2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Exponential and logarithm

Laws of indices
Let ! and " be any integers, # and $ be non-zero real number.

Law of indices Example

1. #! × # " = #!#" 4$ × 4% = 4$#% = 4&

2. #! ÷ # " = #!'" 4$ ÷ 4% = 4$'% = 4(

% % %
3. (#$)) = #) × $ ) (4+)( = 4( × + (

# ) #) 4 '% 4'%
4. , - = ) . / = '%
$ $ + +
1 4'% +%
5. #') = =
#) + '% 4%

6. #* = 1, where # ≠ 0 (−2)* = 1

% %
7. !
# + = √#
"
+ $ = √+

) ) ! $ $
8. # + = 7 √# 8
!
= √#) 4( = 94$ = 7√4 8 = 8

Ÿ Remarks:
² Properties 1 to 5 also hold for negative ;, but for Property 6 and Property 7 we need to consider
different cases.
#
"
² If # > 0, then taking "-th root of # will give the unique answer. E.g. 1.331" = √1.331 = 1.1

² For # < 0, then

# #
! "
Ø if " is odd, #! = − √−#, e.g. (−8)" = − √8 = −2

Ø if " is even, the solution would be non-real for a negative number taking even root, we
would reject the answer unless otherwise specified.

² Don’t mix up the laws of multiplication and summation of indices.

*
Ø 2$ × 2, = 2$#, = 2%% and (2$ ), = 2$×, = 2%,

- =18

Page 1
 2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 1. Laws of indices

Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following expressions.
!
! %$ # %#
(a) !"− !" $ (b) " $
$
+ √64
#$# &

8 + 645
4 -
=
=

=
(235 + (2 % 5
=
4( = 24 + 2

=
16 + 2
=
( =
18

-
=

Exercise 1. Laws of indices

Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following expressions.
% # %)
! √$
(a) ) √5 × √25- &
(b) . # /
√#"

(5x5)5
l
= =

=
(5)
=
52
=

(4
25
=
=

Page 2
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 2. Laws of indices 1295b)(-bazb) + -za

#
$ # # #
$. %
Simplify ,2#" $ $ - ,−6#$ $ '" - ÷ (− ' ) and express your answer with a positive index.
&
/ %

( 12a5 2b 5) + (a+ b )
: +
-

= -

-
=
12azb5 = 3a65
=
498 -565 -
=
4956-5
=
4ab-5

Exercise 2. Laws of indices

& !
√* ' ∙ ,- #
Simplify #
and express your answer with a positive index.
) *&
.* (*+ - ( !

= 15 y .

x
=
X5 -1 y .

=
%.
X yz

Page 3
 2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 3. Laws of indices (Advanced)

# # * *
Simplify !0 ' ∙ √0 %! ∙ !(0 %/ ) ' ∙ (0 ' )#! . and express your answer with a positive index.
% %

= =

3
az a
. :

a .

a
= To
. =
a
4
1
-

= .
a
~

Exercise 3. Laws of indices (Advanced)

$
'
$
%* '"
Without using a calculator, find the exact value of 32 " − ,2 (0- + (0.5)'( + (C − 3)* .
*
-

(2% -

( + ((+ ) 1
-
=
(25) -

(2) +
(2)

Page 4
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Exponential functions and their graphs

Exponential function is defined as D(E) = # 1 , where the base # > 0 and # ≠ 1 is a fixed constant.

The properties of exponential functions include:

Ÿ The domain of exponential function is the set of real numbers.

Ÿ The range of exponential function is the set of positive real numbers

The laws of indices hold for exponential functions, such as D(E + F) = D(E)D(F), i.e. # 1#2 = # 1 # 2

Base ;>G H<;<G

Graph of I = ;3

Domain E∈ℝ E∈ℝ

Different values of ; Exponential growths upward Exponential growths downward
Ÿ Cut F-axis at (0,1)
Ÿ The curve never cuts E-axis, it lies above E-axis
Common properties Ÿ Neither maximum, minimum point nor axis of symmetry
% 1
Ÿ F = ,.- and F = # 1 are the images of each other in the reflection with

respect to the F-axis

Ÿ E increases as F increases Ÿ E increases as F decreases
Different properties Ÿ As E increase, the rate of F Ÿ As E increase, the rate of F
becomes greater becomes smaller.
Rate of changes of The graphs of F = # 1
exponential functions % 1
and F = ,.- , where
with different bases.
# > 0 and # ≠ 1, are
symmetrical about the
F-axis
Page 5
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 1. Exponential functions

The figure shows the graphs of F = # 1 , F = $ 1 and F = M 1 on the same rectangular coordinate plane,
where #, $ and M are constants. State the relationship between #, $ and M.

Solve exponential equation graphically

Example 1. Solve exponential equation graphically

In a fish farm, the populations (in thousand) of salmon (N) and tuna (O) can be modelled by

N = #$ 1 and O = !" 1 respectively

where E is the number of years since the beginning of 2014, and #, $, ! and n are constants. The figure
shows the graph of F = #$ 1 and F = !" 1 .

(a) Find the values of # and !.

(b) (i) Find the values of N and O when E = 1.

(ii) Hence, find the values of $ and ".

(c) Starting from which year will the population of salmon

exceed that of tuna?

Page 6
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Exercise 1. Solve exponential equation graphically

The figure shows the graph of F = 1.81 . Solve the following equations graphically.

4 1
(a) (i) ,, - = 7

, 1
(ii) 5 ,4- = 1

(b) (i) 5(91 ) + 9(51 ) = 0

1
(ii) √2(31 ) − 27√58 = 0

Page 7
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Solve exponential equation algebraically

Example 1. Solve exponential equation algebraically

81#( − 3(2$1#% ) = 116

=+ 2

(23A 1)
+

(2 -
3 .
=
114

1162
+6
25A - 3 ,
23a
+ 1
=

23 2=

3x= 1

x
=
Exercise 1. Solve exponential equation algebraically
1
361#% − 6(1 − 8(361 ) =
+ 8
(62(7 6 - 4 8 (67)
=
-

- .

Example 2. Exponential equations

It is given that 31 = 92 and 41 = 85 , where E, F and + are non-zero constants. Find (E + F): (F + +).

Page 8
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 3. Exponential equations

a) Solve the equation 21#( + 5 ∙ 21 = 72.

b) Two times the age of Sam 3 years later is 2 years more than four times his age 3 years ago. What is

Sam’s present age?

b) Let A be present age

a) let A be 27
C(A+ 3) + 2 =
4(x 3)-

4At 5 A =
72
2A + 6 + 2 =
4x -

12
9A =
72
2A + 8 = 4A-12
A = S
21 2x =
20
SubA into

8 =
2x A =
10
X =
3

Exercise 3. Exponential equations

The population of a town is increasing at a rate of 6.2% per year. The city council believes they will have to
25
add another elementary school when the population reaches 100 000. In 2006, if there are currently 76 000
people living in the town, in which year do they have to add the new school?

Sol.
#
76000x146 2 % /2 .
=
100008
2006 : 76000
(146 2% )t = 2
76000X (16
.

2007 : .
2% / 19
(( + 0 062)t
.
= 25
19
+ 10g(1 862)
log
=
.

t= g
10g ( 062) .

Page 9
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Definition of Logarithm.
Logarithmic function if the “inverse” of exponential. If # and $ are positive numbers and $ ≠ 1 then the
logarithm of ; to the base T is the power to which $ must be raised to equal #. It is written as log / #.
In algebraic terms this means that

if F = log / # then # = $ 2

The formula F = log / # is said to be written in logarithmic form while # = $ 2 is said to be written in
exponential form where # > 0, $ > 0 and $ ≠ 1.
Remarks: log / $ = 1, log / 1 = 0, ln E = log 6 E and ln(Y . ) = Y 78 . = #

The properties of logarithms:

Let # > 0, $ > 0, ! > 0, # ≠ 1, ! ≠ 1, and E, F and Z are positive real numbers

Properties of logarithm Example

1. log . E + log . F = log . (EF) log $ 9 + log $ EF = log $ 9EF

E 9

?
2. log . E − log . F = log . log $ 9 − log $ EF = log $
F EF

3. log . E + = " ∙ log . E log $ E $ = 3 log $ E

1 1
4. log . ( ) = log . E '% = − log . E log $ . / = log $ 3'% = −1 ∙ log $ 3 = −1
E 3

5. log . # = 1, log . 1 = 0 log 1 E = 1, log % 1 = 0

$

log ) E
log . E = log $ 7E
6. log ) # log 4 7E =
log $ 9
(base-change formula)
1 1
7. log . E = log $ 9 =
log 1 # log 4 3
F 4
8. log .( $ 2 = ∙ log . $ log & 81 = log ($ 3& = log ( 3 = 2 log ( 3
E 2

9. Y 79:) ; = Z , where Z > 0 Y 79:) & = 479:) 6 = 4<+6 = 4% = 4

Ÿ Properties 1 and 2 must only be applied when the two logarithms are in the same base.
Ÿ Do not make the following mistakes:
1
² log . E ∙ log . F ≠ log . EF and log . E ÷ log . F ≠ log . 2

² log . (E 2 ) ≠ (log . E)2

Page 10
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 1. Basic calculations of logarithm

Calculate the value of log ( 25 ∙ log $ 4 ∙ log , 9 .

logz25
A
.

215
A 21
logs ,
= 2 2
22
.
.

=
S

Exercise 1. Basic calculations of logarithm

%
Calculate the value of log √(0 (>%).

=
log2 (i) 27 8

109(51) 3334
=

109 3 Et
-
=

log3(8)

E log3 (27)

I
=

- 1 .
logs (34)

z .
10g 3 (33)
1-
410933
-
=

t .
3 :

log33

=
-
=

-x
Page 11
 2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 2. Basic calculations of logarithm

$
79: , ∙79: >***#A79: (√" B
Calculate the value of # #
79: C**' 79: *.*$C ' 79: *.%
$ $

/1 log2) (310g 2+3)

(510gz)
= -

+
=

(10g6 + 2) E (log6-3) -E(-1)

-

3 logz + 3 3 (bg24 310g2+ 3(loga)

·
-

1096 + 2
-

1096 + E +

=
E

Exercise 2. Basic calculations of logarithm

Calculate the value of 2579:' √$#%

(52)10938 +1 1
.

= 52/109553 + log >5)

55)
=
52/log5
= 5195(58)2
= (55)2
=
25X3
=
75

Page 12
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 3. Basic calculations of logarithm

Given that log / 2 = E and log / 3 = F ( , Express log / 36 in terms of E and F.

log 10 2 =
X 45 =

=
32x5
3x10
log2 =
a

Z log 3= b
109103 =
y 36 =
6x)
log 45
=
22x32
10910 36 =
log(32x10 + 2)
=
log(32) + log10-
=
log10 12" x 32) log
=
2log3+ 2 -

log
3
=

logi 22 + 109 ,
2b + 1
a-
= -

= 2 logp 2 + 2 ·

logio 3
=
2x +
2yz

T
Y

Example 3. Basic calculations of logarithm

3x3
If log 2 = # and log 3 = $, express log 45 in terms of # and $.

logx3
=
1910 : log2 +
10g 32
=
1
log2 210g3
-

+
=
1 -

a +
2bx

Page 13
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Logarithmic functions and their graphs:

Base H<T<G T>G

reject

Graph of I = [\] E ^ III

Domain E>0 E>0

Different values of T Logarithm growths downward Logarithm growths upward
Ÿ Cuts E-axis at (1,0)
Ÿ The curve never cuts the F-axis, it lies on the right-hand side of F-axis.
Common properties Ÿ Neither maximum, minimum point nor axis of symmetry
Ÿ F = log F E and F = log # E are the images of each other in reflection with
+

respect to theE-axis
Ÿ E increases as F increases Ÿ E increases as F decreases
Different properties Ÿ As E increase, the rate of F Ÿ As E increase, the rate of F
becomes greater becomes smaller
Ÿ The smaller value of $, the flatter Ÿ The larger value of $, the flatter the
the graph is graph is

The graphs of I = [\] G ^ and I = [\] , ^ are The graphs of I = ;3 and I = [\] G ^ are
-
symmetric about the line I = ^
symmetric about the ^-axis

Page 14
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 1. Exponential and logarithmic functions

% 1
The figure shows the graph of F = ,&- . The graph of F = D(E) is obtained by reflecting the graph of
% 1
F = ,&- about the F = E.

)
(a) Sketch, on the given figure, the graph of F = D(E).

(b) Find the algebraic representation of the function F = D(E).

(c) Determine whether each of the following points lies on the graph of

F = D(E).

% %
(i) _(1, &) (ii) (& , 1)

f(A) log
=
y =

SubA =:
-
Iste)
subA 1 loght) 1
=
=

189 i (1) = 0

Page 15
 2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 2. Graphs related to logarithms

The relationship between two variables, E and F, is of the form F = #$ 1 , where # and $ are constants.
And experiment to test this relationship produced the data shown in the graph, where ln F is plotted against
$
E. Find the values of # and $. Ans: # = Y $ , $ = Y .

y = abx
slope
:
=
E
In y : In ab
y-int lnb =
= ((
eny =
An a + x1nb
ena =
3
3
enb =

=
a 2
genb g
=
=

=
b =
2
-

selines
Exercise 2. Graphs related to logarithms -
<
The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log & E and log > F. The &
slope and the intercept on
%
the horizontal axis of the graph are − $ and 3 respectively. Express the relation between E and F in the

& logab loge

& y =
#
; '
form F = _E , where _ and Z are constants. Ans: F = 8E $

loged
3 straight
m =
-

5 13 , 0 line
equation
(
,

y -
0 =
- (A 3) -
-
15xxE
,

3
[logy] E- = /loguA-3)]
D
3. = .

X No

3
. logs y =
10g4 X + 3
-

logsy" =
logn(*") + 3 .

log44
logsy3 =

logn(A") 1094(43)
+

logs (y3) =
10g4(X + 43)
log(y) =
109 (43X")
=

loga 8 10g24
logz(43) =
1092(4-1)
log2(23) 1092(22)

logz(y3) 1092(43A 1)
-

3
=

E (43A + / Page 16
y =

y =
(43)2 .

/A + )2
=

(4 .

x
2 =
y =
SX -
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

When solving a logarithmic equation algebraically, it's important to determine the domain of the
logarithmic function(s) and verify that it is well-defined.

Example 1. Logarithmic equation

It is given that log(2F − 1) = log(F + 2) − 1, find the exact value of F.

log(2y-1) =
log(y + 2) -

log 10 Domain :

log()
log(2A-1)
\2yOn
=

2y -

1 =
1
18

(9)
=
10(2y -1) =
y +2
y3 -

20y -

18 =
y +2

20 y -

y = 2+ 10

20y -

y =
2 + 18

19y =
12

Y = 12

Ta
=

exponential
Exercise 1. Logarithmic equation

Solve 4 ∙ 5(1'% = 21#% and express your answer in terms of log #, where # is a constant to be determined.

(5-1)
↑
logH log
· A+
)X

* log(4 52A )
+

10g(2* 1)
·
+
=

)
logA(2*
+
1094 + 109 (521-1) =
-

log2(A =
1892-1894 + log5
10g4 + (CA-11 .
1rg5-(A + ) log2
-
log2-10g4 logs
=

logn
(211g5)x
+

1021 21695 1092

=

1894
-

1095-104
-

X =log

2lg5-1og-log

Page 17
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 2. Logarithmic equation

% % (
It is given that 3. = 6/ = 12H , show that + / = /.
.
&
39 = 6b = 129
39 Y +
+ =
z -

L H S
(3x2(b
- .

=
=
(3x4)9
za =
33x2b =
39424 5 E- R H=

.
S
.

a bc
= =

b =
20 C H S . .
=
RH
. . S

: True

Exercise 2. Logarithmic equation

Simplify the following expressions.

√#
!"# √%&' !"# % !"# %&' !"#(% ! √))
$
(a) (b)
!"# % ! !"# ) ! +, !"# √%

Page 18
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

" /
(c) log 1 √+ − 2 log 1 √+ + log 1 √+

Exercise 3. Logarithmic equation

Given that log 0 3 = - and log , 7 = /, express the following in terms of - and /.

(0 &,
(a) log 0 $, (b) log # b 0
/0

Page 19
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Exercise 4. Logarithmic equation

Solve the following equations.

(a) log + − 3 log 2 = 2 log 3

logt-logk3) .
=
log (34
(E) loga
=

log

x =
72

(b) ln(+ − 2) + ln(+ − 1) = 2 ln(2+ − 1) + log 2 +

Domain :

ibalGlog3X
-
(c) (log $ +)+ − log 4 + ( − 6 = 0 a change base

(1093A/2
- q
-

6 =
0 logg A -D log
②
Clog 13
llog> A) 2
Clog
...

6 = 2
quadratic eq
y

llogsAl" -
2 :

logsa -

6 =
2

ClogzA)" -

(lg3A) 6 = (A 3)(A+ 2)
-
=
0

Take A
=
log3A log3A =
3 or
log3A =
-2
A2 -
A -

6 =
0

x = 33ox = 3
-

x = 27
/
or x =
a
-

Page 20
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

(d) + 79: & − 4 ∙ + 79: ( − 12 = 0

(e) log . 89 ∙ log / 89 + log . (8 − 9) ∙ log / (8 − 9) = 0 , where 8 > 9 > 0 and 8, b are not equal to 1.

(Leave your answers in the simplified surd form.)

Page 21
 2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Exponential inequality

Exponential inequality when ; > < Exponential inequality when = < ; < <

² When ; > < and ;0 > ;1 , then ? > @. ² When = < ; < < and ;0 > ;1 , then ? < @.
² When ; > < and ;0 < ;1 , then ? < @. ² When = < ; < < and ;0 < ;1 , then ? > @.
² B = ;2 is an increasing function. ² C = 8 1 is a decreasing function.

$
&1#% (1#$ % 1 #% % 1#(
Example 1. Solve 3 >3 Exercise 1. Solve ,$- ≤ , 4-
A
basedA [] * base A A
A+2
(4A + 1)) (2A + 3) same
same
base 4A base /
>
2A 3 1
(5(12 1
<(5)2(A
+ +
- 21
-

changeSign
-

base) I unchange
2AL2 for
sign A2t12
2A + 4
A)
Positive
PARAL
3

OC base <1
change Sign

A
-

(A-3)
2A
-320/
/A+ 2) = 0
X
x = -1
..
T
or * =
3

Page 22
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024
xto to
Example 2. Solve 4 1#( (1
>8 Exercise 2. Solve 0.1 1 $ '(1
> 0.001
it
<
A22A
41 2)4212A) 13
+
0 . 1 0
> .

a base =
.1
0

A 2 A S .
3
00 K

244
- .

4A

A+ 2 > 4X

3x422
x
E
-

Example 3. Solve 91 + 31 − 2 ≥ 0 Exercise 3. Solve 5 ∙ 3(1#% − 31 ∙ 31 + 2 < 0 ∙

1341 + 137)-2 = 0 &Samebase 5.31-31 :

13 +

(37(2 + (37) -

220 15 ·

/352 -

31 :

134 + 2

Take A 31 %

X Take 3 A
= =

A2 + A -
2 = 0
15A2 -

31428
(A + 2)(A -

1) =0 -
2
(15A 1)
(A 2)
-

< 0
159/1123
38 -

2 or 37=1 < AL2

logs (31) < log 3 (is
37-30(base =
3 1)
>
53 *
+ 2

A
logs (3)) logy (ii) and logs (31) < logs(2)(
.

x = g
A .

logz (3) <log (2)

-A) loga (15) and
>

Allogy 12)

logy (15) =
logs (3x5) =
logy3 + logg's
=
1 + 10935

Page 23
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Logarithmic inequality
Logarithmic inequality when ; > < Logarithmic inequality when = < ; < <

² When ; > < and KLM 5 ? > KLM 5 @, ² When = < ; < < and KLM 5 ? > KLM 5 @,
then ? > @. then ? < @.
² When ; > < and KLM 5 ? < KLM 5 @, ² When = < ; < < and KLM 5 ? < KLM 5 @,
then ? < @. then ? > @.
² B = log . + is an increasing function. ² B = log . + is a decreasing function.

When solving a logarithmic inequality algebraically, it's important to determine the domain of the
logarithmic function(s).
* loga 4 1
=

Example 1. Domains
Exercise 1.
A -

30

log & (% − 3) < 2 · ! AT log ' (% + 5) ≥ 0 >

-

10g66" =

logo (I)

(base
10g4(A-3) < log4(42) logo (A + 5) =
logs (1)
Domain :
A+5 = 1 A + 5)8
(x -
3)4 =
471)
(base =
6 1) Ay -
5
A(16 + 3
A = 1 5
* 19
-

A 3 -

4
:. 31 <
19
: A3 -

4 ·,
-
3
4
-

Page 24
 2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm
>
-
11th November,2024

Example 2. Exercise 2.
log ( (2% + 2) ≤ log ( (% ( − 1) log ).+ (4% ( − 9) ≥ 0>
-

1090 5 (4129)[logo
. . - (1)
4x2 -

911
base =
0 .
5 <1
4x2 -

10 10

2x2 -

5 10

-
x -

50
x- -
(E)
(A + E)(A E) -

- 0

E
4x290
-A
(2A) -

(34 > 0
(CA + 3)(2A-
3) > 0

-
Example 3.
- Domain :

1 + log ( (% + 1) ≤ 2log ( %
log22 +
log2(A+ 1) Diogen
- So
122(A @ (N)
St
+ 1) = =

* same base* >

-

directly compare
2(A + 1)
A2 (2
=
> 1) =) x0
0 1 -
2x -
2

lett
2= 4 + 4x(+2)
A = 454x2
2

= 2125
=3
2
=
25
x =
115 E

H
-negative- H
Crej

Hence , A = It /3

Page 25
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Exercise 3.

log , (% − 2) + log , (% − 3) < log , (% + 1)

Example 4.
Domain :

log - (% − 1) ≤ log - (2% + 1)

S
2A+6) 0
/

( & A2-

A + 2)0

·
m y me
: base (2A + 6) ) CEA + 2) (e1a2 -

A +2 = 0

&< 1 (change Sign ( 0 < A 3X 4

*
-

Of (N 4) (A + )
-

k *(4

Page 26
 🔗

2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Exercise 4.

log - (2% + 6) < log -(% ( − % + 2)

( (

2A + 6 < =
x2 -
A +2

12 + 2A -

810 -
(A + 4)(A -

2)
-

4 1 x 1 2

Domain :

G
S
=> X-2
.: Hence-2 * 1
Exercise 5.

2log ).- (% + 2) ≥ log ).- (2% + 12)

1rgo . (At 2)* - logo .. (2A + 12

Page 27
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Example 5.
The relationship between two variables, + and C, is of the form C = 89 1 , where 8 and 9 are constants.
And experiment to test this relationship produced the data shown in the graph, where ln C is plotted against
$
+. Find the values of 8 and 9. Ans: 8 = N $ , 9 = N .
slope -- (10g4* loggy) =3 0)
,
, Take A =
logy
y =

logsy
Slope = -

>
(A y)
, =
13 , 0

equation of St . line
y -

y, =
m(A
>
-
PC
-

X, )
>
-

Slope y -0 =
-

&(A -3)
= -

-x + 1

1
= - logpX
+
10goy
logy (*) 1
=

logs4
+

logs/A)'s
=

+ logs 8
10gc 2

3)
= :

+ 10g8
=
5. loga 2
=

10gs[/ ** (2 6) ·
=
y =
X8
Exercise 5. y
Sx
=

The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log & + and log > C. The slope and the intercept on
%
the horizontal axis of the graph are − $ and 3 respectively. Express the relation between + and C in the

#
form C = P+ ; , where P and Q are constants. Ans: C = 8+ '$

Page 28
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Past paper questions

IFTEVEN1314 Question 1b

(!1# #(!&#
Simplify (!
.

MUST1415-1 Question 11

% %
Find the absolute extrema of the function C = &( − (( + 1 for + ∈ [−3,2]

IFTEVEN1415 Question 1

%
(a) Rewrite C = b%**1 " as logC = 8 + 9log+

(b) If log8( 9 = −3log8, express 8 with 9

UMAC1516 Question 9

%
Find the largest value of ,'(#&234 (
.

IFTEVEN1516 Question 1

If log 5 = 8 and log 3 = 9, express the following in terms of 8 and 9

(a) log15
"
(b) log √45

JAE1718 Question 4

The linear relationship between + and UVWC is as shown in following figure. If C = 89 1 , find the exact
value of 8 + 9.

Page 29
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

JAE1718 Question 10

State the number of roots that the equation ln(+ − 1) + ln + = ln 6.

JAE1819 Question 6

. /
If 8, 9 > 1, find the maximum value of log . ,/ - + log / ,.-? loga (b) + logb(t)
log()
+
=

log a
loga-logb
logb-ga
=

+
log a

1-lgb -ge
=

JAE1920 Question 6
Amamba
Aty =2 My
Civ
P : logas 0
log b) o
If + , = C%$ , which of the following is/are true?
r ,

%$ %$
logacut2 ,
Eb
clob An a
a b
=
,
I. log 1 C = II. log 2 + = O
III. log 1 C = %$ IV. log 2 + = %$
max = o

, ,
x5 =
y13
logaly) logg
10ga(AS) =

5 .gax =
13. loges

JAE2021 Question 7
$ $
Suppose the equation 9'1 − 4 ∙ 3'1 = Q has a real root. Find the range of Q.

JAE2021 Question 10

If log & + = C − 3 and 2(log & +)( = 4 − C, find the value of +.

JAE2022 Question 6

% %
Given 2. = 5/ = √10, find the value of + .
2a =
5b =
No +5 = c 10g2 + 2 log 5= 2 (log2 +.log5)/

log(29) = 10g(5b) =
10g (02) = 2 .

(log(2x5)(
2

10g2lg
=

a - =

JAE2022 Question 14
67 2x 2t 1 fx 42t
+ + +

Find the solution of 61 − 21 = 21#% − 61#% + 21#( .

-
=

f4 + fx+ 1 = 24 42A + 2
2 + +

64 + 61 6x . =
2x + 21 + 22 24 +
.

*
7 .
65 =
7 2x.

6x = 2x
logd67) =
log(27)
* .
g66 logo 2 A

(
= .

X (1 10962) 0
JAE2024 Question 9
.

=
-

X =
0 34 =
1
x =
0

)/ '%
Simplify b1 + ( ()$ ).

Page 30
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Supplementary exercise

Question 1.
$. / ∙(%*.)"
Simplify (,. $ )"

Question 2.
#
C. . / $ ×4/ "
Simplify , (.
-

Question 3.
#
If + = (X ± ZC ( )/ , express C in terms of +, X and Z.

Question 4.

Solve the following inequalities

/0-
1. 2(.(/ + 3 ∙ 2/ − 1 > 0 -
2. 4/.- + 2 ≤ 9 ∙ 2/ 3. 3/
' 0(/0, -
< 8(19

' .(/0, - ,(/0-) ' 0/

4. 2/ < 8(9 5. 0.5,/ + 0.5,/0( ≥ 40 -
6. 0.5/ − 0.25(/., ≤ 0

' '
7. 0.1-)/.& > 0.01,/ -
8. < (/ 0/0- > 1 9. log ' (3% − 1) ≥ 0

10. 3 log 4 (% − 4) − 2 < 0 -

11. log ).+ (% + 1) < 2 12. log + (2% + 1) > log + (% + 4)

-
13. log ( (% + 3) − 1 ≥ 2 log ( (% + 2) 14. ln(% − 2) + ln(% − 3) < ln(% + 1)

15. 2 log ).& (% + 2) ≤ log ).& (2% + 12) 16. ln(3% − 24) ≥ ln(−5% − 8)

-
17. log (% + 1) − log ( (% − 2) > log
*
'
*
'
12
-
18. 2(log ( %)( − 2 < (log ( 2%)( `

19. log ( (% + 4) + log ( (% − 2) ≤ 4 20. log , (% + 1) ≤ log 5 (5% − 1)

-
Question 5.
/
$ 012*+ $3012*+ "
Simplify " $ − 9/ × 3%## .
% 012*+ !%! 012*+ $

Page 31
2024-2025_JAE-notes: Topic 6: Exponential and logarithm 11th November,2024

Question 6.

Find the equations corresponds to the given graph below.

Question 7.
The linear relationship between + and log ( C is as shown in the following figure. If C = 89 1 , find the
value of 8 + 9.

Page 32
X
X
z
 0
even function EEA >
-

& zo

~
=

273
logs(*) <logy (1)
37733 7

logs() -
↑
10ga(* )
S
<
log3(2) =
a

= ka(
=>
za

What IF
-
 * A2
!!!
+ 1
44 + 2[9 24 .

(22x
+1
+ 21 9 .
21
+2
22 + 219 21 .

22 22x . -

9 2x. + 2 -

4
. (2 %"
9(25) + 2 =
(4A 1)(A 2) -
-

0 >
- -
-

Take A =
2
1

4A2 9A + 2 0
x]
- =

(4A 1)(A 2)
- -
= 0
-
A
y0VA 2
FA =
= =

2
28 ! =
or 21 =
2
222 12
2 =
25 or 2" =
2
-
2 ! X - /
X = -

2 or x= 1