Logic Shift and Rotate
Course Code: 0052 Course Title: : Computer Organization and
Architecture
Dept. of Computer Science
Faculty of Science and Technology
Lecturer No: 7(a) Week No: 9 Semester:
Lecturer: Name & email
Overview : LOGIC
Instructions to change the bit pattern in a byte or word
The ability to manipulate bits manually which is unlikely in high
level languages (Except C)
Logic Instructions: AND, OR, XOR and NOT
Logic Instructions can be used to clear, set, and examine bits, a
register or variable. i.e. these will be used for
Converting a lowercase letter to upper case
Determining If a register contains an even or odd number.
Overview: SHIFT
Bits can be shifted left or right in a register or memory
location.
When a bit is shifted out, it goes into CF.
Because a left shift doubles a number and a right shift halves
it, these instructions give us a way to multiply and divide
powers of 2.
Shifting is much faster than Multiplication and Division.
LOGIC Instructions
The ability to manipulate individual bits is one the main
advantages of assembly language.
Individual bits can be changed in computer by using logic
operations.
The binary values of 0 = False and 1= True
When a logic operation is applied to 8- or 16-bit operands, the
result is obtained by applying the logic operation at each bit
position.
Truth Table for AND, OR, XOR
and NOT
Solve the Following
1. AND Operation: 10101010 AND 11110000
2. OR Operation: 10101010 OR 11110000
3. XOR Operation: 10101010 XOR 11110000
4. NOT Operation: NOT 10101010
Solution
1 10101010 2 10101010
AND 11110000 OR 11110000
=10100000 =11111010
3 10101010 4 NOT 10101010
XOR 11110000 =01010101
= 01011010
AND, OR, and XOR
instructions
The AND, OR, and XOR instructions perform the named logic
operations. The formats are:
AND destination, source
OR destination, source
XOR destination, source
The result of the operation is stored in the destination, which must
be a register or memory location.
The source may be a constant, register, or memory location.
However, memory-to-memory operations are not allowed.
Effect on Flags
SF, ZF, PF reflect the result
AF is undefined
CF, OF= 0
One use of AND, OR, and XOR is to selectively modify the bits in
the destination.
To do this, we construct a source bit pattern known as mask.
The mask bits are chosen so that the corresponding destination
bits are modified in the desired manner when the instruction is
executed.
MASK
To choose the mask bits, we make use of the following
properties of AND, OR, and XOR:
b AND 1 = b
b OR 0 = b
b XOR 0 = b
b AND 0 =0
b OR 1 = 1
b XOR 1 = ~b (complement of b)
The AND instruction can be used to CLEAR specific destination bits while
preserving the others.
A 0 mask bit clears the corresponding destination bit.
a 1 mask bit preserves the corresponding destination bit.
The OR instruction can be used to SET specific destination bits while
preserving the others.
A 1 mask bit sets the corresponding destination bit.
A 0 mask bit preserves the corresponding destination bit. ·
The XOR instruction can be used to complement/Change specific
destination bits while preserving the others.
A 1 mask bit complements/Change the corresponding destination bit;
A 0 mask bit preserves the corresponding destination bit.
Clear bit
Example
Clear the sign bit of AL while leaving the other bits
unchanged
Solution:
Use the AND instruction with 01111111b=7Fh as the
mask.
Thus. AND AL,7Fh
Set or Complement Bit
Example: Set the most significant and least significant bits of AL
while preserving the other bits.
Solution: Use the OR instruction with 10000001b =81h as the
mask.
Thus, OR AL,81h
Example: Change the sign bit (MSB) of DX.
Solution: Use the XOR instruction with a mask of 8000h.
Thus, XOR DX,8000h
*** To avoid typing errors, it's best to express the mask in hex rather than
binary, especially if the mask would be 16 bits long.
Converting an ASCII Digit to a
Number
when program reads a character or digit from the keyboard, AL gets the ASCII code of
the character.
For example, if the "5" key is pressed, AL gets 35h instead of 5. To get 5 in AL, we did
SUB AL,30h
We can also do this by using an AND instructions to clear the high four bits of AL.
AND AL,0Fh
As the ASCII codes of "0" to "9" are 30h to 39h, this method will convert any ASCII digit
to a decimal value.
Using AND emphasizes on modifying bit pattern of AL and makes program more
readable.
Problem: convert a stored decimal digit to Its ASCII code?
Converting a Lowercase Letter to Upper
Case
The ASCII codes range for
"a" to “z" is 61h to 7Ah
"A" to "Z" is 41h to 5Ah.
So, to convert a lowercase to UPPERCASE we use the following operation:
Sub DL,20h
However, if we compare binary codes of corresponding lower and
uppercase letters,
Conversion using AND
To convert lower to upper case we need to clear only bit 5. This
can be done by using an AND instruction with the mask 11011111
or 0DFh. So if the lowercase character to be converted is In DL,
we execute
AND DL, 0DFh
Clearing a Register
MOV AX,o
SUB AX,AX
XOR AX,AX [1 XOR 1 = 0 and 0 XOR 0=0]
Testing a Register for Zero
To test the contents of a register for zero, or to check the sign
of the contents, we may use:
CMP CX,0
Not Instruction
The NOT instruction performs the one's complement operation
on the destination. The format is:
NOT destination (**No effect on status flags)
Example: Complement the bits in AX:
NOT AX
TEST Instruction
The TEST Instruction performs an AND operation of the destination
with the source but does not change the destination contents.
The purpose of the test instruction is to set the status flags. The
format is:
TEST destination, Source
Effects of flags on test operation:
CF, OF =0
AF = Undefined
SF, ZF, PF reflect the result
Bit Examination on TEST
TEST instruction can be used to examine individual bits in operand.
The mask should contain 1's in the bit positions to be tested and
0’s elsewhere
• As 1 AND b = b, 0 AND b = 0
The operation TEST destination, mask
Will have 1's in the tested bit positions if and only if the
destination has 1’s in these positions; and 0’s elsewhere.
if the destination has 0’s in all the tested positions, the result
will be 0 and thus ZF=1
Find Even Number
Example: Jump to label BELOW, If AL contains an even
number.
Solution: Even numbers have a 0 in bit 0. Thus, the mask is
00000001b=1
TEST AL, 1
JZ BELOW
The shift and rotate instructions shift the bits in the destination operand
by one or more positions either to the left or right.
For a shift instruction, the bits shifted out are lost
For a rotate instruction, bits shifted out from one end of the operand are
put back into the other end.
The instruction have two possible formats. For a single shift or rotate,
the form is
Opcode destination,1
For a shift or rotate of N positions, the form is
• Opcode destination, CL
Where CL contains N In both cases, destination is an 8- or 16-bit register
or memory location.
Shift Instructions…
Shift or Rotate instructions can be used to multiply and
divide by powers of 2, and we will use them in programs
for binary and hex I/O
***Note that for Intel's more advanced processors, a shift or
rotate instruction also allows the use of an 8-bit constant.
Left Shift (SHL) Instructions
The SHL (shift left) instruction shifts the bits in the destination to the left. The format for a
single shift is
SHL destination, 1
A 0 is shifted into the rightmost bit position and the msb is shifted into CF. If the shift
count N is different from 1, the instruction takes the form
SHL destination, CL (Here CL contains N and the above instruction made N single shifts)
The value of CL remains the same after the shift operation
SHL Instruction
Example: Suppose DH contains 8Ah and CL contains 3. What are the values
of DH and of CF after the instruction SHL DH,CL is executed?
The binary value of DH is 10001010. After 3 left shifts, CF will contain 0. The
new contents of DH may be obtained by
Erasing the leftmost three bits
Adding three zero bits to the right end, thus 01010000b = 50h.
Multiplication by Left Shift
Let us consider a decimal number 235.
• If each digit is shifted left and 0 is attached on the right end, we get
2350 which is same as multiplying by 10.
• Similarly, a left shift on a binary number multiplies it by 2.
For example, suppose that AL contains 5=00000101b
• A left shift gives 00001010b = 10 thus doubling its value.
• Another left shift yields 00010100= 20d, so it is doubled again.
Shift Arithmetic Left (SAL)
SHL Instruction can be used to multiply an operand by multiples of 2.
However, to emphasize the arithmetic nature of the operation the opcode
SAL (shift arithmetic left) often used in instances for numeric multiplication.
Both instructions generate the same machine code.
When we treat left shifts as multiplication, overflow may occur.
For a single left shift, CF and OF accurately indicate unsigned and signed
over- flow, respectively.
However, the overflow flags are not reliable indicators for a multiple left shift
as multiple shift is really a series of single shifts, and OF and CF only reflect
the result of the last shift.
Right Shift (SHR) Instructions
The instruction SHR (shift right) performs right shifts on the destination
operand
SHR destination, 1
A 0 is shifted Into the msb position, and the rightmost bit is shifted
SHR destination, CL
** here CL contains N In this case N single right shifts are made. The effect on
the flags is the same as for SHL
References
• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC, Ytha Yu
and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-2).
• http://faculty.cs.niu.edu/~byrnes/csci360/notes/360shift.htm
Books
• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC,
Ytha Yu and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-
2).
• Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, (Third
Edition), Linda Null and Julia Lobur
• W. Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for
performance”, 67h Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2003, ISBN 81 –
203 – 2962 – 7
• Computer Organization and Architecture by John P. Haynes.
