A GUIDE TO USE NET_DIFF

Version 1.14

Zhang Yize
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
zhyize@163.com

2021/08/16
 A guide to use Net_Diff

Contents
1 Overview............................................................................................................................. 3
2 How to Install...................................................................................................................... 5
3 How to Run ......................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Download .................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Positioning ................................................................................................................. 10
3.3 Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 25
3.4 Tool ............................................................................................................................ 28
3.5 Simulation .................................................................................................................. 29
3.6 Others ........................................................................................................................ 31
4 Others ............................................................................................................................... 31
Appendix: Format Description ............................................................................................ 32
A1 Coordinate file ............................................................................................................ 32
A2 Log file ........................................................................................................................ 34

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 A guide to use Net_Diff

1 Overview

Net_Diff is a software for GNSS Download, Positioning and Analysis.

It enables users to perform SPP/PPP/PPP-AR/DSPP/DPPP/RTK/PPP-RTK. All the signals of the

current GPS/GLONASS/BeiDou/Galileo/QZSS/IRNSS are supported from single-frequency to
triple-frequency. It can also be applied in SPP/PPP with BeiDou augmentation information
(authorized user).

It supports data analysis, including coordinate plotting, coordinate comparison, satellite number,
PDOP, satellite skyview, satellite visibility, cycleslip, troposphere, ionosphere, observation minus
correction, positioning residuals plotting and KML file writing.

It provides GNSS observation data and products download from many public FTP servers.

It also provides some useful tools such as time and coordinate system transferring, RTCM data
receiving through Ntrip and TCP/IP, raw data converting, RINEX editing, ssr dumping, CLALIB and
so on.

It provides a simple satellite orbit simulation.

Moreover, it supports multi-station PPP, clock estimation, DCB estimation based on GNSS net
(authorized user).

The software is available on GitHub: https://github.com/YizeZhang/Net_Diff. You can find the

latest version on the website.

Fig 1. GUI of Net_Diff

➢ New features of v1.1:

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1. Modify long baseline RTK;

2. More robust RTK under urban environment;

3. Add Time and Coordinate transfer tool;

4. Add RINEX editing;

5. Support command line input for better batch process;

➢ New features of v1.2:

1. Support tightly combined GNSS RTK;

2. Add .pos file output for RTKPLOT;

➢ New features of v1.3:

1. Support GLONASS AR in GNSS RTK;

2. Add Android raw data convert to RINEX;

➢ New features of v1.4:

1. Support mix-frequency mix-observation combination on each satellite system;

2. Support PPP-AR;

3. Support un-differenced un-combined PPP

➢ New features of v1.5:

1. Support triple-frequency un-differenced un-combined PPP;

2. Support PPP-RTK (CLAS)

➢ New features of v1.6:

1. Support new signal of BDS (B1c/B2a) and GLONASS (G3), Galileo (E6), QZSS (L6)

➢ New features of v1.7:

1. Support network PPP solution

2. Support loosely coupled PPP/INS and RTK/INS

➢ New features of v1.8:

1. Support SSR correction in PPP

2. Support receive RTCM message from Ntrip (Adapt from goGPS)

3. Support dump RTCM SSR and conversion of various types of raw data to RINEX (Adapt from
RTKLIB)

➢ New features of v1.9:

1. Support DCB estimation, framework maintenance, and add tool of CLASLIB.

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➢ New features of v1.10:

1. Support orbit simulation

2. Support BDS-3 PPP for all BDS signals.

➢ New features of v1.11:

1. Support moving baseline RTK

2. Support SSR based PPP-AR

3. Support ionospheric-free combination based PPP-AR

➢ New features of v1.12:

1. Support triple-frequency RTK/PPP-AR

➢ New features of v1.13:

1. Support SSR generation for PPP-RTK

2. Support fast PPP

2. Support PPP-AR for time and frequency transfer

➢ New features of v1.14:

1. Open functions of PPP-RTK, multi-station PPP

2. Fix bugs of data downloading

3. Open functions of positoning processing using command line

2 How to Install

After you download files from GitHub, please follow the steps to install Net_Diff.

➢ 1 Install gzip

Click gzip-1.3.12-1-setup.exe and install gzip. For example, after installing it, gzip.exe is under
C:\Program Files (x86)\GnuWin32\bin\

➢ 2 Install Net_Diff

a) If you have installed MATLAB R2017a or MATLAB Runtime version 9.2 (R2017a) in your
computer.

Open /for_redistribution_files_only/ and click Net_Diff.exe

b) If not.

Open /for_redistribution/ and click Net_Diff_Installer_web.exe to install MATLAB Runtime and

Net_Diff. Please keep your computer connected to the internet while installing. It will take a few

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minutes to download MATLAB Runtime, please be patient.

If error occurs in connecting MathWorks, try to rerun the installer, or check the firewall, proxy
server or virus scanner settings.

If error occurs in downloading MATLAB Runtime 9.2, please download or update it by hand from:
https://ww2.mathworks.cn/products/compiler/matlab-runtime.html.

If the above still doesn’t work, go to a).

After finishing installing, you can find the execute file from the installed directory, for example,
D:\Program Files\ Net_Diff\application\.

➢ 3 Set environment variables

This step is to automatically unzip the downloaded file and convert the crx file to rinex file if you
want to download or update files in Net_Diff. To do this, please:

Add the path of gzip.exe (C:\Program Files (x86)\GnuWin32\bin\) and crx2rnx.exe

(C:\Net_Diff\application\) to the PATH of system environment variables on your computer:

My computer→Properties→Advanced system setting→Environment variables→Edit the PATH

environment variable→Add path.

Fig. 2 Set environment variables

To check whether the environment variable of gzip and crx2rnx are properly set, you can check
them in the command window.

Fig. 3 Check whether the environment variables of gzip and crx2rnx are set

If you have problems in setting the environment variables, you can simply copy C:\Program Files
(x86)\GnuWin32\bin\gzip.exe to C:\Net_Diff\application and run Net_Diff from C:\Net_Diff\

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application. When running Net_Diff from the Windows Start or the Desktop, you should also copy
C:\Program Files (x86)\GnuWin32\bin\gzip.exe and C:\Net_Diff\application\crx2rnx.exe to the
folder of C:\Windows\System32 or Desktop.

Notes:

1. If you run Net_Diff from the Windows Start or Desktop, please select the correct directory of
the EOP file, Ant File and GLO&Leap file in the Input folder (C:\Net_Diff\application\Input) every
time. Therefore, it is recommended to run Net_Diff from the execute file (You can also copy the
folder of C:\Net_Diff\application to any other directories).
2. If the directory of Net_Diff.exe is not allowed to write files, try to run Net_Diff.exe from the
administrator.
3. When updating Net_Diff, you only need to copy the updated files
in for_redistribution_files_only/ to C:\ Net_Diff\application\.

3 How to Run

After installing the software properly, you can start to run it.

Click Net_Diff.exe, a DOS-like window will appear, then after a few seconds, the main GUI of
Net_Diff will be shown as below.

Fig. 4 Main GUI of Net_Diff

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The DOS-like window is also the processing status window. It gives you the information of the
processing status of Net_Diff.

Generally, the information can be divided into 3 kinds, i.e. INFO, WARN, ERROR. INFO just tells
you the action you did in the software. WARN is a warning information when you use Net_Diff. It
is not a severe problem. ERROR is the error information, which is a big issue and will certainly
affect your positioning result if you don’t handle it properly. Only after you solve the errors, you
can get the best positioning results.

Fig. 5 INFO, WARN and ERROR information in processing status window

3.1 Download

Click Process→Download or Ctrl+D to change to the download page.

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Fig. 6 Download Page

In this page, you can download the GNSS data and products from IGS or other servers.

Please check the hint information on each uicontrol to know its function.

Some tips in using the download function:

(1) When downloading IGS observation data, the station name is a four-character name.
Although the file name of RINEX 3 has adopted the long filename format, the software will
rename it as a RINEX 2-like file name.

(2) When downloading IGS final clock, although the clock file name is end with .clk_30s, the
software will delete _30s and rename it as .clk. This is to unify the filename of all clock
products from different ACs (Analysis Centers) for an easier use in data processing.

(3) When downloading the ultra-rapid products of igu, wuu, gbu, jxu, you can find the selection
of 24 among the update hour, it means the update hour of the product is 0h of the next day.
After decompression, the **_**.sp3 will change to **.sp3

(4) The long filename products will also rename as the traditional short filename products. For
example, the WUM0MGXFIN_20193000000_01D_15M_ORB.SP3 will rename as
wum20770.sp3. “gbm” means the short filename products from gbm, while “gbm0” means
the new long filename products from gbm.

(5) Please make sure that you have added the environment variable of gzip (or have copy
gzip.exe to the same folder of Net_Diff.exe), otherwise Net_Diff would not uncompress the

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downloaded file.

(6) If you check ChangePositionPanelDir, and change to the Positioning panel from the
Download panel, the directory of observation data, orbit, clock and output would also
change to the same directory of products and data in Download panel.

(7) If you can’t download data or product from FTP, check your internet connection or try
another FTP.

(8) When choose different FTPs, the button of Sta Map will take you to the corresponding
station map or product sites.

(9) If you want to download the observation file of many stations, the button of Select will help.
It enables you to select a file (*.sta) that lists the station name. An example of the station list
is as follows. Note that the last 4 characters of each line will be read if the string is longer
than 4 (The space before and after the string will be ignored)

Fig. 7 Example of station list file

3.2 Positioning

Click Process→Positioning or Ctrl+P to change to the positioning page.

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Fig. 8 Positioning Page

In this page, you can set your settings for different modes of positioning.

An easier way to start positioning is use positioning template firstly. When click pushbutton SPP
Temp, it provides a basic SPP template. When click pushbutton PPP Temp, it provides a basic PPP
template. When click pushbutton RTK Temp, it provides a basic RTK template. Based on the
template, you can change the settings according to your own requirement.

When click pushbutton Write, it writes the control file Control.txt for positioning. This would be
useful if you want to run Net_Diff by script or debug the source code of Net_Diff. When click
pushbutton Run, it writes the control file and start positioning.

You can check the hint information on each uicontrol to know its function. However, as there are
so many combinations of positioning settings, it is recommended to have your own try using your
data.

For a quick start, you can finish positioning processing with just 4 steps. Figure 9 shows an
example of GPS SPP.

After finishing running, there will be a message box asking you whether to go to the data
Analysis panel, which will be explained in the next section.

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Fig. 9 An example of GPS SPP using Net_Diff.

For a detailed understanding of how to use Net_Diff, the following sections will explain the
meaning of each options panel by panel.

3.2.1 Setting panel

Fig. 10 The setting panel

The setting panel gives some basic settings.

(1) The Year and DOY indicates the year and day of year (DOY) of the processed data.

(2) When finish input Year and DOY, the corresponding GPST will be shown on the label.
Meanwhile, the Start and End epoch to be processed will generate automatically. The default

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epoch is from 00:00:00 to 23:59:59. The Start and End time should strictly follow the format
like: 2017-06-07 00:00:00, which is a 19-character string.

(3) If you don’t know the DOY, you can also select the year, mon, day from the button of
Calendar.

Fig. 11 The Year and DOY selection from calendar

(4) The default observation file type is RINEX. If you choose X71_I, X71_Q, or X11, you should
have these types of data. If you don’t have, please ignore them and don’t choose these
types.

(5) The Orbit type includes SP3, Broadcast, Broadcast+APC and Broadcast+CoM. The type of
SP3 means that the orbit product is from the *.sp3 format orbit, while the latter three types
mean that it is from the broadcast ephemeris. APC indicates that the SSR correction is
corrected to the satellite antenna center, while the CoM means it is corrected to the center
of satellite mass. When choosing Broadcast+APC or Broadcast+CoM, the input of SSR file will
be shown in the File panel, please remember to choose an SSR file or a RTCM file that
contains SSR correction, which will enable you to perform SSR based positioning. The SSR file
is a self-defined text file that converted from the RTCM file in the Tool page. SSR file that
generated from BNC software is also supported.

(6) For the Clock type, the CLK type means that the clock is from a *.clk format file. Other types
are similar to those in the Orbit type.

Fig. 12 The clock type options in Net_Diff

(7) When the Orbit or Clock type is SP3 or CLK, you can add IGS AC’s name after the file
directory or choose the AC name in the popupmenu. As gbm provides the most satellites
products, the default precise orbit and clock product is from gbm. For example, the setting in
Figure 13 both indicate that the precise orbit and clock from gbm is selected and the file
name is E:\data\products\gbm20294.sp3 and E:\data\products\gbm20294.clk.

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Fig. 13 Use precise and clock products from gbm

For comparison, the selection in Figure 10 indicates that the broadcast ephemeris is used and
the directory of the navigation file is E:\data\brdm\brdm3330.18p (brdm***0.**p will set as
default if the navigation file is not specified).

(8) When use the Select button to select the orbit and clock products, you can choose whether
to select a file or a directory.

Fig. 14 Select orbit and clock product

(a) When a File is chosen for the orbit, the clock file will automatically change according to
the clock type.

(b) When a Directory is chosen, if the Orbit and Clock type is Broadcast/Broadcast+SSR
APC/Broadcast+SSR CoM, then the default navigation file required in Net_Diff would be
brdm***0.**p. If the Orbit and Clock type is SP3/CLK, if you choose a directory, then the
default precise orbit and clock file would be IGS AC+GPST.sp3 and AC+GPST.clk. For example,
the precise orbit and clock file required in Figure 13 is E:\data\products\gbm20294.sp3 and
E:\data\products\gbm20294.clk.

(9) You can use the Download button to download the satellite ephemeris.

(a) When the Orbit or Clock type is Broadcast/ Broadcast+SSR APC/ Broadcast+SSR CoM, it
will download brdm***0.**p to the orbit or clock directory.

(b) When the Orbit or Clock type is SP3 or CLK, it will download the corresponding precise
products according to the AC you choose. The rule of change and meaning of the precise
products is the same as that in the Download page.

(10) The default data interval is 30 s. If you select an observation file of the rover station, the

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interval will automatically change to the data interval in that file.

(11) The ClkFlagErr defines the tolerance of the clock error, which means that if the clock error is
not larger ClkFlagErr, it will assume this as the same epoch. The default value is 0.02 s. For
data sampling higher than 0.04 s, users should change the ClkFalgErr.

3.2.2 File panel

Fig. 15 The file panel

The file panel defines the input files and the output directory.

(1) The default directory of some files is a relative directory. When you open Net_Diff from the
Windows Start or the Desktop, please change the relative directory to the absolute directory
using the Select button.

(2) It is better to update EOP file and Antenna file when you are processing PPP/DPPP/Long
Baseline RTK. If you use GLONASS data, please update GLONASS Frequency & Leap second
file. Although most of the time, these files don’t need to update very frequently or don’t
have much impact on the result. Please make sure that gzip is installed when updating
GLONASS Frequency. If new leap second is added, please update GLOFre.txt manually.

(3) If you are processing PPP/DPPP/Long Baseline RTK, please check that if you have the Ocean
Load Coefficient of the station in Tide.txt. The Tide.txt is under the same folder of Input but
not shown in the GUI, you have to update it manually. In Net_Diff, the ocean load coefficient
will apply to the surrounding areas within 0.25 degrees.

(4) P1C1 DCB file only provides the P1C1 DCB of GPS. As its value is very stable, you can Update
it even once a year.

(a) When the processing mode is changed to PPP-AR and the code and phase bias is from
JAXA or SHA, the P1C1 DCB will change to FCB or UPD (The SHA UPD product is currently not
available via internet). You can download the corresponding JAXA FCB file through the
Download button.

(b) When the processing mode is changed to PPP-RTK(CLAS), the P1C1 DCB will change to L6
file, you can find the corresponding L6 file through the Download button.

(c) When the processing mode is changed to PPP-RTK(Net_Diff) or FastPPP(Net_Diff), the

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P1C1 DCB will change to SSRTropIono file, which is generated by Net_Diff (Authorized).

Fig. 16 The FCB/UPD file for JAXA/Net_Diff product-based PPP-AR, L6 file for PPP-RTK(CLAS),
SSRTropIono file for PPP-RTK(Net_Diff)

(5) GNSS BSX file contains not only GPS P1C1 DCB, but also Multi-GNSS and Multi-frequency DCB.
If you are processing single frequency or other combinations that is not the frequency
combination of the clock product and not use the broadcast ephemeris (As DCB/TDG
contains in broadcast file), you should Update GNSS BSX file.

When the processing mode is changed to PPP-AR and the code and phase bias is from
CNES/CNES(RT)/WHU/COD, the P1C1 DCB will change to gbm/cnt/whu/cod bias file, you can
download the corresponding bias file through the Download button. Note that
corresponding precise orbit and clock is also changed and should be used.

Fig. 17 The bias file for CNES product-based PPP-AR (The P1C1 DCB file is optional)

(6) For ION Type, when you choose Klobuchar or GIM model, you can download the GIM file

(a) If you choose GIM model, the default GIM product is from cod.

(b) If you choose Klobuchar model, the software will find the brdm file in the orbit directory
if the Orbit type is broadcast ephemeris. If it is SP3, then the software will find the brdm file
in the Ionosphere file directory.

(c) If you choose BeiDou 14 or BeiDou Grid model, you should have a standard BeiDou 14
parameter or grid file. If you don’t have, please ignore it and don’t use this model.

More ionosphere models will be added in the future.

(7) The output files including the coordinate file and log file will be output at the OutputDir. If
you check the option of Posfile, Net_Diff will also output a *.pos format file, which is
available for RTKPLOT.

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3.2.3 Model panel

Fig. 18 The model panel

The model panel sets the processing mode and some other models, which is the core part of
settings in Net_Diff.

(1) The default troposphere model is GPT2_5w+SAAS+VMF1, which means that the
meteorological parameters are derived from the GPT2_5w model, and the ZHD (Zenith
Hydrostatic Delay) and ZWD (Zenith Wet Delay) is calculated from the Saastamounien model,
and the mapping function is VMF1 (Vienna Mapping Functions 1). When using the NOM to
calculate the meteorological parameters, in fact Net_Diff uses the GPT model instead. You
can also try other troposphere models such as EGNOS, UNB3, UNB3m or SHATE, which have
their own meteorological parameters. The precision of the ZTD (Zenith total delay) is default
as 5 cm, according to many statistical results.

(2) When you set Wet delay as 0, it means that Net_Diff will not estimate the troposphere
parameter. If it is greater than 0, the residual part of zenith troposphere wet delay will be
estimated. If the estimation mode is LS (Least Square), the troposphere will be estimated
every wet delay interval (The default value is 7200 s). If it is KF (Kalman Filter), it will be
estimated as a random walk model, with a 1cm/sqrt(hour) walking noise.

(3) The ISB model applied to estimate the inter-system bias among different GNSS systems, the
IFB model is applied to estimate the inter-frequency bias for GLONASS. The default setting is
Random Walk for ISB and Linear Model for IFB. You can also try other models such as
Constant, White Noise for ISB and Frequency Depend for IFB. For GLONASS
RTK/PPP-AR/PPP-RTK, if the IFB is not checked, then no differential IFB will be estimated.

(4) The default GNSS system used is GPS, you can also use other GNSS systems independently or
combined.

(5) The Pos State defines the coordinate state of the rover station. F means the station
coordinate is fixed and not estimated, S means the coordinate is estimated in a static mode,
K means the coordinate is estimated in a kinematic mode, with a walking noise of 100 m

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between two adjacent epochs.

(6) The positioning mode includes many different modes:

Fig. 19 Positioning modes that supported by Net_Diff

(a) SPP and PPP follow the commonly used correction models, which can be found on the IGS
website (https://kb.igs.org/hc/en-us/articles/201271873-A-Guide-to-Using-the-IGS-Products),
and estimate other parameters such as station coordinate, receiver clock, residual
troposphere wet delay, ambiguities.

(b) When the positioning modes are PCOR/PCOR+Orb/Zone PPP, the BDS WADS PPP panel
will show and you should have corresponding files. Currently it is only for authorized user.

(c) As for PPP-AR, currently Net_Diff supports products from WHU (recommended), COD,
CNES, CNES(RT), and JAXA. Note that the products of precise orbit, clock, code and phase
bias should come from the correct AC. When processing PPP-AR, please remember to
download the bias files in the File panel.

(d) As for RTK, two stations including the rover and base station are necessary, which should
under the same folder.

(e) DSPP and DPPP are the differential SPP and PPP, which adopt the concept of station
difference to eliminate the errors from satellite and atmosphere. Observation data from the
base station and rover station are also required.

(f) PPP-RTK(CLAS) supports CLAS (Centimeter-Level Augmentation System), which is a public

PPP-RTK service from QZSS. Detailed information and usage of CLAS corrections can be found
in the interface specification documents of QZSS
(https://qzss.go.jp/en/technical/ps-is-qzss/ps-is-qzss.html). Please remember to download
the L6 file or use the OSR file in the File panel when using the function of PPP-RTK. Net_Diff
will convert the L6 file to OSR file if the L6 file is used. The OSR file is a self-defined text file
that converted from L6 file in the Tool page.

(g) PPP-RTK(Net_Diff) supports PPP-RTK that use the troposphere and ionosphere
corrections generated by Net_Diff. To enable this, you need to input the Net_Diff defined
troposphere and ionosphere correction file in the File panel.

(h) FastPPP supports fast PPP using the precise ionosphere or and troposphere correction,
for both ionosphere-free and raw measurement based PPP. The supported format of the
augmentation file includes the GIM format file and Net_Diff defined troposphere and
ionosphere correction file.

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(7) The Frequency and Combination option specifies the frequency used in the processing.
There are three kinds of frequency combinations for all GNSS systems, i.e., L1L2, L1L3, and
L2L3. The representation of L1, L2 and L3 are as follows:

Table 1. Representation of L1, L2 and L3 for different systems

Frequency GPS GLONASS BeiDou Galileo QZSS IRNSS

L1 L1 G1 B1 E1 L1 L5

L2 L2 G2 B2 E5a L2 S

L3 L5 G3 B3 E5b L5

Fig. 20 Frequency combination selections in Net_Diff

As for the combination among the frequencies:

(a) IF(Iono-Free) means the ionospheric-free combination of the two frequencies selected,
which is usually used in the traditional dual-frequency based SPP/PPP.

(b) P1P2 means the raw observation on the two frequencies. This is usually used in
RTK/PPP-AR/PPP-RTK and the uncombined SPP/PPP.

(c) P1/P2/P3 means single-frequency based SPP/PPP. In which P1, P2, and P3 mean the
frequencies of L1, L2 and L3, respectively.

(d) G1/G2/G3 also indicates the single-frequency based SPP/PPP. However, the graphical
combination of code and carrier phase (also known as Uofc model) is formed to eliminate the
ionosphere delay. G1, G2, and G3 mean the graphical combination at frequencies of L1, L2
and L3, respectively.

(e) For P1P2P3 and IF12+IF13, the triple-frequency data is used, in which the first two
frequencies are what we chose, while the third frequency is always the L3 frequency, i.e.,
L5/G3/B3/E5b/L5 for GPS/GLONASS/BeiDou/Galileo/QZSS, respectively. If one of the first
two frequencies is L3, then it indicates that only two frequencies will be used in the end. In
the P1P2P3 combination, the uncombined observation will be used, while in the IF12+IF13
combination, two ionospheric-free combinations are used.

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Fig. 21 Combination among the frequencies

(f) If you want to use different frequencies or different frequency combinations for different
GNSS systems, you can choose the Mix in the frequency and combination popupmenu, in
which the B1c, B2a signal for BDS, E6 signal for Galileo, and L6 signal for QZSS is supported.

Fig. 22 Mixed frequency and combination selections in Net_Diff

(g) For the positioning mode of PPP-AR/RTK/PPP-RTK which related to ambiguity resolution,
the combination here is forced to P1P2 (single- and dual-frequency) and P1P2P3
(triple-frequency). For the detailed observation combination, please go to the observation
combination MODE in the Ambiguity resolution panel.

(8) The Observation option specifies the observation types used in the processing. For SPP/DSPP,
the Code observation is used, for other processing types, the Code+Phase observation is
used. Doppler observation can be used in real kinematic scenario.

(9) Please properly set the CPD(Code/Phase/Doppler) noise according to the real observation
data quality. The default value is 0.3/0.003/0.03 m for them.

(10) For the cycle slip method, GF and MW are commonly used for dual-frequency and
triple-frequency data, while LLI and P-L are often used for single frequency data. The DD
method in cycle slip is only valid for static station. You can also use LLI and P-L for
dual-frequency data. Note that in RTK/PPP-AR/PPP-RTK, when the method of LLI or P-L is
used, if there is only single-frequency data for a satellite, Net_Diff will also use this
observation.

(11) INS is for loosely coupled PPP/INS, currently it is only for authorized user.

(12) For the stochastic model of the observations, the default and the recommended option is
elevation depended by Ele(a+b/sind(Ele)). Ele(1,1/2sind(Ele)) is another elevation

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dependent stochastic model. The SNR dependent model is that the stochastic model is
decided by the SNR value, while Ele+SNR model indicates the combination of
Ele(a+b/sind(Ele)) and SNR model . You can try these different stochastic models.

Fig. 23 Different stochastic models supported in Net_Diff

(13) For the Smooth method, Yes means the code observation will be smoothed by the carrier
phase or Doppler observation. For dual-frequency data, Hatch filter smooths the
ionospheric-free observation, while the CNMC filter smooths both the raw observation on
P1/P2 and the ionospheric-free observation. The P1, P2, P3 is used for the smoothing of
single frequency data, in which the length of a smoothing window is required. The Dop
means smoothing the code observation from the Doppler observation.

(14) The default processing mode is Forward, similar as real-time processing mode. For the
processing mode of Forward+Backward, it is only available in RTK, in which Net_Diff will
process the data both in forward and backward mode, and output a combined result.
Detailed algorithm can be referred from RTKLIB (http://www.rtklib.com/).

3.2.4 Coordinate panel

Fig. 24 The coordinate panel

The coordinate panel sets the file and coordinate of the observation data and the satellite
information.

(1) You can name your observation file as you like or following the IGS RINEX2 format. If the file
name is the same as the short filename format of IGS, when input the file name of the rover
or base station, you can input the four-character of the station. For example, if your
observation file name is abcd001.19o, then you can just input abcd in the text box in the
coordinate panel. Nevertheless, a simpler way is to just click Rover and Base button, then
select the observation file. The start and end epoch, the data interval, and the directory file
directory in the Setting panel will automatically change according to the rover station.

(2) When processing RTK or DSPP/DPPP, the file of the rover station and base station should
under the same folder.

(3) You can download the observation data using the DownRNX button, it will take you to the

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Download page.

(4) The pushbutton of SINEX, Header, and PPP means reading station coordinate from a SINEX
file, from the header of an observation file, and from the coordinate file from Net_Diff, as the
initial station coordinate. For the base station, it is better to set the approximate coordinate
of the base station. Otherwise, the SPP result of the first epoch will be adopted. As for the
rover station, if you don’t know the approximate coordinate of the first epoch, please set it
as zero, and Net_Diff will calculate the approximate coordinate using SPP.

(a) When reading coordinates from SINEX, note that as the SINEX file uses the four-character
format, so the first four character of the station name is used to find the corresponding
station name and coordinate. You can download the SINEX file of the corresponding week
and read the coordinate from it if you don’t select a SINEX file.

(b) When using the PPP file from Net_Diff, you can choose whether to use the mean
coordinate or the final coordinate in the file.

(c) The input approximate coordinate will be regarded as the reference coordinate when
calculate coordinate error in North, East, and Up direction in the result file. Therefore, if you
input the true coordinate as the approximate values, the NEU results will directly mean the
positioning error in the NEU direction. If the approximate coordinate is zero, then the
reference coordinate for the NEU error will be the SPP results of the first epoch. If you input
the wrong coordinate of the station of the first epoch, then Net_Diff will calculate a new
approximate coordinate from SPP.

(d) When the coordinate type of the base station is Moving_Baseline, the RTK or DSPP/DPPP
mode will change to Moving Baseline. The input approximate coordinate of the rover and
base station will not be used, and the output result in NEU direction will be the baseline
between the rover station and base station.

(5) If you don’t want to use some satellites, you can click Sat. Health (Satellite Health) and
uncheck the satellites in the Satellite Health panel. If you uncheck CheckHealth, Net_Diff will
not check satellite healthy in the broadcast ephemeris.

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Fig. 25 The Satellite Health panel

(6) The Net button is for multi-station PPP, clock solution and DCB estimation based on a
network, which is only available for multi-station PPP currently.

Fig. 26 Multi-station PPP panel

In the Muti-station PPP panel, you can Load all stations using the station list file (See Figure
7), you can also Add, Delete or Clear stations. The coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the stations can be
read from SNX file or RINEX file Header. You can output results including coordinate, receiver
clock, satellite clock, ZTD, ambiguity, ISB according to the functions (Currently on DCB, Clock,
UPD is not open). Please note that the format of the default coordinate result is different
from single station PPP. When only one station is added, you can output Net_Diff format
solutions by checking Netdiff.

3.2.5 Ambiguity resolution panel

Fig. 27 The ambiguity resolution panel

The ambiguity resolution panel is available and appears when the processing mode is
PPP-AR/RTK/PPP-RTK that related to ambiguity resolution.

(1) The Combination in the Model panel will be forced to P1P2 (single- or dual-frequency) or
P1P2P3 (triple-frequency) when the positioning mode is PPP-AR/RTK/PPP-RTK. The Mode in
this panel enables you to choose using different combination of observation data.
Dual/Triple freq means the dual- or triple- frequency data will be used, while the Single freq
1 means the only the single-frequency data on the first frequency will be used, and the
Single freq 2 means the second frequency. The Wide Lane(Dual/Triple) means the wide lane
combination will be formed using dual- or triple frequency data. The Long
Baseline(Dual/Triple) means the mode for long baseline RTK or PPP-AR will be enabled.

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Detailed algorithm on Long baseline RTK, please refer to

(https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2019.1646676). The Iono-Free(Dual/Triple) mode use
the wide-lane ambiguity to fix the ionospheric-free observation based narrow-lane ambiguity
(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0187-4), which is also used in long baseline RTK or
PPP-AR.

Fig. 28 Different processing modes in ambiguity resolution

(2) The Loosely Combined option process each GNSS system as a separate system in ambiguity
resolution, while the Tightly Combined option process all GNS systems together and only
one reference satellite will be used with code and phase bias estimated for other GNSS
systems. The default setting is Loosely Combined mode.

(3) If GLONASS data are used, you can choose whether to fix GLONASS ambiguity by checking
the checkbox of GLONASS AR.

(4) If GPS and QZSS data are used, you can choose whether to treat them as a same system or
two different systems. The default setting is QZSS separate, which means that GPS and QZSS
are two different systems, while QZSS no DISB, QZSS DISB code, QZSS DISB code/phase
indicates that the GPS and QZSS are treated as the same system, but DISB (Differential
Inter-System Bias) is ignored, or only code bias is estimated, or both code and carrier phase
bias is estimated between GPS and QZSS. Usually, when you are using two identical receivers,
you can treat GPS and QZSS as the same system and ignore the DISB. However, if you are
using different receivers, it is better to estimate it.

Fig. 29 Different ambiguity processing modes for QZSS when combined with GPS

(5) AR Mode Includes different ambiguity resolution modes, which is quite similar to RTKLIB. The
default mode is Continuous, which means that the ambiguity is estimated as a constant value
if no cycle slip occurs and the satellite elevation is higher than the Fix Ele. The Instantaneous
mode is a single-epoch AR mode, which means that ambiguities are re-initialized every epoch.
The Fix&Hold mode means that when the satellite elevation is higher than Hold Ele and the
satellite ambiguity doesn’t change for at least Min fix to hold epochs, the covariance of the
ambiguity will add a constraint of Hold Var cycles.

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Fig. 30 Ambiguity resolution mode

(6) As for Partial AR, Net_Diff provides three options of No Full AR, Data Driven AR, Model
Driven AR, Data+Model Driven. The No Full AR always try to fix the ambiguities of all
satellites. However, it is recommended that you choose Data Driven Par AR or Model Driven
Par AR, although it may take a little more time, but it is worthy in the aspect of fix rate and
precision. Model Driven Par AR is the traditional partial AR in LAMBDA method, which try to
fix part of the satellite after ambiguity decorrelation, while Data Driven Par AR is a modified
partial AR which try to fix part of the satellite before ambiguity decorrelation. Data+Model
Driven is the combination of model driven and data driven partial AR. In Net_Diff, Data
Driven Par AR is set as default.

Fig. 31 Partial ambiguity resolution method

(7) The default ratio option of AR fixed dependence is a confidence level with 90.0%. You can
also set threshold of the ratio to a fixed value (usually 2~3). For the AR success rate, it is only
effective when the partial AR mode contains model driven. You can set it as 0.99 (the default
value is 0.68 in Net_Diff) to get a reliable fixed result. If you just need to get a more accurate
result and don’t consider the fixing reliability, you can set success rate as 0.

(15) If you use Long Baseline RTK mode, please remember to check Est. Iono to estimate the
residual ionosphere difference. If you don’t estimate ionosphere parameter, it is same as
Dual freq mode, which is usually for short baseline.

3.2.6 Command line

You can run the positioning function of Net_Diff with command line.

After proper change the settings or successful run a sample in the positioning panel, you can click
Write or Save Configure (Ctrl+S) to write/save the configuration file. The default file name is
“Control_Net.txt”. With this file, and the Net_Diff.dll file in the Input folder, you can run Net_Diff
with command line. The usage is “Net_Diff.dll Control_Net.txt”.

3.3 Analysis

Click Process→Analysis or Ctrl+A to change to analysis page. If you are from positioning page,

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the coordinate file and log file will automatically change to the results you just processed.

Fig. 32 Analysis Page

In this page, you can get analysis the positioning results and make positioning report through
pushbutton of Plot in the Coordinate panel and Make Report.

When the GoogleMap is checked, you need to input your GooleMap API key to set Google Map
as the figure background.

You can also make the kml file in pushbutton KML and check the real positioning track on Google
earth using pushbutton GoogleEarth (Make sure that you have installed Google Earth).

You can compare two positioning results in the Compare Coordinate panel. Time difference (such
as GPST and UTC) and coordinate offset can be set before comparison.

Moreover, you can also analysis the satellite and positioning information by pushbutton of Plot in
the Log panel.

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Fig. 33 Example of analysis results

There are some tips in using the Analysis page:

(1) For coordinate type, currently it supports Net_Diff coordinate file, Net_PPP coordinate file,
pos file from RTKLIB, NMEA file, csv file from POSLV. A simple format of the file is also
supported, but should be named as “*.pos”, the explanation of the format is as follows:

Fig. 34 Format explanation of the self-defined pos file

(2) You can choose whether to plot All coordinates or just plot the Fixed, or the Float solutions
and separate the color of the points for different solutions. For positioning modes that are
not related to ambiguity resolution, the solution is considered as Float.

(3) When plotting coordinate file, the software will also check Start and End epoch in the Log
panel. So please carefully check the time when you plot another coordinate file. If you are

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not sure about the detailed epoch, just clear the time in the Start and End epoch.

(4) When comparing two coordinate files, you can set the time difference if the two files are in
different time system. For example, time system of NMEA is usually in UTC. Please change
the time system to UTC, and you can set the difference between file 1 and file 2. For example,
if the time system in file 1 is in GPST, while the time system in file 2 is in UTC, then the time
difference is 18 s. If the time system in file 1 is in UTC, and the time system in file 2 is in GPST,
then the time difference is -18 s. The default setting is that both file 1 and file 2 is under
GPST thus no time difference issue needs to consider. You can also set the Coordinate offset,
which expressed in North, East and Up, between file 1 and file 2.

Please check the hint information on each uicontrol to know its function.

3.4 Tool

Click Process→Tool or Ctrl+T to change to the tool page.

Fig. 35 Tool Page

In this page, you can transfer between different time format and transfer coordinate system.
RTCM data receiving through Ntrip, RNX data editing and data converting are also supported.

Some explanation on using the Tool page:

(1) In the Ntrip panel, you need a user ID and password. You can also set your own caster host.
The saved file is in RTCM format, which can be converted to RNX and ssr file in the

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RTCM/RINEX Convert & Edit panel. The part of receiving real-time data is referred from
goGPS (https://gogps-project.github.io/).

(2) In the RTCM/RINEX Convert & Edit panel, there are different data editing and converting
tools.

(a) The ConvBin, which is modified from RTKLIB, enables you to convert different types of
raw observation data (including RTCM) to standard RINEX format.

(b) The dumpSSR, also modifies from RTKLIB, means you can dump the SSR information in
the RTCM file to a text file. As SSR file doesn’t include week information, you should select an
approximate RTCM week that is in the same week of your SSR file.

(c) If you choose RINEX3 To 2, it allows you to change to RINEX3 format to RINEX2 format.

(d) If you choose Android to RINEX, you can change Android raw data to RINEX format. The
raw data of Android means the raw data recorded from the GNSSLogger, which is released by
Google. You can find the APP and some sample data here:
(https://github.com/google/gps-measurement-tools/releases).

(e) Net_Diff also provide an easy use of CLASLIB, which is released by QZSS and supports
CLAS positioning. You can also use the SSR2OBS to convert the L6 file from QZSS to OSR file,
RINEX file, and RTCM MSM file. When using CLASLIB and SSR2OBS, some basic files such as
the configuration file, navigation file, L6 file, or observation file should be prepared. Net_Diff
provided a sample of configuration file and some other files which is required by CLASLIB and
SSR2OBS. You should change some setting of the configuration file and prepare the
navigation file and L6 file, or observation file.

(f) If you don’t select any of the above options, you can edit your RINEX 3 file, similar as
TEQC.

For the detailed use of each function, please check the hint information on each uicontrol to
know its function.

3.5 Simulation

Click Process→Simulation or Ctrl+X to change to the simulation page.

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Fig. 36 Simulation Page

In this page, you can simulate satellite orbits after setting their parameters. The simulation of
GNSS observation is not open currently.

To simulate satellite orbit, you should first define the satellite Kepler parameter in the table. By
Add button, a sample of GPS satellite will be added. You can change other parameters as you like.

In the Animation panel, the figure of the satellite orbit and the and the animation can be shown
if you check them. The orbit information can also be saved as files.

Fig. 37 Simulated orbit

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3.6 Others

In the Configure menu, you can select Save Configuration or Ctrl+S to save your settings in the
positioning panel as a .cfg file. And you can select Load Configuration or Ctrl+L to load the
existed .cfg file. This would be helpful if you want to do the same or similar positioning next time.

In the Setting menu, you can select voice hint in Chinese (Voice(中文)) or English (Voice(English)).
If you don’t want to use this function, please uncheck it.

If the voice is selected, when you are processing the positioning in the Positioning Panel or
reading log file in the Analysis Panel, a song will be played at the same time. It is named “We Will
Change” from Komas Mida, one of my favorite post-rock. Hope you like it.
(https://www.last.fm/music/Komas+Mida/Oh!+Thee+Glory+Days+of+Ignorance/We+Will+Chang
e)

In the Setting menu, Enable Terminate allows to terminate the positioning process, otherwise
you can only terminate the processing through management window.

In the Setting menu, Close All Files is the same as the meaning. It is usually used in some
occasions that Net_Diff doesn’t work properly and doesn’t close the opened file.

In the Help menu, you can also open this help document using How to use or Ctrl+H. You can also
find some resource website on DataSource. Besides, you can find the Website of Net_Diff on
GitHub, the latest version of Net_Diff will be uploaded on it, you can update it if a new version is
released.
There are some examples in the folder of test on GitHub, including data, results and .cfg file. You
can load the .cfg file and test them with your Net_Diff.

4 Others

Please keep an eye on the processing status window when you are using Net_Diff, which will tell
you the processing status. Or open the voice hint so that you can turn to do other things while
waiting.

If the processing status window doesn’t refresh, try to press enter in the processing status
window to refresh.

If the positioning process doesn’t work, check if Net_Diff.dll from the last operation is still
working using the task management window. If yes, please kill it and then retry Net_Diff. If it still
doesn’t work, close Net_Diff and restart it. Therefore, it is recommended to save the
configuration every time.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please contact me by E-mail: zhyize@163.com or join
the QQ group: 838636621.

Thank you for using Net_Diff.

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Appendix: Format Description

Two kinds of files, i.e., the coordinate file (Coor****.txt, or Coor****.pos) and log
file(Log****.txt), are the output of Net_Diff after every data processing. Here gives the format
description of these files.

A1 Coordinate file

The coordinate file (Coor****.txt) contains the output message of coordinate, coordinate error,
solution type, satellite number, PDOP, ZTD, satellite clock (only for SPP/PPP/DSPP/DPPP).

In the coordinate file, the header information gives the settings of the data processing. After the
line of “++Coordinate===”, it comes to the coordinate solution result.

Fig. A1 Example of the coordinate solution

The detailed description is as follow:

Table A1. Description of the coordinate solution.

Example Description Format
1 Epoch I5
2020 5 30 1 0 0.0 Year, Mon, Day, Hour, Min, Sec I6, 4(I4), F5.1
0.6709 0.3150 1.3412 Error in North, East, Up and 3D (*) 4(F12.4)
1.5323
3 Solution type: I4
0: Float, SPP/PPP/DSPP/DPPP
1: Fixed, full AR
2: Fixed, partial AR
3: Float, AR failed
1.38 PDOP F8.2
2.377 ZTD (**) F8.3
7 Satellite number (***) I3
-3817116.502 3094954.252 XYZ(ECEF) 3(F15.3)
4052672.074
39.701082706 Latitude/Longitude/Height (WGS-84) 2(F15.9), F15.3
140.964533051
260.692

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-0.22102646E-06 Receiver clock (****) E17.8

(*) The coordinate error is the compared with the approximate coordinate given in the
Positioning page (See 3.2.4). If the approximate coordinate is zero or the error is larger than 30m,
Net_Diff will calculate a new approximate coordinate from SPP. For Moving-Baseline RTK, the
coordinate error is the baseline in NEU direction.
(**) For short baseline RTK mode, ZTD is always zero; for long baseline RTK, ZTD is the ZTD
difference between the base and rover station.
(***) For RTK/PPP-AR/PPP-RTK, satellite number here means the satellite number after satellite
differencing.
(***) For multi-GNSS, only the receiver clock of the first system is outputted among
GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo/QZSS/IRNSS. For multi-frequency solution, only the receiver clock of
the first frequency is outputted among L1/L2/L3. For DSPP/DGNSS, satellite clock is the clock
difference between the rover and base station. For PPP-AR/RTK/PPP-RTK, the satellite clock is not
outputted.

The coordinate file (Coor****.pos), which is quite similar to the pos file from RTKLIB, can also be
plotted using RTKPLOT.

Fig. A2 Example of the coordinate solution

After the header information, the detailed description of as follow:

Table A2. Description of the coordinate solution.

Example Description Format
2020/05/30 01:00:00.000 Year, Mon, Day, Hour, Min, Sec I4,2(A1,I2.2),1X,2(I2.2,A1),F6.3
39.701082706 Latitude/Longitude/Height 2(F15.9), F12.4
140.964533051 (WGS-84)
260.6917
2 Solution type: I4
1: Fixed,
2: Float
3 Solution type: I4
0: Float, SPP/PPP/DSPP/DPPP
1: Fixed, full AR
2: Fixed, partial AR
3: Float, AR failed
7 Satellite number (*) I4
-3817116.502 XYZ(ECEF) 3(F15.3)
3094954.252
4052672.074

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12.345 Baseline length in North, East, 3(F12.3)

23.456 and Up (**)
34.567
(*) Same as in Table A1.
(*) This is only outputted in RTK mode.

A2 Log file

The log file records the messages during data processing. In Net_Diff, it can be separated into two
kinds, i.e., one related to ambiguity resolution (RTK/PPP-AR/PPP-RTK), and one is not
(SPP/PPP/DSPP/DGNSS).

A2.1 RTK/PPP-AR/PPP-RTK

One example of the zero-difference part is as follow:

Fig. A3 Example of the zero-difference log

Table A3. Description of the zero-difference log

Symbol Description Format
A Approximate receiver clock(s) E15.6
B PRN A1, I2
C Satellite elevation (deg) F8.2
D Satellite azimuth (deg) F8.2
E Pseudo-range at P1 (m) F13.3
F Carrier phase at L1 (m) F13.3
G Geometric distance (m) (*) F13.3
H Satellite clock (s) (**) E15.7
I Slant troposphere delay (m) F7.2
J Slant ionosphere delay (m) F7.2
K Satellite relativity correction (m) F7.2
L OMC of P1 (m) (***) 2X, F7.2
M OMC of P2 (m) F7.2
N OMC of L1 (m) F13.2
O OMC of L2 (m) F13.2

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P Initial ambiguity of L1 (cycle) (****) F13.2

Q Initial ambiguity of L2 (cycle) F13.2
(*) The geometric distance is the distance after earth rotation correction, and it doesn’t include
receiver and satellite PCO/PCV correction.
(**) The satellite clock includes satellite DCB/TGD correction. For RTK, the satellite clock is
referred to P1; for PPP-AR and PPP-RTK, the satellite clock is referred to ionosphere-free
combination of P1 and P2.
(***) OMC: Observation minus correction, also known as the pre-fit residuals.
(****) The value will be 9999.00 if there is no carrier phase observation on this frequency.

One example of the station-difference and double-difference part is as follow:

Fig. A4 Example of the station-difference and double-difference log

Table A4. Description of the station-difference and double-difference log

Symbol Description Format
A SD: Symbol of station-difference (*) A6
DD: Symbol of double-difference
B PRN 1X, A1, I2
C OMC of P1 (m) F8.3
D OMC of P2 (m) F8.3
E SD: OMC of L1 (m) F13.3
DD: OMC of L1 (cycle)
F SD: OMC of L2 (m) F13.3
DD: OMC of L2 (cycle)
G SD: OMC of L1 or WL or Ionosphere-free (m) (**) F13.3
DD: OMC of L1 or WL or Ionosphere-free (cycle)
H SD: OMC of L2 or reserved (m) F13.3
DD: OMC of L2 or reserved (cycle)
I (***) DD: OMC of MW (cycle) (****)(*****) F13.3

(*) SD will not appear in PPP-AR/PPP-RTK mode.

(**) L1 is for RTK, WL is for long-baseline mode of PPP-AR/PPP-RTK, ionosphere-free is for

ionosphere-free mode of PPP-AR/PPP-RTK.

(***) This row will appear in PPP-AR/PPP-RTK mode.

(****) The value will be 99.000 for long-baseline mode of PPP-AR/PPP-RTK.

(*****) For triple-frequency RTK, the value from C to H will be OMC of P1, P2, P3, L1, L2, L3 for
SD; the value from C to I will be OMC of P1, P2, P3, L1, L2, L3, MW for DD.

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One example of the solution part is as follow:

Fig. A5 Example of the solution log

Table A5. Description of the solution log

Symbol Description Format
A Float solution of coordinate (dx, dy, dz in ECEF) and 4F7.2
troposphere (dztd) (m) (*)
B Post-fit residuals of pseudorange and carrier phase F7.3
(m)
C Float solution of slant ionosphere delay (diono) (m) I6, F8.2
D Float solution of ambiguity (damb) (cycle) I6, F8.1
E Fixed solution of ambiguity (damb) (cycle) I6, F8.1
F Ratio, Solution type (**), accumulated fixed solution F7.2, I7, I6, F10.3
number, reserved
G Fixed solution of coordinate (dx, dy, dz in ECEF) (m) 3F7.2
H Float or fixed solution of coordinate (NEU) (m) F10.3

(*) For short baseline RTK, there is no troposphere correction. The troposphere delay doesn’t
include the model correction part.

(**) The meaning of solution type can be found in Table A1.

A2.2 SPP/PPP/DSPP/DPPP/FastPPP

One example of the log file is as follow:

Fig. A3 Example of the log file

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Table A3. Description of the log file

Symbol Description Format
A See Fig. A3 and Table A3 (*)
B Solution of coordinate (dx, dy, dz in ECEF) A1, I2
(m) and troposphere (dztd) (m) (**)
C Coordinate (X, Y, Z in ECEF) (m) F8.2
D Slant ionosphere delay (diono) (m) (**) I6, F8.2
E Post-fit residual (m) F10.4
F Satellite elevation F10.2
(*) The meaning of this part is generally the same as Fig. A3 and Table A3. Some differences are:
(1) For ionosphere-free combination, the satellite clock is the satellite clock is referred to
ionosphere-free combination of P1 and P2; for other combination, the satellite clock is referred
to the first frequency of the combination. (2) For ionosphere-free combination and single
frequency, the geometric distance includes receiver and satellite PCO/PCV correction; for
dual-frequency/triple-frequency with raw measurements, it doesn’t include receiver and satellite
PCO/PCV correction. (3) For ionosphere-free combination, the outputted OMC is ionosphere-free
combination of PC and LC.
(**) The troposphere and ionosphere delay doesn’t include the model correction part.

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