Training Course

Linux Fundamentals

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Course Overview
▪ This course helps you to understand how Linux works from
basics. Once you learn complete this course you can able
to
✔ Fulfill your regular tasks on the Linux server
✔ Easily start learning most of the trending technologies like AWS, Azure, GCP, DevOps, Python,
BigData, DataScience, etc...

▪ Who this course is for

✔ Any IT professional who wants to learn Linux basics quickly
✔ People who don't know why to start their DevOps journey.

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Course Schedule

Day Presentations Lab

Day 1 Introduction X
Files and Directories
Day 2 Management (User, System, Software) X
Networking and Services, Process management & other
Day 3,4,5 Assignment activities, divide into group to discuss and Test X

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Linux Fundamentals

DAY 2

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Linux Fundamentals
Software Management

• Linux uses software called a package manager to manage the

software installed on the Linux system.
• The package manager will be responsible for installing,
upgrading, configuring and removing previously installed
software on the Linux system.

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Software Management

• Software for Linux operating systems will now be packaged into

packages for the purpose of easy distribution and storage. Each
package will include:
⮚ Executable file (binary)
⮚ Software-related information (metadata). For example: software name,
software description, version.
⮚ List of software or support libraries necessary for the operation of the
software (dependencies)

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Software Management

• Different Linux operating systems have created different

package formats. Eg:

❖ .deb: For Linux Debian operating systems such as: Kali Linux, Ubuntu,
Parrot OS, Mint, etc.
❖ .rpm: For Red Hat Linux operating systems such as: Red Hat, CentOS,
Fedora, etc.

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Software Management

• Every Linux operating system will have a list of software

repositories.
• Software repositories are places where you can download
software online to your computer.
• On Kali Linux and Ubuntu, the list of software repositories has
the path /etc/apt/sources.list.

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Linux Fundamentals
Software Management
• On Debian Linux operating systems, users are provided with
many options for managing packages. For example we have:

✔dpkg: manage, install, and remove software from Linux systems. The
drawback of dpkg is that it does not install the dependencies that come
with the software, resulting in faulty and inoperable software.
✔To install the software, use the command: dpkg -i <software-name>
✔To remove software, use the command: dpkg –remove <software-name>
✔To list installed software, use the command: dpkg -l

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Linux Fundamentals
Software Management
• On Debian Linux operating systems, users are provided with
many options for managing packages. For example we have:

✔apt or apt-get: install not only the package, but also the dependencies
that the software needs to run properly.
✔In fact, when user uses apt or apt-get to install a package, it will use dpkg
to install the software and apt or apt-get will take care of the
dependencies.
✔This is also the most commonly used command to manage packages on
Linux Debian operating systems.
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Linux Fundamentals
Software Management

❖ apt or apt-get

✔ To install the software, use the command: apt install <software-name>

✔ To remove software, use the command: apt remove <software-name>
✔ To delete all packages used as dependencies of the software to be deleted, use
the command: apt autoremove <software-name>
✔ To delete everything related to the software to be deleted, use the command:
apt purge <software-name>
✔ To list the installed packages we use the command we use the command: apt list

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Linux Fundamentals
Software Management
Question?

?
Difference between apt and apt-get?

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Linux Fundamentals
Software Management

• Use the following 3 commands to update and upgrade the software installed
in the Linux system:
• sudo apt update
The apt update command will find and update the latest versions of the
packages in the /etc/apt/sources.list list.
• sudo apt upgrade
The apt upgrade command will rely on the updated /etc/apt/sources.list
list to install the latest versions of the software inside the Linux system.

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Linux Fundamentals
Software Management

• sudo apt dist-upgrade

• The dist-upgrade command, besides performing the function of the

upgrade command, also updates the latest version for the dependencies
of the updated software.
• Or if there are dependencies that conflict with each other, the dist-
upgrade command will remove these conflicting dependencies.

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Linux Fundamentals
Task Management

Linux provides us with several tools to manage the tasks running on the system
similar to the Task Manager
ps <options-flag>

• PID (Process ID): The identifier of the process in the system. Each process will carry a
PID and this number is unique. That is, there will never be 2 processes with the same
process at the same time
• TTY (TeleTYpewriter): The name of the terminal that executes the command
• TIME: CPU time needed to process the above process in minutes and seconds
• CMD: Name of the command that started the processs operating system

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Linux Fundamentals
Task Management

Linux provides us with several tools to manage the tasks running on the system
similar to the Task Manager
• To print out all processes running in the system: ps -e
• To print the task with the PID of the task parent and the UID running the task: ps –ef
▪ UID: Username running the task
▪ PPID (Parent PID): ID of the task's parent
▪ C: Number of CPU cycles used by each task
▪ STIME: The time the process starts

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Linux Fundamentals
Task Management

Linux provides us with several tools to manage the tasks running on the system
similar to the Task Manager

• To print all processes running in the system will be displayed as follows: top
• To print all information of all columns: press “f”
• Tick or untick: press “space”
• Quit: press “q” or “ECS”

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Linux Fundamentals
Editor: Nano & Vim

Editor basic command: echo “Hello World” > Hello.txt

Very difficult to:
• Edit a long text
• Change
• Storage
• Work with other
• Take time

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Linux Fundamentals
Editor: Nano & Vim

Nano
• Nano is a command-line text editor that comes pre-installed on many Linux
distri.
• Nano is very suitable for those who are just getting started with the command
line interface on Linux.

• Create a file: nano “filename”

• Save and exit: Ctrl + x > Y
• Practice with create a file personal and introduce
yourself!!!
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Linux Fundamentals
Editor: Nano & Vim

Vim
• Like Nano, Vim is also a pre-installed text editor on many Linux distri
• Vim is somewhat more difficult to use than Nano because you will have to
learn a lot of keyboard shortcuts to be able to manipulate easily on vim.
• Vim is somewhat more popular than Nano
• Create a file: vi “filename” + insert
• Save and exit: esc + wq!
✔ w: Short for write – Writes content to memory
✔ q: Short for quit – Quit the Vim program
✔ ! : Used to force Vim to perform w and q

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Linux Fundamentals
Editor: Nano & Vim

Bash Scripting

• A Bash scripting is a program written in Bash that is used to perform a certain

task on a Linux system.
• In other words, when you write Bash scripting, you are creating new software
for the Linux system.
• Sometime support Crontab

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Editor: Nano & Vim

Bash Scripting #!/bin/bash

• Simple bash scripting name=“Micheal”

echo “My name is $name"
• Start with #!/bin/bash
• The ending is .sh
• Remember chmod for scripting
• Let’s Practice!!!

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Linux Fundamentals
find command in Linux with examples
• The find command in UNIX is a command line utility for walking a file hierarchy.
• It can be used to find files and directories and perform subsequent operations on
them.
• It supports searching by file, folder, name, creation date, modification date,
owner and permissions.
• By using the ‘-exec’ other UNIX commands can be executed on files or folders
found.

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Linux Fundamentals

find command in Linux with examples

• View folder by: tree
• Find a file or folder: find + “foldername/filename”

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Linux Fundamentals
SSH

• The SSH protocal (also referred to as Secure Shell) is a method for secure remote login
from one computer to another.
• It provides serveral alternative options for strong authentication and it protect the
communications security and integrity with strong encryption.

Port Number : 22
Daemon : sshd
Conf file : /etc/ssh/ssh_config

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Linux Fundamentals

SSH
• SSH command: ssh user@destination-ipaddress
• Practice ssh to the ec2-instance (linux server) using Putty or Superputty

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Linux Fundamentals
Copy file between servers

Windows to Linux
Mobaxterm or winscp
Linux to linux
SCP (secure copy) is a command –line utility that allows you to securely copy
files and directories between two systems.

scp source_file_name username@destination_host:destination_folder

Example: scp file1 root@10.20.30.40:/tmp

scp root@10.20.30.40:/tmp /home/ec2-user/

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Linux Fundamentals
Copy file between servers

Practice with WinSCP to transfer file between Window and Linux ec2-Instance (AWS)
Requirement

1. ec2-instance
2. Key pair to access ec2-instance
3. Winscp
4. Temporary-file

Now, Let’s practice!!!

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Linux Fundamentals
File Permissions

Permissions are applied at 3 level

• Owner or User level
• Group level
• Othes level

Permissions are applied in 3 types

• r – Read only
• w – Write/Edit/Append/Delete
• x- Execute/Run

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Linux Fundamentals

File Permissions

Access modes are different on file and directory

Permissions File Directory

R Open the file ‘ls’ the contents of dir
W Write, edit, append, delete file Add/Del/Rename contents of dir
X To run a command/shell script To enter into dir using ‘cd’

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Linux Fundamentals
File types

Symbol Type of file

- Normal file
b Block file (Harddisk, Floppy disk)
c Character file (Keyboard, Mouse)
d Directory
| Link files (short cut)

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Linux Fundamentals
File Permissions
Unix/Linux files have 8 attributes that can be seen with ls –l command

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Linux Fundamentals
File Permissions
Unix/Linux files have 8 attributes that can be seen with ls –l command

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Linux Fundamentals
File Permissions
Permission can be set on any file/dir by using two methods:
• Symbolic method (ugo)
• Absolute method (number)

Symbolic method Absolute method

# chmod [who][+/-/=][permissions] file We use numbers instead of using symbols

Who: To whom the permissions to be assigned Read – 4
Permissions: User/owner (u); group (g); others (o) Write – 2
Example: Execute – 1
#chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=r <file_name> #chmod 764 <file_name>
#chmod ugo=rwx <file_name> #chmod 777 <file_name>

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Linux Fundamentals
File Permissions
Permission can be set on any file/dir by using two methods:
• Absolute method (number)

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Linux Fundamentals
User Management
In Linux there are three types of users.
1. Super or root user: User is the most powerful user. He is the administrator user.
2. Sytem user: User created by the softwares or applications.
3. Normal user: Normal users are the users created by root user.

Type Example Home Directory Shell

Super User Root /root /bin/bash
System User ftp, ssh, apache /var/ftp, etc /sbin/nologin
Normal User Visitor, ec2-user /home/username /bin/bash

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Linux Fundamentals

SELF-STUDY!!!

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Linux Fundamentals
Link Files
There are 2 types of link files
Soft link and Hard link

Soft link Hard link

SHORTCUT FILE BACKUP FILE
Size of link file is equal to no. of characters in the Size of both file is same
name of original file
If original file is deleted, link is broken and data is If orginal file is deleted then also link will
lost contain data
Command: ln –s <src_file> <dest_file> Command: ln <src_file> <dest_file>

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Linux Fundamentals

Sed command (Extend)

Stand for stream editor, which is used to search a word in the file and replace it with the word
required to be in the output.
Note: it will only modify the output, but there will be no change in the origin file.

Example:
sed ‘s/old_text/new_text/’ file_name
sed ‘s/old_text/new_text/g’ file_name
sed –I ‘s/old_text/new_text/’ file_name
sed –n ‘5,10p’ file_name
sed ‘10,20d’ file_name

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Linux Fundamentals

Wget in Linux

• Wget developed by GNU helps you to download the content of a web page or
download files.
• It can be downloaded via FTP, SFTP, HTTP, and HTTPS, it can be used on any
platform like Linux, Windows, MacOS.

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Linux Fundamentals

DAY 2
SUMMARY

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Thank you

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