Exponential and Logarithm functions

Objectives:
• To define exponential and logarithmic
functions.
• To investigate the properties of exponential
and logarithmic functions.
• To introduce some applications of exponential
and logarithmic functions.
• To solve exponential and logarithmic
equations.
 Exponential Function
If 𝑎 is a positive number and 𝑥 is any number,
we define the exponential function as:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
Domain: All real numbers
Range: y > 0
Graph of the exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
Example f ( x) = 3 x

x y
−1 1
3
0 1
1 3
y
2 9
y = f ( x)

(0,1)
x
properties of the exponential
functions
 Example
(3x y )
4
2 1/ 2
Simplify the expression
x3 y 7

(3x y )
4
2 1/ 2
34 x8 y 2 81x5
= 3 7 = 5
x3 y 7 x y y
 Example
3 x +1
Solve the equation 4 = 24 x − 2
Solution:
43 x +1 = 24 x − 2
2( 3 x +1) 4 x −2
2 =2
6 x+2 4 x−2
2 =2
6x + 2 = 4x − 2
2x = −4
x = −2
 The logarithmic Function
If 𝒂 is any positive number other than 𝟏, then the
logarithm of 𝒙 to the base 𝒂 denoted by:
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎(𝑥) (a > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1)

1. Domain: (0, ∞ )
2. Range: (-∞, ∞)
3. x-intercept: (1, 0)
4. Continuous on (0, ∞)
5. Increasing on (0, ∞) if a > 1
 The graph 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎(𝑥) can be obtained by reflecting the graph of 𝑦
= 𝑎 𝑥 across the 45.

Note:
Logarithmic functions are the inverse of exponential functions. For example if
(0, 1) is a point on the graph of an exponential function, then (1, 0) would be
the corresponding point on the graph of the inverse logarithmic function.
 Rules for base a logarithms

log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 , 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑥
 Example
write each of the following in terms of simpler
logarithms:
log(3𝑥 4 𝑦 −7 )
𝑥−4
log 4 ( )
𝑦2 5 𝑧

Solution:
log 3𝑥 4 𝑦 −7 = log 3 + log 𝑥 4 + log 𝑦 −7
= log 3 + 4log 𝑥 − 7 log 𝑦
 𝑥−4 2 1Τ5
log 4 ( )=log 4 𝑥 − 4 − log 4 (𝑦 𝑧 )
𝑦2 5 𝑧
=log 4 𝑥 − 4
2 1Τ
− [log 4 (𝑦 ) + log 4 (𝑧 5 )]
1
=log 4 𝑥 − 4 − 2log 4 (𝑦) − log 4 (𝑧)
5
 0.5
log 3 3=0.5; 3 = 3

0
log 7 1=0; 7 =1

1−2
log 1 9=-2; =9
3 3

log 5 5=1; 51 =5

log 0.01 = −2; 10−2 =0.01

 The Natural Logarithms Function
The natural logarithmic function is a logarithms
function with base e not a.
At a = e = 2.7182828…, we get the natural
logarithm and denoted by:
𝑦 = ln 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥
 Properties of Logarithms
For any numbers 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑥 > 0, the natural
logarithm satisfies the following:
 The Natural Exponential Function to
base e
For every real number 𝑥,

𝑥 −1
𝑒 = ln 𝑥 = exp(𝑥)

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠
 Laws of exponents for ex
1- 𝑒 𝑥1 . 𝑒 𝑥2 =𝑒 𝑥1+𝑥2

−𝑥 1
2- 𝑒 = 𝑥
𝑒

𝑒 𝑥1 𝑥1−𝑥2
3- =𝑒
𝑒 𝑥2

4- (𝑒 𝑥1 )𝑥2 =𝑒 𝑥1𝑥2 =(𝑒 𝑥2 )𝑥1

 Note

1 ln 𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑥 = . ln 𝑥 =
ln 𝑎 ln 𝑎
 Example
2log2 3 =3

log 103𝑥+5 = 3𝑥 + 5

log 2 25 =5

ln 2 0.693
log10 2 = = ~0.301
ln 10 2.302
 Example
In following Solve y in terms of x :
1. ln 1 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥
2. ln 𝑦 − 1 − ln 2 = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥
3. ln 𝑦 2 − 1 − ln 𝑦 + 1 = ln(sin 𝑥)

Solution:
1. ln 1 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑒 ln(1−2𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥
1 − 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
−2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 -1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑦= −( )
2
2. ln 𝑦 − 1 − ln 2 = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥
ln 𝑦 − 1 − ln 2 − ln 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑦−1
ln( ) = 𝑥
2𝑥
𝑦−1
𝑒 ln(
2𝑥
) = 𝑒𝑥
𝑦−1 𝑥
=𝑒
2𝑥
𝑦 − 1 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
3. ln 𝑦 2 − 1 − ln 𝑦 + 1 = ln(sin 𝑥)
𝑦 2 −1
ln( )=ln(sin 𝑥)
𝑦+1
ln 𝑦 − 1 = ln(sin 𝑥)
𝑒 ln(𝑦−1) =𝑒 ln(sin 𝑥)
𝑦 − 1=sin 𝑥
𝑦=sin 𝑥+1
 Example
Use the properties of logarithms to simplify the
following expressions:
2 1
1. ln 3𝑥 − 9𝑥 + ln( )
3𝑥
2. ln sec 𝜃 + ln cos 𝜃
3
3. 3 ln 𝑥 2 − 1 -ln(𝑥 + 1)
 Solution
2 1 3𝑥 2 −9𝑥
1. ln 3𝑥 − 9𝑥 + ln( )
3𝑥
= ln(
3𝑥
) = ln(𝑥 − 3)
2. ln sec 𝜃 + ln cos 𝜃
=ln( sec 𝜃. cos 𝜃) = ln 1 = 0
3
3. 3 ln 𝑥 2 − 1 -ln(𝑥 + 1)
1
=3 ln 𝑥 2 − 1 3 − ln(𝑥 + 1)
1 𝑥 2 −1
=3 ln(𝑥 2 −1) − ln 𝑥 + 1 = ln( )
3 𝑥+1
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
=ln( ) = ln(𝑥 − 1)
(𝑥+1)
 Example
By using logarithms and exponentials properties
as needed, solve the following for x:
1. log 𝑥 − 2 − log(2𝑥 − 3) = log 2
2. log 8 𝑥 + log 8 𝑥 + 6 = log 8 (5𝑥 + 12)
3. ln 6𝑥 − 5 = 3
4. 27𝑥 ∗ 81𝑥−2 = 9
 Solution
1. log 𝑥 − 2 − log(2𝑥 − 3) = log 2
𝑥−2
log( )= log 2
2𝑥−3
𝑥−2
log( )
10 2𝑥−3 =10log 2
𝑥−2
=2
2𝑥−3
𝑥 − 2 = 2(2𝑥 − 3)
𝑥 − 2 = 4𝑥 − 6
3𝑥 = 4
4
𝑥=
3
2. log 8 𝑥 + log 8 𝑥 + 6 = log 8 (5𝑥 + 12)
log 8 𝑥 𝑥 + 6 = log 8 (5𝑥 + 12)
8log8(𝑥(𝑥+6) =8log8(5𝑥+12)
𝑥 𝑥 + 6 = 5𝑥 + 12
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥−3 𝑥+4 =0
𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −4
𝑥=3
3. ln 6𝑥 − 5 = 3
6𝑥 − 5 = 𝑒 3
6𝑥 − 5~20.085537
𝑥~4.1809
4. 27𝑥 ∗ 81𝑥−2 = 9
(33 )𝑥 ∗ (34 )𝑥−2 = 32
33𝑥 ∗ 34𝑥−8 = 32
33𝑥+4𝑥−8 = 32
37𝑥−8 = 32
7𝑥 − 8 = 2
7𝑥 = 10
10
𝑥=
7
 Applications of exponential and
logarithm functions:
A) Newton’s law of cooling: 𝑻-𝑻𝒔 = (𝑻𝟎 -𝑻𝒔 )𝒆−𝒕𝒌
Where:
𝑇 : the temperature of the object at time t
𝑇𝑠 : the surrounding temperature
𝑇0 :the initial temperature of the object
K: the constant
 Example
Suppose that a cup of soup cooled from 90°C to
60°C after 10 min in a room whose temperature
was 20°C. Use Newton’s law of cooling to answer
the following questions.
a. How much longer would it take the soup to cool
to 35°C?
b. Instead of being left to stand in the room, the
cup of 90°C soup is put in a freezer whose
temperature is −15℃. How long will it take the
soup to cool from 90°C to 35°C?
 Solution
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 = (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇𝑜 = 90℃, 𝑇𝑠=20℃, 𝑇=60℃
60 − 20 = (90 − 20)𝑒 −10𝑘
40 = 70𝑒 −10𝑘
4 −10𝑘
= 𝑒
7
4
ln
𝑘=− 7 ≈ 0.05596
10
𝑎) 35 − 20 = 70𝑒 −0.05596𝑡
𝑡 ≈ 27.5 min 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 it will take
27.5 − 10 = 17.5 minutes longer to reach 35℃
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 = (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇𝑜 = 90℃, 𝑇𝑠= -15℃
35 + 15 = (90 + 15)𝑒 −0.05596𝑡
50 = 105𝑒 −0.05596𝑡
50
= 𝑒 −0.05596𝑡
105
𝑡 ≈ 13.26 min
B) Earthquake Intensity

If E is the energy released, measured in joules,

during an earthquake then the magnitude of the
earthquake is given by,
Example: How much energy will be released in an
earthquake with a magnitude of 5.9?

joules