AKSUM UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Course Code: ECEg4283 Class Year: 4th, Second Semester

ECTS Credits: 5 Academic Year: 2024
Pre-requisites: Communication Systems

Course Title:
Wireless and Mobile Communication Systems

Instructor: Dawit Fitsum (M.Sc.)

1 3/15/2024
 Course Objectives & Competences to be acquired:

 Understand the general principles of wireless and mobile communication.

 Understand the fundamental problems and counter-measure techniques in

digital communications over wireless mobile channels.
 Design mitigation techniques to avoid the problems of the wireless channels.

 Understand the basics principles of mobile generation systems.

 Analyze the basic principles of radio resource management in wireless

communications
 Model and simulate specific mobile communication networks

2 3/15/2024
 Course Contents:
1. Overview of Wireless and Mobile 4. Types of Multiple Access Schemes for
Communications Wireless Systems
 Basic principles of wireless communications  FDMA multiple access schemes
 History of wireless communication system  TDMA multiple access schemes
 Types of wireless communication systems  CDMA multiple access schemes
 Trends in cellular radio communication systems  OFDMA multiple access schemes
2. Mobile Radio Channel Modeling and 5. Evolution of Mobile Telephony Systems
Mitigations  First generation (1G) system: AMPS, TACS
 Wireless channel models and signal propagations  Second generation (2G) system: GSM & GPRS
 Large scale fading channel models  Third generation (3G) systems: WCDMA &
 Small scale fading channel models CDMA 2000, WIMAX
 Mitigation techniques for fading channels  Fourth generation (4G) systems: LTE
 Equalization techniques 6. Fundamentals of Mobile Computing
 Spatial domain processing(diversity) techniques,  Introduction to mobile computing
Coding techniques  Modeling and simulation of mobile systems
3. Basics of Wireless Cellular Systems  Location management schemes
 Concept of cellular systems & design fundamentals  Energy-efficient computing and communication
 Cellular concept and frequency reuse  Application of Mobile Computing
 Channel assignment techniques
 Handoff strategies
 Interference and system capacity
 Trunking and upgrading the grade of services

3 3/15/2024
Teaching & Learning Methods
 Lecturers, tutorials, paper work, assignments and lab Exercises and Assignments

Assessment/Evaluation & Grading System

 Exams, Quiz’s, Assignments and simulation and laboratory evaluation

References
[1]P. M. Shankar, “Introduction to Wireless Systems”, Drexel Univ.,
2001.
[2]A. Goldsmith, “Wireless Communications”, Cambridge University
Press, 2005.
[3] Theodore S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications: Principle and
Practice”, Prentice Hall PTR, Second Edition, 2002.

4 3/15/2024
 CHAPTER 1:
OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

5 3/15/2024
 History of Wireless Communication

6 3/15/2024
 Today: Wireless Everywhere!
 Remote control  Satellite TV
 Cordless telephone  Wireless LAN cards
 Headsets  Laptops
 Garage openers  Netbooks
 Badges  Tablets
 Cell phones/modems  PDAs
 Radio!  Smart phones
 Pagers  Sensor nodes

What is Wireless and Mobile Communication?

7 3/15/2024
 Wireless Communication
 Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic waves in open space

Electromagnetic waves

o Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)

o Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (𝜆)
 c=fx𝜆
o Higher frequency means higher energy photons
o The higher the energy photon, the more penetrating is the radiation

 Typically, we assume RF communication.

- This means: sharing of the RF spectrum.

- Some compatibility issues for world-wide communications.

8 3/15/2024
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 The section of the electromagnetic spectrum defined as radio waves and microwaves is
divided into eight ranges, called bands.
Table 1: Bands

9 3/15/2024
 Wireless advantages

 Cost effectiveness
 Flexibility
 Convenience
 Speed
 Accessibility
 Constant connectivity

10 3/15/2024
 Wavelength of Some Technologies

 GSM Phones:
o frequency ~= 900 Mhz
o wavelength ~= 33cm
 PCS Phones
o frequency ~= 1.8 Ghz
o wavelength ~= 16.7 cm
 Bluetooth:
o frequency ~= 2.4Gz
o wavelength ~= 12.5cm

11 3/15/2024
 Mobile Radio Systems
 Examples:

- Cordless phone - Remote controller

- Hand-held walkie-talkies - Pagers
- Cellular telephone - Wireless LAN

 Mobile - any radio terminal that could be moved during

operation

 Portable - hand-held and used at walking speed

 Subscriber - mobile or portable user

12 3/15/2024
 Frequency Carriers/Channels
 The information from sender to receiver is carried over a well defined

frequency band.
 This is called a channel

 Each channel has a fixed Frequency Bandwidth (in KHz) and Capacity

(bit-rate)

 Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to transmit

information in parallel and independently.

13 3/15/2024
 Simplex, Half-duplex, and Full-duplex Communication
 Simplex transmission: on a channel, a station can transmit only in one way.

 To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex communication):

 We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing

 We can use Time Division Multiplexing

14 3/15/2024
Figure 1: Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
 Duplex Communication – FDD Cont…
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

 Duplex Communication - TDD

TDD: Time Division Duplex

15
3/15/2024
 What is Mobility?
 Initially, Internet and Telephone Networks are designed assuming the

user terminals are static.

- No change of location during a call/connection

- A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location

 Mobility and portability

 Portability means changing point of attachment to the network

offline
 Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online

16 3/15/2024
Cont…
Degrees of Mobility
 Walking Users
o Low speed
o Small roaming area
o Usually uses high-bandwidth/low-latency access
 Vehicles
o High speeds
o Large roaming area
o Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
o Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

17 3/15/2024
 The Need for Wireless/Mobile Networking
 Demand for Ubiquitous Computing

Anywhere, anytime computing and communication

 You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email

Pushing the computers more into background

 Focus on the task and life, not on the computer

 Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life more

easier.
Computers should be location aware

 Adapt to the current location, discover services

18 3/15/2024
Cont…
Some Example Applications of Ubiquitous Computing

 You walk into your office and your computer automatically

authenticates you through your active badge and logs you

into the Unix system

 You go to a foreign building and your PDA automatically

discovers the closest public printer where you can print your
schedule and give to your friend

19 3/15/2024
Cont…
How to realize Ubiquitous Computing
 Small and different size computing and communication devices

 Tabs, pads, boards

 PDAs, Handhelds, Laptops, Cell-phones

 A communication network to support this

 Anywhere, anytime access

 Seamless, wireless and mobile access

 Need for Personal Communication Services (PCS)

 Ubiquitous Applications

 New software 3/15/2024

20
 Personal Communication Services (PCS)
 Personal Communication Services

 A wide variety of network services that includes wireless

access and personal mobility services

 Provided through a small terminal

 Enables communication at any time, at any place, and in any

form.

 The market for such services is tremendously big

 Think of cell-phone market

21 3/15/2024
Cont… Several PCS systems
 High-tier Systems
 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
 The mobile telephony system that we are using
 IS-136
 USA digital cellular mobile telephony system
 TDMA based multiple access
 Personal Digital Cellular
 IS-95 CDMA One System
 CDMA based multiple access
 Low-tier systems
 Residential, business and public cordless access applications and systems
 Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2)
 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT)
 Personal Access Communication Systems (PACS)
 Personal Handy Telephone System (PHS)
22 3/15/2024
Cont… Several PCS systems
 Wideband wireless systems
 For Internet access and multimedia transfer
 CDMA2000
 W-CDMA, proposed by Europe
 SCDMA, proposed by China/Europe

 Other PCS Systems

 Special data systems
 CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data
 RAM Mobile Data
 Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARDIS)
 Paging Systems
 Mobile Satellite Systems
 LEO, MEO, HEO satellites for data/voice

23  ISM band systems: Bluetooth, 802.11, etc. 3/15/2024

Cont… PCS Problems
 How to integrate mobile and wireless users to the Public Switched

Telephone Network (PSTN) (Voice Network)

o Cellular mobile telephony system

 How to integrate mobile and wireless users to the Internet (Data

Network)
o Mobile IP, DHCP, Cellular IP

 How to integrate all of them together and also add multimedia services

(3G Systems)

24 3/15/2024
 Very Basic Cellular/PCS Architecture

25 3/15/2024
 Wireless System Definitions
 Mobile Station
- A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in motion at
unspecified locations. They can be either hand-held personal units
(portables) or installed on vehicles (mobiles)
 Base station
- A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication
with the mobile stations. Base stations are located at the center or edge
of a coverage region. They consist of radio channels and transmitter and
receiver antennas mounted on top of a tower.
 Mobile Switching Center
- Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a large service
area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the cellular base
stations and the mobiles to the PSTN (telephone network). It is also
called Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
26 3/15/2024
Cont…
Wireless System Definitions
 Subscriber: A user who pays subscription charges for using a
mobile communication system
 Transceiver: A device capable of simultaneously transmitting
and receiving radio signals
 Control Channel: Radio channel used for transmission of call
setup, call request, call initiation and other beacon and control
purposes.
 Forward Channel: Radio channel used for transmission of
information from the base station to the mobile
 Reverse Channel: Radio channel used for transmission of
information from mobile to base station
27 3/15/2024
Cont…
Wireless System Definitions
 Simplex Systems
- Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication. Remote controller, garage door controller
 Half Duplex Systems
- Communication Systems which allow two-way
communication by using the same radio channel for both
transmission and reception. At any given time, the user can
either transmit or receive information.
 Full Duplex Systems
- Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication. Transmission and reception is typically on
two different channels (FDD).
28 3/15/2024
Cont…
Wireless System Definitions
 Handoff
- The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel
or base station to an other.
 Roamer
- A mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that from which service has been subscribed.
 Page
- A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service
area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at the
same time.

29 3/15/2024
 PCS Systems Classification
 Cordless Telephones

 Cellular Telephony (High-tier)

 Wide Area Wireless Data Systems (High-tier)

 High Speed Local and Personal Area Networks

 Paging Messaging Systems

 Satellite Based Mobile Systems

 3G Systems

30 3/15/2024
 Major Mobile Radio Standards USA

31 3/15/2024
 Major Mobile Radio Standards - Europe

32 3/15/2024
 Paging Systems
 Conventional paging system send brief messages to a subscriber
 Modern paging system: news headline, stock quotations, faxes, etc.
 Simultaneously broadcast paging message from each base station
(simulcasting), simplex service to notify/alert the user
 Large transmission power to cover wide area.

33 3/15/2024
 Cordless Telephones
 Characterized by:
o Low mobility (in terms of range and speed)
o Low power consumption
o Two-way tetherless (wireless) voice communication
o High circuit quality
o Low cost equipment, small form factor and long talk-time
o No handoffs between base units
 Appeared as analog devices
 Digital devices appeared later with CT2, DECT standards in
Europe and ISM band technologies in USA

34 3/15/2024
Cont…
Cordless Telephones
 Usage:  Some more features:
o At homes o 32 Kb/s adaptive differential
o At public places where cordless pulse code modulation
phone base units are available (ADPCM) digital speech
 Design Choices: encoding
o Few users per MHz o Tx power <= 10 mW
o Few users per base unit o Low-complexity radio signal
 Many base units are processing
connected to only one  No forward error correction
handset
(FEC) or whatsoever.
o Large number of base units per
o Low transmission delay < 50ms
usage area
o Short transmission range o Simple Frequency Shift
Modulation (FSK)
o Time Division Duplex (TDD)
35 3/15/2024
 Cellular Telephony
 Characterized by
- High mobility provision - Wide-range
- Two-way tetherless voice communication - Handoff and roaming support
- Integrated with sophisticated public switched telephone network (PSTN)
- High transmit power requires at the handsets (~2W)

36 3/15/2024
 Cellular Telephony Systems
 Mobile users and handsets

o Very complex circuitry and design

 Base stations

o Provides gateway functionality between wireless and wireline

links
o ~1 million dollar

 Mobile switching centers

o Connect cellular system to the terrestrial telephone network

37 3/15/2024
 Cellular Networks
 First Generation  2.5G
o Analog Systems o Digital Systems
o Analog Modulation, mostly FM o Voice + Low-data rate Data
o AMPS  Third Generation
o Voice Traffic o Digital
o FDMA/FDD multiple access o Voice + High-data rate Data
 Second Generation (2G) o Multimedia Transmission also
o Digital Systems
o Digital Modulation
o Voice Traffic
o TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD
multiple access

38 3/15/2024
 2G Technologies

39 3/15/2024
 2G and Data

 2G is developed for voice communications

 You can send data over 2G channels by using modem

 Provides data rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps

 Increased data rates are required for internet application

 This requires evolution towards new systems: 2.5 G

40 3/15/2024
 2.5 Technologies
 Evolution of TDMA Systems

- HSCSD for 2.5G GSM

o Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate

- GPRS for GSM and IS-136

o Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate

- EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136

o Up to 384 Kbps data-rate

 Evolution of CDMA Systems

- IS-95B

41 o Up to 64 Kbps 3/15/2024
 3G Systems
 Goals  Evolution of Systems
 Voice and Data Transmission o CDMA system evolved to CDMA2000
 CDMA2000-1xRTT: Up to 307 Kbps
o Simultaneous voice and data
 CDMA2000-1xEV:
access  CDMA2000-1xEVDO: up to 2.4 Mbps
 CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps data rate
 Multi-megabit Internet access
o GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-
o Interactive web sessions CDMA (Wideband CDMA) (also called
 Voice-activated calls UMTS)
 Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates
 Multimedia Content
 Future systems 8Mbps
o Live music  Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015
o New spectrum is allocated for these
technologies

42 3/15/2024
 Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies

43 3/15/2024
44 3/15/2024