INTERNET- meaning and concept

• The Internet is a globally connected network system that facilitates communication

and data services through a vast collection of private, public, business, academic,
and government networks. It serves as a virtual infrastructure that links millions of
computers and electronic devices worldwide, allowing users to exchange
information seamlessly.
• The Internet is decentralized, which means there is no central authority governing its
operations. To enable communication between devices, the Internet relies on
protocols and standards that govern how small units of data are formatted,
addressed, and transmitted.
• According to technopedia-” a globally connected network that facilitates
communication and data services through a vast collection of networks.”
• the Internet plays a fundamental role in modern society, enabling individuals,
businesses, and organizations to connect, communicate, and access information on a
global scale. Its decentralized nature and robust infrastructure make it a powerful
tool for driving innovation, economic growth, and social development.
Meaning cont..
• The Internet is a ‘Network of Networks’, an ‘electronic web’, and an
information superhighway that interlinks organizations and individuals
with accessibility to the network. It serves as an information library,
enabling searching of all possible topics and is accessible to all users
regardless of their profile.
• When two or more autonomous computers are interconnected in a
manner that allows them to share information and resources to
enhance performance, it is referred to as a network. When such
sharing occurs at a global level, it is known as the internet. The
internet serves as a communication network, bridging all worldwide
small networks.
HOW DOES INTERNET WORKS

• The Internet is a complex network of interconnected networks governed

by protocols and standards.
• The foundation of the Internet is built on a protocol called Internet
Protocol (IP). IP provides a set of rules that govern how data is
transmitted across networks. Every device connected to the Internet is
assigned a unique IP address which serves as its virtual identifier.
• IP addresses play a crucial role in routing data packets between different
devices and ensuring the delivery of information across the Internet.
When a new computing device connects to the Internet, it is assigned an
IP address, The IP address allows other devices and servers to locate and
communicate with the new device on the network.
• There are two main types of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 addresses
consist of four sets of numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.0.1),
while IPv6 addresses are longer and consist of eight groups of
hexadecimal numbers separated by colons (for example,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
• When data is sent over the Internet, it is broken down into small units
called packets. These packets contain information about the source,
destination, and sequence of the packets – as well as the actual data
itself. The process of routing these packets efficiently through the
network to reach their intended destination is called packet switching.
• Routers play a crucial role in directing data packets to their
destination. Routers communicate with each other and exchange
information about network routes to ensure that packets are forwarded
along the most efficient path to the destination IP address.
• Unfortunately, IP addresses are not human-friendly, so the Domain
Name System (DNS) acts as a directory and translates IP addresses
into user-friendly domain names that people can remember.
• When someone types “Techopedia.com” into their web browser, for
example, the DNS system resolves the domain name to the right IP
address and allows the person’s computing device to connect to the
Techopedia website.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNET
• E-MAIL Email, i.e., electronic mail, is a fast method of
exchanging messages between the sender’s and
receiver’s systems using the Internet. You can
even send non-text files like images, videos,
and audio files as attachments.
Components of an e-mail
1. Recipients-This is the main component of electronic mail, including the email
addresses of the people to the individual(s) you want to send the email. You can enter
the recipient’s email addresses in the “To” field. You can also include additional
recipients in the “CC” and “BCC” fields. It is also important to enter a valid email
address to ensure that it reaches its recipients.
• 1. TO: The “To” field specifies the email’s primary recipient(s). This is the person or
group of people who will be responsible for taking action or responding to the
electronic mail.
• 2. CC: The “CC”, i.e., the “carbon copy” field, includes additional recipients in the
electronic mail. These people are not the primary recipients but may be interested in
the electronic mail’s content or need updates on a situation. A cc recipient can
simultaneously reply to everyone, including the primary recipient.
• 3. BCC: The “BCC,” i.e., “blind carbon copy” field, includes recipients who should
receive the electronic mail but whose email addresses should not be visible to others.
This feature acts as an incognito mode.
2. Main Text
• 1. Subject: The email’s subject line should summarize the email’s
content. It should be clear, concise, and informative so the recipient
knows what to expect when they open the email. It should not be a
one-word vague subject like “Appointment”. Always specify the
purpose to avoid confusion.

• 2. Salutation: A salutation addresses the recipient with an opening

greeting depending on the electronic mail type. It can be formal or
informal, according to the relationship between the parties.
• 3. Greetings: Greetings are friendly messages usually written after the salutation. It can
express gratitude, show appreciation, or wish the recipient well.
4. Body: The email’s body contains the message’s main content. It should be well-
organized, easy to read, and contain all the relevant information as per the need of this
communication.
• 5. Signature: The signature is a text block at the end of an email. It typically includes the
sender’s name, job title, contact information, and other relevant details. Some users
prefer digital signatures, which makes it easy and reliable. They can use an email
signature template and easily customize it with their credentials.
• 6. Postscript: The postscript (P.S.) is a brief message usually added after the signature. It
can emphasize an important point or add a personal touch to the electronic mail. It also
includes any text the reader forgot to mention in the email’s main content.
• 7. Attachments: Attachments are files attached to electronic mail. These can include
documents, images, videos, or any other type of file that the sender wants to share with
the recipient. The size of the attachments can’t be more than 25 M.B. In that case, Gmail
will automatically add a google drive link instead of the attachment(s).
World wide web

• The World Wide Web -- also known as the web, WWW or W3 -- refers to all the public
websites or pages that users can access on their local computers and other devices through
the internet. These pages and documents are interconnected by means of hyperlinks that
users click on for information. This information can be in different formats, including text,
images, audio and video.
• the World Wide Web consists of multiple components that enable users to access various
resources, documents and web pages on the internet. Thus, the WWW is like a vast
electronic book whose pages are stored or hosted on different servers worldwide.

• These pages are the primary component or building blocks of the WWW and are linked
through hyperlinks, which provide access from one specific spot in a hypertext or
hypermedia document to another spot within that document or a different one. Hyperlinks
are another defining concept of the WWW and provide its identity as a collection of
interconnected documents.
• Hypertext is a method for instant information cross-referencing that supports
communications on the web. Hypertext makes it easy to link content on one web
page to content on another web page or site. Hypertext and HTTP enable people to
access the millions of websites active on the WWW.
• HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.
• It is a protocol used to access the data on the World Wide Web (www).
• The HTTP protocol can be used to transfer the data in the form of plain text,
hypertext, audio, video, and so on.
• This protocol is known as HyperText Transfer Protocol because of its efficiency
that allows us to use in a hypertext environment where there are rapid jumps from
one document to another document.
FTP- FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL

• FTP stands for File transfer protocol.

• FTP is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the
files from one host to another.
• It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator to the
computer that acts as a server for other computers on the internet.
• It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other servers.
Objectives of FTP
• It provides the sharing of files.
• It is used to encourage the use of remote computers.
• It transfers the data more reliably and efficiently.
• FTP works on a client-server model.
• Client: When we say the word Client, it means to talk of a person or an
organization using a particular service. Similarly in the digital world, a Client is a
computer (Host) i.e. capable of receiving information or using a particular service
from the service providers (Servers).
• Servers: Similarly, when we talk about the word Servers, It means a person or
medium that serves something. Similarly in this digital world, a Server is a remote
computer that provides information (data) or access to particular services.
• There are two types of connections in FTP:
• Control Connection: It is the primary connection and is used to send commands
back and forth between the client and the server. It is used for sending the control
information like user identification, password, and remote directory, etc., once the
control connection is established.
• Data Connection: Using the established Control Connection, the client and server
will create a separate Data Connection to transfer the requested data.The Data
Connection stays open until the transfer is complete, after that the Data Connection is
closed.
Intranet and extranet
• What is an Intranet?
• An intranet is owned by a single organization and is a tool for sharing information
throughout the organization.
• It is the type of Internet that is used privately. Since the intranet is a private
network no one can use the intranet whose have not valid username and
password.
• In intranet, there are a limited number of connected devices as compared to the
internet.
• The intranet is highly secure and has a small number of visitors. It is used in order
to get employee information, telephone directory, etc.
• Advantages of Intranet
• Enhanced Communication: Promotes easy flow of communication between
departments.
• Centralized Information: Enables easy retrieval of documents and other key
resources that are used in a given process.
• Increased Productivity: Decrease the physical time that is required in locating
information and conducting work within the organization.
• Secure Environment: Ensures the safety of the user’s information only allows
internal personnel to access the application.
• Disadvantages of Intranet
• Maintenance Costs: Need a frequent fixing and updating process
which may fancy the cost.
• Limited Accessibility: Only accessible within the organisation which
means there may be a problem if need to involve personnel who are
not physically present at the organisation.
• What is an Extranet?
• Extranet is owned by either a single or a many organization. It is managed on a contractual basis
between organizations and is a tool for sharing information between the internal members and
external members. Like intranet, it is also a private network so only those who have a valid
username and password can use the extranet. Extranet is used to check status, access data, send mail,
place order etc.
• Advantages of Extranet
• Improved Collaboration: Facilitates interaction with other bodies outside the organization.
• Secure Data Sharing: Gives a restricted access to communicate with outside vendors or other
third parties, thus protecting the TCP.
• Cost-Effective: Saves on costs by doing away with physical consultations which are often
very expensive.
• Disadvantages of Extranet
• Complex Setup: If implemented and designed properly it will be very strong but the
planning is key to security and functionality.
• Security Risks: poses an increased risk if it is not protected which can lead to external
threats penetrating the business.
• What is the difference between the internet and intranet?
• The internet and the intranet are both online networks. Their core
framework is provided by internet protocol and World Wide Web standards.
• The main difference between the intranet and the internet comes down to
access.
• The internet is a global collection of computer networks. It’s an open
network, accessible to anyone with a device and an internet connection.
• In contrast, the intranet is a closed, online network, only accessible to
company employees. Employees use some form of login to access the
company intranet.
Limitations of internet
Search engines

• Search engines are programs that allow users to search and retrieve information
from the vast amount of content available on the internet. They use algorithms to
index and rank web pages based on relevance to a user’s query, providing a list of
results for users to explore. Popular search engines include Google, Bing, and
Yahoo.
• For example: a student wants to learn C++ language so he searches the “C++
tutorial GeeksforGeeks” in the search engine. So the student gets a list of links
that contain the tutorial links of GeeksforGeeks or we can say that a search
engine is an internet-based software program whose main task is to collect a
large amount of data or information about what is on the internet, then
categorize the data or information and then help user to find the required
information from the categorized information. Google, Yahoo, and Bing are the
most popular Search Engines.
• The crawler scans the web and creates a list of all available websites. Then they
visit each website and by reading HTML code they try to understand the structure
of the page, the type of the content, the meaning of the content, and when it was
created or updated. Why crawling is important? Your first concern when optimizing
your website for search engines is to make sure that they can access it correctly. If
crawler cannot find your content you won’t get any ranking or search engine
traffic.
• Indexing: Information identified by the crawler needs to be organized, Sorted, and
Stored so that it can be processed later by the ranking algorithm. Why indexing is
important? Because if your website is not in their index it will not appear for any
searches this also means that if you have any pages indexed you have more
chances of appearing in the search results for a related query.
• Ranking: Ranking is the position by which your website is listed in any Search
Engine. There is following three steps in which how ranking works .
• Step 1: Analyze user query – This step is to understand what kind of
information the user is looking for. To do that analyze the user’s query by
breaking it down into a number of meaningful keywords. A keyword is a
word that has a specific meaning and purpose, for example when you type
how to make a chocolate cupcake search engines know that you are looking
for specific information so the results will contain recipes and step-by-step
instructions. They can also understand the meaning of how to change a light
bulb is the same as how to replace a light bulb search engines are clever
enough to interpret spelling mistakes also.
• Step 2: Finding matching pages – This step is to look into their index and find
the best matching pages, for example, if you search dark wallpaper then it
gives you the result of images, not text.
• Step 3: Present the results to the users – A typical search results page
includes ten organic results in most cases it is enriched with other elements
like paid Ads, direct answers for specific queries, etc.
• Components of Search Engine
• Web crawler: A search engine uses multiple web crawlers to crawl through world wide web
and gather information. It is basically a software which is also known bat or spider.
• Database: The information which is gathered by web crawler by crawling through internet
is stored on the database.
• Search Interface: Search interface is just an interface to the data base which is employed by
the user to search through the data base.
Usage of Search Engine
• Search engines have so many usages and some of them are
• Searching for information
• Searching images and videos
• Searching location
• Searching people
• Entertainment
• Education