12/16/2024

1 Internet Basics

2 What is the Internet?

• The Internet is a network of networks of computers.
3 History of Internet

4 Uses of the internet

• In general, the Internet can be used to communicate across large or small distances, share
information from any place in the world and access information or answers to almost any question
in moments.
• Some specific examples of how the Internet is used include:
• Social media and content sharing;
• E-mail and other forms of communication, such as Internet telephony, instant messaging, video
conferencing
• education and self-improvement through access to online degree programs, courses and
workshops and
• searching for jobs -- both the employer and applicant use the Internet to post open positions,
apply for jobs and recruit individuals found on social networking sites like LinkedIn.
•
5 Other examples include:

• Online discussion groups and forums

• Online gaming
• Research
• Reading electronic newspapers and magazines
• Online shopping, or e-commerce.
6 What is the World Wide Web?
• The World Wide Web is a hyperlinked network of documents and other resources found on the
computers of the Internet.
7 Difference between the World Wide Web and the Internet
• The key difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW or the Web) is that the
Internet is a global connection of networks while the Web is a collection of information that can be
accessed using the Internet. In other words, the Internet is the infrastructure and the Web is a
service on top.
•
8 DNS

• The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access information
online through domain names, like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers interact
through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so
browsers can load Internet resources.
9 How does DNS work?

1
 12/16/2024

• The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as www.example.com) into a
computer-friendly IP address (such as 192.168.1.1).
•
• An IP address is given to each device on the Internet, and that address is necessary to find the
appropriate Internet device - like a street address is used to find a particular home.
10 URL
• Uniform Resource Locator: A URL is a unique identifier used to locate a resource on the Internet.
• The location of a webpage or file on the Internet.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacy.
•

11
• Just as buildings and houses have a street address, webpages also have unique addresses to help
people locate them. On the Internet, these addresses are called URLs (Uniform Resource Locators).
•
•
•
12 Parts of a URL
• The domain name is the name of the computer that has the resource you want.
• This computer is often called the host.
13 Parts of a URL
• The port specifies the port number that the server is listening to for requests.
• Port number is optional
• If not given, the default of port 80 is used.
• The exact path to the desired resource follows the domain name (and port number if given).
•
14 Web browsers
• A web browser, or browser for short, is a computer software application that enables a person to
locate, retrieve, and display content such as webpages, images, video, as well as other files on the
World Wide Web.
• Browsers work because every web page, image, and video on the web has its own unique Uniform
Resource Locator (URL), allowing the browser to identify the resource and retrieve it from the web
server.

15 Popular Browsers

• Google Chrome
• Apple Safari
• Microsoft Internet Explorer and Edge
• Mozilla Firefox
• Opera
•

2
 12/16/2024

•
16 Search Engine
• A search engine is a web based tool that is used by people to locate information on the internet.
Some of the most popular examples of search engines are Google, Bing, Yahoo!, & MSN Search.
• The search engine is helpful as it carries out a systematic search on the web and displays the results
that best match the user’s query.
17
• The results are usually retrieved in the form of a list often referred to as SERPs or Search Engine
Result Pages. These results or information may be links to web pages, or a mix of images and
videos, research papers, newspaper articles, etc.
18 How does a Search Engine work?

• The search engine follows three steps to execute the query of the user-
– Crawling (Discovering new web pages on the internet starts with crawling. All search engines
use these bots called web crawlers or spider bots that follow links to the new webpages present
in the known ones.)
– Indexing(Once the data is crawled it is sent for indexing-saving data on the database of the
search engine called the index.)
– Ranking(The last step is to rank the results on the SERP. The search engines have their criteria
based on which the search results are listed. These signals or criteria are hidden from the public.
It is the work of the ranking to determine the order of the web links on the results page.)

19

20 E-mail
• Electronic Mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages between people using
electronic devices.
• This service allows an Internet user to send a message in a formatted manner (mail) to other
Internet users in any part of the world.
• Message in the mail not only contain text, but it also contains images, audio and videos data.
• The person who is sending mail is called sender and person who receives mail is called
the recipient.
• It is just like postal mail service.
21 E-Mail Address

• Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is known as E-mail
address. Different users can send and receive messages according to the e-mail address.
• The structure of the E-mail address is username@domain name
• An example of E-mail address is raman@gmail.com
• An E-mail address consists of two parts separated by @ symbol. The first part Raman is the user
name that identifies the address and the second part gmail.com is the domain name of the E-mail
server.
22 Structure of Email
• To: This field consists of the address to whom the message has to be sent. This is mandatory.
•

3
 12/16/2024

•
• CC: Short for carbon copy. This is optional. The people who were mailed copies of the message.
The recepients of the message will know to whom all the copies have been sent.
•
• BCC: Its stands for Blind Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or more of the
recipients to know that someone else was copied on the message. This is optional.
•
• Subject : The Subject field indicates the purpose of e-mail.
•
• Attachment: Attachment contains files that you are sending, linked documents, pictures, etc. along
with an e-mail.
•
• Body: The email body is the main part of an email message. It contains the message’s text, images
and other data (such as attachments). The email’s body is distinct from its header, which contains
control information and data about the message (such as its sender, the recipient and the path an
email took to reach its destination).
•
• Signature: Name of the sender
23 Advantages and Disadvantages of Email:

Advantages:
• Reliable: Because it notifies the sender if not delivered.
• Speed: E-mail is very fast delivered in fraction of seconds.
• Inexpensive: Its very cheap.
• Waste Reduction: Helps in paperless communication thus eco-friendly.

Disadvantages:
• Forgery: Anyone who hacks the password of the sender can send a message to anyone.
• Overload: Because it is cheap loads and loads of messages keeps coming.
• Junk: Junk emails are not intended mails and is inappropriate also. Junk emails are sometimes
referred to as spam.
24 TELNET
TELNET: The Internet allows computers to converse with each other over
networks. A telnet program allows us to log into a distant computer
almost as if we were actually sitting physically at that computer.