Unit IV Information Visualization 6 Hours

Dashboard: Definition, Components : Slicer, Timeline and General graphs

KPI / Grains: Definition, Design Rules
Data visualization tools: Microsoft excel, PowerBi, Tableau etc.
Self-Study: Dashboard Vs. Scoreboard

Information Visualization

Information visualization is the graphical representation of data and information to aid

understanding, analysis, and decision-making. It involves creating visual representations such as
charts, graphs, maps, and interactive visualizations to convey complex data in a more accessible
and intuitive way. The main goal of information visualization is to make data more
understandable, insightful, and actionable to users. Here are some key aspects and benefits of
information visualization:

Key Aspects of Information Visualization:

1. Visual Representation: Information is presented using visual elements like lines, bars,
pie slices, points, and shapes. Each element represents a specific data point or value.
2. Data Abstraction: Information visualization often involves data abstraction, where
complex datasets are simplified and transformed into meaningful visual patterns and
relationships.
3. Interactivity: Many modern visualizations are interactive, allowing users to explore and
analyze the data by interacting with the visual elements, applying filters, and drilling
down into details.
4. Visualization Techniques: Various visualization techniques are used, including bar
charts, line charts, scatter plots, heatmaps, treemaps, network diagrams, and geographic
maps.
5. Color and Size: Color and size are used to encode additional information in
visualizations, allowing for the representation of multiple dimensions within the data.

Benefits of Information Visualization:

1. Enhanced Understanding: Visualizations help users grasp complex patterns, trends, and
relationships within the data more quickly and easily than analyzing raw numbers or text.
2. Insight Discovery: Information visualization can reveal hidden insights and patterns in
the data that might not be apparent through traditional data analysis methods.
3. Effective Communication: Visualizations make it easier to communicate and share data-
driven insights with others, regardless of their level of expertise in data analysis.
4. Data Exploration: Interactive visualizations enable users to explore data from different
perspectives, facilitating a deeper understanding of the underlying information.
5. Decision-Making Support: Visualizations help decision-makers identify key trends and
make informed choices based on data-driven evidence.
6. Efficient Data Analysis: Information visualization streamlines the data analysis process,
enabling analysts to quickly identify patterns and outliers.
 7. Real-Time Monitoring: Real-time visualizations are used for monitoring and tracking
data in dynamic environments, such as financial markets or IoT systems.
8. Storytelling with Data: Visualizations can be used to tell compelling data-driven stories,
making data more engaging and impactful.

Applications of Information Visualization:

• Business Intelligence and Analytics

• Scientific and Research Data Analysis
• Financial Data Visualization
• Geospatial Mapping and GIS
• Health Informatics and Medical Imaging
• Social Network Analysis
• Sports Analytics and Performance Tracking
• Weather Forecasting and Climate Analysis

In summary, information visualization is a powerful tool for presenting and exploring data in a
visual and interactive format. It enhances understanding, supports decision-making, and reveals
insights that might not be immediately apparent in raw data. As data becomes increasingly
abundant and complex, information visualization plays a crucial role in extracting value and
knowledge from the data deluge.

Dashboard:

A dashboard is a visual representation of data and information that provides a consolidated view
of key performance indicators (KPIs), metrics, and other relevant data points. It is designed to
provide users with a quick and easy way to monitor, analyze, and understand complex data in
real-time or near-real-time. Dashboards typically display data in the form of charts, graphs,
tables, and other visual elements, making it easier for users to identify trends, patterns, and
anomalies at a glance.

Key characteristics of a dashboard include:

1. Visualization: Dashboards use visual elements like charts, graphs, gauges, and maps to
present data in a more engaging and intuitive way, making it easier for users to interpret
and understand the information.
2. Conciseness: Dashboards focus on displaying the most relevant and critical data. They
avoid unnecessary clutter and provide a concise snapshot of the data to keep users
focused on key insights.
3. Real-Time Data: Many dashboards are designed to display data in real-time or with
minimal latency, enabling users to monitor live data and respond to changes promptly.
4. Interactivity: Interactive dashboards allow users to drill down into specific data points,
apply filters, and customize the view to explore data from different perspectives.
5. Customizability: Dashboards can be tailored to meet the specific needs and preferences
of individual users or different user groups.
6. Accessibility: Dashboards are often accessible through web browsers, mobile apps, or
dedicated software, making it easy for users to access them from various devices.
Benefits of Dashboards:

1. Data-driven Decision Making: Dashboards provide real-time insights, empowering

users to make data-driven decisions quickly and confidently.
2. Performance Monitoring: Dashboards help track KPIs and metrics, enabling users to
monitor the performance of projects, processes, or businesses.
3. Simplified Reporting: Dashboards streamline data reporting by presenting information
in a visually appealing and digestible format.
4. Enhanced Communication: Dashboards facilitate data communication across teams and
stakeholders by presenting information in a visually compelling manner.
5. Identifying Trends and Patterns: Dashboards help identify trends, patterns, and
correlations in data, allowing users to spot opportunities and potential issues.
6. Efficiency and Productivity: Dashboards save time by providing a centralized view of
data, eliminating the need to navigate through multiple sources to gather information.

Use Cases of Dashboards:

• Business Dashboards for Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

• Sales and Marketing Dashboards
• Financial Dashboards for Budgeting and Forecasting
• Operational Dashboards for Process Monitoring
• Healthcare Dashboards for Patient Monitoring
• IoT Dashboards for Real-Time Device Monitoring
• Social Media Analytics Dashboards
• Project Management Dashboards

In summary, a dashboard is a visual tool that presents data in a user-friendly format, offering a
consolidated view of essential information for better decision-making, monitoring, and analysis.
It is widely used across various industries and domains to leverage data effectively and gain
valuable insights.

Components of dashboard

The components of a dashboard are the various elements that make up the visual representation
of data and information. Each component serves a specific purpose in conveying insights and
facilitating data analysis. The components of a dashboard can vary based on the specific use case
and the type of data being presented. However, here are some common components typically
found in a dashboard:

1. Widgets or Visualizations: Widgets are the primary visual representations of data, such
as charts, graphs, gauges, tables, and maps. Each widget displays specific data points or
metrics and helps users quickly understand trends, patterns, and comparisons.
2. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): KPIs are critical metrics that measure the
performance and success of a specific aspect of the business or process. They are often
displayed prominently on the dashboard, providing users with an instant overview of
essential data.
 3. Filters and Interactivity: Dashboards often include filters and interactive elements that
allow users to customize the view, apply date ranges, segment data, and drill down into
specific details for deeper analysis.
4. Headers and Titles: Headers and titles provide context and orientation for the
dashboard. They typically include the name of the dashboard, date of data, and other
relevant information.
5. Performance Trends: Dashboards may include trend lines or time series charts that
show how key metrics have changed over time, enabling users to identify long-term
patterns and variations.
6. Data Tables: Data tables are used to present detailed data in tabular format. They
complement visualizations and allow users to view specific data points in a structured
manner.
7. Heatmaps: Heatmaps are graphical representations of data where colors are used to
represent values, enabling users to spot trends and patterns more easily.
8. Alerts and Notifications: Dashboards can include alerts and notifications that trigger
based on predefined thresholds or conditions, keeping users informed of critical changes
or anomalies.
9. Geospatial Elements: If the data involves geographic information, a dashboard might
include maps or geospatial visualizations to display data across different locations.
10. Performance Scorecards: Scorecards provide a summary of performance against
specific targets or goals, often represented using visual indicators like red, yellow, and
green colors.
11. Annotations: Annotations are notes or labels added to visualizations to provide
additional context or explanations for specific data points.
12. Data Source Information: Dashboards may include details about the data sources and
the last update time to ensure data transparency and reliability.

Dashboard Layout: The layout of a dashboard is the arrangement and organization of its
components. A well-designed layout ensures that the most critical information is easily
accessible, and the dashboard is visually appealing and intuitive to use. Common dashboard
layouts include:

• Single-Page Dashboard: All components and visualizations are presented on a single

page, providing a comprehensive overview of the data.
• Tabbed Dashboard: Components are organized into different tabs, each representing a
specific category or topic of data.
• Drill-Down Dashboard: Users can click on specific visualizations to drill down into
more detailed views and additional data layers.
• Mobile-Friendly Dashboard: Layouts optimized for mobile devices to ensure a
consistent and user-friendly experience on smaller screens.

In summary, the components of a dashboard are the building blocks that enable users to visualize
and analyze data effectively. An effective dashboard design considers the specific needs of the
users and the objectives of data analysis to present actionable insights and support informed
decision-making.
Components of dashboard – Slicer

A "Slicer" is a specific component commonly found in interactive dashboards. It is used to filter

and control data visualizations based on user-selected criteria. Slicers provide a user-friendly
way to dynamically adjust the data displayed in the dashboard, allowing users to focus on
specific subsets of data or particular time periods. The primary purpose of a slicer is to enhance
the interactivity of the dashboard and enable users to explore data from different perspectives.
Here are the key characteristics and functions of a slicer:

Characteristics of a Slicer:

1. Interactive Element: A slicer is an interactive user interface element that appears as a set
of selectable options, such as drop-down lists, checkboxes, or buttons.
2. Filtering: When a user selects one or more options from the slicer, it filters the data
displayed in associated visualizations accordingly. Only the data that matches the
selected criteria will be shown.
3. Connected to Visualizations: Slicers are connected to one or more visualizations (e.g.,
charts, graphs, tables) on the dashboard. When a user makes a selection in the slicer, the
connected visualizations update to show the filtered data.
4. Support for Multiple Slicers: Dashboards may have multiple slicers, each controlling a
different aspect of the data. Users can make selections in multiple slicers to refine their
analysis further.

Functions of a Slicer:

1. Data Segmentation: Slicers enable users to segment data based on specific dimensions,
such as product categories, regions, time periods, or customer segments.
2. Dynamic Filtering: As users interact with the slicer, the dashboard's visualizations
dynamically update in real-time, providing an instant view of the selected data subset.
3. Comparative Analysis: Users can use slicers to compare different subsets of data side by
side, helping identify trends, patterns, and relationships.
4. Time-based Slicing: In time series data, slicers can be used to select specific time
intervals or periods, allowing users to focus on trends during particular time frames.

Example of a Slicer in a Sales Dashboard:

Suppose you have a sales dashboard that displays data for different product categories. The
dashboard includes a bar chart showing sales revenue by product category. The slicer in this
dashboard might provide a list of product categories (e.g., Electronics, Apparel, Home &
Garden). When a user selects a specific category from the slicer, the bar chart updates to display
sales revenue for that category only. If the user selects multiple categories, the bar chart will
show a combined view of the selected categories' sales.

In summary, a slicer is an interactive component in a dashboard that allows users to filter and
control the data displayed in visualizations. It enhances user engagement and provides a more
personalized and dynamic data analysis experience. Slicers are commonly used to segment data,
facilitate comparative analysis, and support exploratory data analysis in interactive dashboards.
Components of dashboard – Timeline

The "Timeline" is another crucial component commonly found in interactive dashboards,

especially when dealing with time-based data or historical trends. It provides a visual
representation of data over a specific period, enabling users to observe patterns, changes, and
events that occurred chronologically. The timeline is especially useful for tracking progress,
historical analysis, and understanding trends over time. Here are the key characteristics and
functions of a timeline component in a dashboard:

Characteristics of a Timeline:

1. Time Scale: The timeline displays data along a chronological axis, representing time
intervals such as days, weeks, months, quarters, or years.
2. Visual Representation: The timeline is typically presented as a horizontal or vertical line
with markers or intervals indicating specific points in time.
3. Zoom and Pan: To handle large datasets, timelines may include zoom and pan
functionality, allowing users to focus on specific time ranges or navigate through
extensive periods.
4. Interactive: The timeline is an interactive element that users can manipulate to explore
data for different time periods.

Functions of a Timeline:

1. Time-based Analysis: The timeline facilitates time-based data analysis, enabling users to
identify trends, patterns, and anomalies over different time intervals.
2. Historical Context: Users can use the timeline to gain historical context, seeing how data
has changed over time and identifying seasonality or cyclical patterns.
 3. Event Visualization: Timelines can visualize events, milestones, or important
occurrences at specific points in time, helping users understand their impact on data
trends.
4. Time-based Filters: The timeline can be used as a time-based filter to control the data
displayed in other visualizations on the dashboard.

Example of a Timeline in a Project Management Dashboard:

Suppose you have a project management dashboard that tracks the progress of multiple projects
over time. The timeline in this dashboard might represent months on the horizontal axis. The
timeline would include markers or intervals to show the significant project milestones or
completion dates. Users can interact with the timeline by dragging or zooming to focus on
specific months or time frames. The timeline also connects to other visualizations on the
dashboard, such as bar charts or line graphs, which display metrics like project completion
percentage or resource utilization. By adjusting the timeline, users can observe how project
metrics change over different time periods, helping them track project progress and identify
potential delays or performance improvements.

In summary, the timeline is a valuable component of an interactive dashboard when dealing with
time-based data. It allows users to analyze trends, track progress, and gain historical context
easily. The timeline complements other visualizations on the dashboard and enhances users'
ability to explore data and make data-driven decisions based on time-related insights.

Components of dashboard - General graphs

In a dashboard, "general graphs" refer to various types of data visualizations that present
information using graphical elements such as bars, lines, pie slices, and points. These graphs are
commonly used to represent numerical data in a visually appealing and intuitive manner, making
it easier for users to understand and analyze the information. Here are some common types of
general graphs found in dashboards:

1. Bar Chart: A bar chart represents data using rectangular bars of varying lengths. Each
bar corresponds to a specific category or data point, and the height of the bar is
proportional to the data's value. Bar charts are ideal for comparing discrete data points or
categories.
2. Line Chart: A line chart displays data as a series of data points connected by straight
lines. It is commonly used to show trends and changes over time, especially when data
points are continuously connected.
3. Pie Chart: A pie chart presents data as a circle divided into slices, with each slice
representing a proportion of the whole. Pie charts are useful for displaying the percentage
distribution of different categories in a data set.
4. Area Chart: An area chart is similar to a line chart but fills the area under the line with
color. It is suitable for visualizing cumulative data or showing the composition of
multiple variables.
5. Scatter Plot: A scatter plot displays individual data points as dots on a two-dimensional
coordinate system. It is used to show the relationship or correlation between two
variables.
6. Histogram: A histogram is a bar chart that displays the frequency distribution of
continuous data. It groups data into bins and shows how many data points fall within each
bin.
7. Bubble Chart: A bubble chart is similar to a scatter plot but uses different-sized circles
(bubbles) to represent data points. It is suitable for displaying three dimensions of data:
the X-axis, Y-axis, and the size of the bubbles.
8. Stacked Bar Chart: A stacked bar chart represents multiple data sets stacked on top of
each other, showing their cumulative total. It is useful for comparing the contribution of
different categories to a total value.
9. Combo Chart: A combo chart combines two or more types of graphs on the same axes
to display different data series together. For example, it can have both bar and line charts
on the same chart.
10. Box Plot: A box plot (box-and-whisker plot) shows the distribution of data along with
statistical measures like the median, quartiles, and outliers.

These general graphs can be used individually or in combination within a dashboard, depending
on the type of data and the insights users want to gain. Effective use of visualizations in a
dashboard enhances data comprehension, facilitates analysis, and supports data-driven decision-
making.
 Bar & Pi chart

Line & Area Chart

Histogram & Scattered Chart

 Bubble Chart

KPI / Grains: Definition, Design Rules

In the context of data analysis and dashboards, "KPI" stands for Key Performance Indicator, and
"Grains" refers to different levels of granularity in data. Let's explore each term in more detail:

Key Performance Indicator (KPI): A Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a measurable metric
used to evaluate the performance or success of an organization, process, project, or individual in
achieving specific objectives. KPIs are critical in measuring progress toward goals and
identifying areas that need improvement. They serve as quantifiable benchmarks that help
organizations monitor and assess their performance over time.

Characteristics of KPIs:

1. Relevance: KPIs should be directly related to the objectives and goals of the organization
or project.
2. Measurability: KPIs must be quantifiable and measurable using objective data.
3. Specificity: KPIs should focus on specific aspects of performance, not general or vague
measures.
4. Timeliness: KPIs should be regularly updated and available in a timely manner for
effective decision-making.
5. Actionability: KPIs should provide insights that can lead to actionable steps for
improvement.

Examples of KPIs include revenue growth, customer retention rate, conversion rate, customer
satisfaction score, employee productivity, and average response time.

Grains (Levels of Granularity): In the context of data analysis, grains refer to different levels
of detail or granularity at which data is collected, stored, and analyzed. The level of granularity
determines how much detail is available in the data, and it influences the scope and depth of
analysis that can be performed.
Common levels of granularity in data analysis include:

1. High-Level (Coarse) Grains: Data aggregated at high levels of granularity provides an

overview or summary of large data sets. Examples include monthly or quarterly data,
aggregated by region or department.
2. Medium-Level Grains: Data aggregated at medium-level granularity provides more
detail than high-level data but still presents a summarized view. Examples include
weekly or daily data, aggregated by product category or customer segment.
3. Low-Level (Fine) Grains: Data at low-level granularity offers detailed and specific
information. Examples include transaction-level data, individual customer records, or
hourly data.

The choice of granularity depends on the objectives of the analysis and the level of detail needed
to gain actionable insights. High-level grains are useful for tracking overall trends and
performance, while low-level grains provide a more in-depth understanding of individual
transactions or events.

For example, in a sales analysis dashboard, the revenue KPI can be analyzed at different grains,
such as monthly revenue (high-level), weekly revenue (medium-level), or daily revenue (low-
level), depending on the level of detail required for decision-making.

In summary, KPIs are critical metrics used to measure performance, and grains refer to different
levels of granularity in data that influence the depth and scope of analysis. Combining
meaningful KPIs with appropriate grains in a dashboard provides valuable insights and supports
data-driven decision-making across various levels of an organization.

Design Rules for KPIs:

1. Relevance to Objectives: KPIs should directly align with the objectives and goals of the
organization or project. They should reflect the key drivers of success and indicate
progress towards strategic targets.
2. Measurable and Quantifiable: KPIs must be measurable using objective data. Avoid
using subjective or ambiguous metrics that are difficult to quantify.
3. Clear Definitions and Targets: Clearly define each KPI and set specific targets or
benchmarks. Targets should be realistic, achievable, and time-bound.
4. Limited in Number: Focus on a small set of meaningful KPIs rather than overwhelming
with a large number of metrics. A limited number of KPIs ensures that attention remains
on the most critical aspects of performance.
5. Consistency and Stability: Avoid frequent changes to KPIs unless absolutely necessary.
Consistency in KPIs allows for meaningful comparisons over time.
6. Alignment with Stakeholders: Involve key stakeholders in the selection and validation
of KPIs. Ensure that the chosen metrics are relevant and meaningful to all stakeholders.
7. Actionability: KPIs should provide insights that lead to actionable steps for
improvement. They should help identify areas that require attention and inform decision-
making.

Design Rules for Grains:

 1. Fit for Purpose: Choose the level of granularity that is appropriate for the specific
analysis or reporting requirements. Consider the level of detail needed to answer the
analytical questions at hand.
2. Balance Detail and Overhead: Avoid unnecessarily fine-grained data that may create
unnecessary complexity and overhead in data storage and processing. Strive for a balance
between detail and data manageability.
3. Consistency in Reporting: Maintain consistency in the level of granularity used across
different data sources and reporting tools to ensure coherent and accurate analysis.
4. Flexibility and Scalability: Design the data structure and storage to allow for flexibility
and scalability in accommodating changes in analytical requirements.
5. Consider Data Privacy and Security: When dealing with sensitive data, ensure that the
level of granularity complies with data privacy regulations and does not compromise data
security.
6. Avoid Data Loss: Be cautious when aggregating data to higher levels of granularity, as it
may result in data loss and the inability to perform detailed analysis.
7. Consider Performance: Lower levels of granularity may lead to larger data volumes and
impact system performance. Optimize data storage and processing for efficiency.

In summary, KPIs are critical metrics that measure performance, while grains refer to the level of
detail or aggregation in data analysis. Designing effective KPIs and selecting appropriate levels
of granularity are essential for meaningful analysis and decision-making in organizations.
Following these design rules ensures that KPIs and grains are aligned with objectives, actionable,
and provide valuable insights for continuous improvement.

Data visualization tools: Microsoft excel, PowerBi, Tableau

Microsoft Excel, Power BI, and Tableau are prominent data visualization tools widely used for
analyzing and presenting data in various industries and domains. Each tool offers unique features
and capabilities, making them suitable for different user preferences and data visualization needs.

1. Microsoft Excel: Excel is a widely known spreadsheet application with robust data analysis
and visualization capabilities. While it is primarily used for spreadsheet tasks, it also includes
various charting options for data visualization. Users can create basic charts such as bar charts,
line charts, pie charts, and scatter plots directly within Excel. Excel's versatility allows users to
perform data analysis and visualization in a familiar and user-friendly environment.

Pros:

• Widely available and familiar to most users.

• Offers a range of chart types for basic data visualization.
• Integration with other Microsoft products and data sources.

Cons:

• Limited interactivity and advanced visualization options compared to specialized tools.

• Handling large datasets may be challenging.
2. Power BI: Power BI is a business intelligence platform developed by Microsoft that enables
users to connect to multiple data sources, transform and visualize data, and create interactive
dashboards and reports. It offers a wide variety of visualization options, including customizable
charts, maps, tables, and cards. Power BI's strength lies in its ability to create visually appealing
and interactive dashboards with real-time data updates.

Pros:

• Seamless integration with Microsoft products and other data sources.

• Rich collection of interactive visualizations and customizations.
• Powerful data modeling and transformation capabilities.

Cons:

• Some advanced features may require technical expertise.

• Licensing costs for certain functionalities and features.

3. Tableau: Tableau is a leading data visualization and business intelligence tool known for its
user-friendly interface and powerful analytics capabilities. It allows users to connect to various
data sources, create interactive visualizations, and build dynamic dashboards and stories.
Tableau's drag-and-drop functionality makes it easy to create complex visualizations without
extensive technical knowledge.

Pros:

• Intuitive and easy-to-use interface.

• Versatile data connectivity and integration options.
• Rich selection of visualizations and customization capabilities.

Cons:

• Pricing can be relatively higher for certain editions.

• Steeper learning curve for complex data analysis and calculations.

In summary, Microsoft Excel, Power BI, and Tableau are all valuable data visualization tools,
but they cater to different user needs and skill levels. Excel is suitable for basic charting and
analysis, while Power BI and Tableau are more advanced tools for creating interactive
dashboards and exploring complex datasets. The choice of the tool depends on the user's specific
requirements, data visualization complexity, and available resources.

Self-Study: Dashboard Vs. Scoreboard

Dashboard vs. Scoreboard:

Dashboard: A dashboard is a visual representation of data and information that provides a

consolidated view of key performance indicators (KPIs), metrics, and other relevant data points.
Dashboards are used to monitor and analyze data in real-time or near-real-time, allowing users to
make data-driven decisions and track progress towards specific goals or objectives. Dashboards
often include various types of data visualizations, such as charts, graphs, tables, and maps,
presented in an interactive and user-friendly format.

Key Characteristics of a Dashboard:

• Provides a comprehensive view of data and insights in a single interface.

• Presents data using visual elements to aid understanding and analysis.
• Offers interactivity, allowing users to explore data and apply filters.
• Supports real-time or near-real-time data updates for timely decision-making.
• Focuses on monitoring performance and providing actionable insights.

Common Uses of Dashboards:

• Business performance tracking (sales, revenue, customer satisfaction).

• Project management and progress monitoring.
• Financial analysis and budgeting.
• Operational efficiency monitoring.
• Marketing and sales analytics.

Scoreboard: A scoreboard is a visual display that shows a specific set of performance metrics or
KPIs in a clear and concise manner. Unlike dashboards, which often provide a broader view of
data across multiple areas, scoreboards are typically dedicated to presenting a focused and static
set of key metrics. Scoreboards are commonly used in sports, where they show the scores of
competing teams or players, but they can also be used in business and other domains to track and
communicate key performance indicators.

Key Characteristics of a Scoreboard:

• Displays a limited number of specific metrics.

• Typically designed for quick and easy readability.
• Often used to track real-time data in fast-changing environments (e.g., sports).
• Usually lacks interactivity and filters.
• Provides a snapshot of performance at a specific point in time.

Common Uses of Scoreboards:

• Sports events (e.g., showing scores in basketball, soccer, etc.).

• Call center performance metrics (e.g., call volume, wait times, response rates).
• Manufacturing floor metrics (e.g., production output, downtime, efficiency).

In Summary: Both dashboards and scoreboards are visual tools for presenting data, but they
differ in their scope, interactivity, and focus. Dashboards offer a comprehensive and interactive
view of data across various areas, providing insights and supporting decision-making. On the
other hand, scoreboards display a focused set of key metrics, often in real-time, with a primary
purpose of quick and easy readability for performance tracking in specific contexts. The choice
between a dashboard and a scoreboard depends on the specific use case and the level of detail
and interactivity needed to meet the analytical requirements.