildings

Bird, G. D., & Feeney, M. J. (1999). Design guide. Simplified design of steel members.
Auckland: SESOC.

Buchanan, A. (2015). Timber design guide. Wellington: New Zealand Timber Industry
Federation Inc.

Department of Natural and Civil Resaurces Engineering. University of Canterbury. (2013).

Multi-Storey Timber Bulding Seismic Design Guide.

Gilbert, C., Gohlich, R., & Erochko, J. (2015). Nonlinear dynamic analysis of innovative high
R-factor hybrid timber-steel buildings. The 11th Canadian Conference on Earthquake
Engineering. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288827708_NONLINEAR_DYNAMIC_A
NALYSIS_OF_INNOVATIVE_HIGH_R-FACTOR_HYBRID_TIMBER-
STEEL_BUILDINGS

Jensen, J. L., Girhammar, U. A., Quenneville, P., & Kallsner, B. (2012). Splitting of beams
loaded perpendiculat to grain by connections. World Conference on Timber
Engineering. Auckland.

Porteous, J., & Abdy, K. (2007). Structural timber design to Eurocode 5. Blackwell
Publishing.

18
 3 Appendix A. Section properties of dry glulam member subject to axial
compression and tension, GL12 grade.

Breadth No of Depth Area k6x k6y Sx Sy k8X k8Y k24 ∅Nncx, ∅Nncy, ∅Nnt,
(B), mm lams (D), (A), kN kN kN
(N) mm mm2
65 3 135 8775 1.20 1.34 58 120 0.09 0.02 1.14 22.1 6.0 134.1
65 4 180 11700 1.24 1.36 43 120 0.16 0.02 1.09 53.1 8.1 172.8
90 3 135 12150 1.20 1.34 58 87 0.09 0.04 1.14 30.6 15.6 185.7
65 5 225 14625 1.26 1.37 35 120 0.24 0.02 1.05 104.3 10.2 210.0
113 3 135 15255 1.20 1.34 58 69 0.09 0.06 1.14 38.5 30.4 233.1
90 4 180 16200 1.24 1.36 43 87 0.16 0.04 1.09 73.5 21.0 239.2
65 6 270 17550 1.28 1.38 29 120 0.35 0.02 1.02 180.7 12.3 246.1
90 5 225 20250 1.26 1.37 35 87 0.24 0.04 1.05 144.3 26.5 290.7
113 4 180 20340 1.24 1.36 43 69 0.16 0.06 1.09 92.2 41.0 300.3
90 6 270 24300 1.28 1.38 29 87 0.35 0.04 1.02 250.2 32.0 340.7
113 5 225 25425 1.26 1.37 35 69 0.24 0.06 1.05 181.2 51.8 365.0
180 3 135 24300 1.20 1.34 58 43 0.09 0.16 1.14 61.2 119.1 371.4
205 3 135 27675 1.20 1.34 58 38 0.09 0.20 1.14 69.8 174.5 422.9
113 6 270 30510 1.28 1.38 29 69 0.35 0.06 1.02 314.1 62.5 427.8
230 3 135 31050 1.20 1.34 58 34 0.09 0.25 1.14 78.3 244.7 474.5
180 4 180 32400 1.24 1.36 43 43 0.16 0.16 1.09 146.9 161.0 478.4
205 4 180 36900 1.24 1.36 43 38 0.16 0.20 1.09 167.3 235.9 544.8
205 4 180 36900 1.24 1.36 43 38 0.16 0.20 1.09 167.3 235.9 544.8
280 3 135 37800 1.20 1.34 58 28 0.09 0.37 1.14 95.3 436.1 577.7
180 5 225 40500 1.26 1.37 35 43 0.24 0.16 1.05 288.7 203.1 581.4
230 4 180 41400 1.24 1.36 43 34 0.16 0.25 1.09 187.7 330.8 611.3
205 5 225 46125 1.26 1.37 35 38 0.24 0.20 1.05 328.8 297.6 662.2
180 6 270 48600 1.28 1.38 29 43 0.35 0.16 1.02 500.4 245.4 681.4
230 5 225 51750 1.26 1.37 35 34 0.24 0.25 1.05 368.9 417.3 742.9
280 4 180 50400 1.24 1.36 43 28 0.16 0.37 1.09 228.6 589.4 744.2
205 6 270 55350 1.28 1.38 29 38 0.35 0.20 1.02 569.9 359.5 776.0
230 6 270 62100 1.28 1.38 29 34 0.35 0.25 1.02 639.4 504.1 870.6
280 5 225 63000 1.26 1.37 35 28 0.24 0.37 1.05 449.1 743.6 904.5
280 6 270 75600 1.28 1.38 29 28 0.35 0.37 1.02 778.4 898.3 1059.9
Depth of 1 lam = 45mm; L=7.83m; ∅=0.8; k1=1; k10=1; ft=12.5 MPa; fc=29MPa

19
 Appendix B. The characteristic load-carrying capacity per 1 dowel

d, tsteel, M y,Rk , Fv,Rk(f), Fv,Rk(g), Fv,Rk(h), Fv,Rk

k90 fh,α,k t1,mm
mm mm Nmm kN kN kN (min),kN
6 16 1.39 39.8 104.5 26266 24.9 10.7 5.8 5.8
6 20 1.39 39.8 102.5 26266 24.5 10.5 5.8 5.8
6 25 1.39 39.8 100 26266 23.9 10.3 5.8 5.8
8 16 1.42 38.9 104.5 55492 32.5 14.2 9.6 9.6
8 20 1.42 38.9 102.5 55492 31.9 14.0 9.6 9.6
8 25 1.42 38.9 100 55492 31.1 13.7 9.6 9.6
10 16 1.45 38.1 104.5 99129 39.8 17.8 14.1 14.1
10 20 1.45 38.1 102.5 99129 39.0 17.5 14.1 14.1
10 25 1.45 38.1 100 99129 38.1 17.2 14.1 14.1
12 16 1.48 37.2 104.5 159247 46.7 21.5 19.4 19.4
12 20 1.48 37.2 102.5 159247 45.8 21.1 19.4 19.4
12 25 1.48 37.2 100 159247 44.7 20.7 19.4 19.4
16 16 1.54 35.5 104.5 336443 59.4 29.1 31.8 29.1
16 20 1.54 35.5 102.5 336443 58.3 28.7 31.8 28.7
16 25 1.54 35.5 100 336443 56.9 28.2 31.8 28.2
20 16 1.6 33.8 104.5 601004 70.7 37.1 46.4 37.1
20 20 1.6 33.8 102.5 601004 69.4 36.7 46.4 36.7
20 25 1.6 33.8 100 601004 67.7 36.2 46.4 36.2
Section depth D=225mm; GL-12 density � =516 kg/m3, � = °, tensile strength , =
���,
N/mm2, =

20