SUBJECT NAME: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II
(COMMON TO BIO GROUPS)
SUBJECT CODE: SMT1106
UNIT - II
COURSE MATERIAL
DIFFERENTIATION AND ITS CALCULUS
UNIT-II DIFFERENTIAL APPLICATIONS
____________________________________________________________________________
Definition 1. Differentiation
The rate at which a function changes with respect to the independent variable is called the
derivative of the function.
(i.e) If y= f(x) be a function, where x and y are real variables which are independent and
dy
dependent variables respectively, then the derivative of y with respect to x is dx.
Definition 2. Derivative of addition or subtraction of functions
d[f(x) ± g(x)] d[f(x)] d[g(x)]
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions of x, then = ±
dx dx dx
Definition 3. Product rule
d[uv] d[u] d[v]
If y = uv, where u and v are functions of x, then dx
=v dx
+ u dx
Definition 4. Quotient rule
du dv
u d u v −u
If 𝑦 = , where u and v are functions of x,
v
then dx [v] = dx
v2
dx
Important Derivatives Formulae
1.
d
c 0 where ‘c’ is any constant.
dx
2.
d n
dx
x nx n1 .
3.
d
log e x 1 .
dx x
4.
d x
dx
a a x log a
5.
d x
dx
e ex .
6.
d
sin x cos x .
dx
7.
d
cos x sin x .
dx
8.
d
tan x sec 2 x .
dx
9.
d
cot x cos ec 2 x .
dx
10.
d
sec x sec x tan x .
dx
11.
d
cos ecx cos ecx cot x .
dx
12.
d
sin 1 x
1
.
dx 1 x2
1
13.
d
cos 1 x .
dx 1 x2
14.
d
dx
tan 1 x
1
1 x2
.
1
15.
d
dx
cot 1 x
1 x2
.
16.
d
sec 1 x
1
.
dx x 1 x2
1
17.
d
cos ec 1 x
dx x 1 x2
Problems
I. Ordinary Differentiation Problems
𝟏
1. Differentiate 𝐱 + 𝐱
1
Solution Let 𝑦 = x + x
1
dy d(x + ) d(x) d(x−1 ) 1
x
Then dx = dx
= dx
+ dx
=1 − x2
2. Differentiate 𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 − 𝐞𝐱 + 𝟓
Solution:
Let y = 3tan x + 2 cos x − ex + 5
dy d(3tan x+2 cos x−ex +5) d(tan x) d(cos x) d(ex ) d(5)
Then = =3 +2 − +
dx dx dx dx dx dx
2 x
= 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 x − 2 sin x − e
3. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐞𝟐𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝐱
dy d(e2x cos3x) d(e2x ) d(cos3x)
Solution: = = cos3x dx + e2x
dx dx dx
= 2cos3x e2x − 3e2x sin3x
4. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 𝐱 𝟐
dy d(esinx x2 )
Solution:
dx
= dx
d(esinx ) d(x2 )
= x2 + esinx
dx dx
= x 2 esinx (cosx) + 2xesinx
5. Differentiate y = 𝐱 𝟑 𝐞−𝐱 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱
dy d( x3 e−x tanx)
Solution: dx = dx
d( x3 ) d( e−x ) d(tanx)
= e−x tanx dx + x 3 tanx + x 3 e−x dx
dx
2 −x 3 −x 3 −x 2
= 3x e tanx − x e tanx + x e sec x
𝐞𝐱
6. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱
ex
dy d( ) cosx ex −ex (−sinx)
cosx
Solution: = = cos2 x
dx dx
cosx ex +ex (sinx)
= cos2 x
𝐚𝐱+𝐛
7. Differentiate 𝐲=
𝐜𝐱+𝐝
dy (cx+d)a−(ax+b)c
Solution:dx = (cx+d)2
(by quotient rule)
𝐱 𝟐 +𝟐𝐱+𝟑
8. Differentiate
√𝐱
1 −1 1
dy √x (2x+2)−(x2 +2x+3) x ⁄2 2√x (x+1)−(x2 +2x+3)
2√x
Solution: = 2
2
= 2
dx (√x) (√x)
2√x ×2√x (x+1)−(x2 +2x+3) 4x(x+1)−(x2 +2x+3)
= 2 = 3
2√x (√x) 2x ⁄2
4x2 +4x−x2 −2x−3 3x2 +2x−3
= 3 = 3
2x ⁄2 2x ⁄2
9. Differentiate 𝐲 = (𝟑𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟑
Solution: Given y = (3x 2 − 1)3
Differentiating w.r.to x, we get
dy
⇒ = 3(3x 2 − 1)2 6x
dx
= 3(9x 4 − 6x 2 + 1) = 27x 4 − 18x 2 + 3
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱
10. Differentiate: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱
1+sinx
Solution: Let y = log ( )
1−sinx
⇒ 𝑦 = log(1 + sinx) − log(1 − sinx)
Differentiate y w.r.to x, we get
dy 1 1
= 1+sinx cosx − 1−sinx (−cosx)
dx
(1−sinx)cosx+cosx(1+sinx)
= (1+sinx)(1−sinx)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
II. Differentiation Problems on Logarithmic Functions
1. Differentiate 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱
Solution: Let y = x sinx
Taking log on both sides, we get logy = sinx logx
Now differentiating with respect to x
1 dy 1
⇒ = logx(cosx) + sinx (Using product rule)
y dx x
dy 1
⇒ = y (logx( cosx) + sinx )
dx x
dy y(xcosx logx+sinx)
⇒ dx = x
𝑑𝑦 sinx xcosx logx+sinx
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = x ( )
x
𝐝𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱
2. If 𝐱 𝐲 = 𝐞𝐱−𝐲, prove that 𝐝𝐱 =
(𝟏+𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱)𝟐
y x−y
Solution: Given x = e
Taking log on both sides, we get logx y = logex−y
⇒ ylogx = (x − y)log e e
⇒ ylogx = (x − y)………(1)
1 dy dy
⇒ x y + logx dx = 1 − dx
dy dy y
⇒ logx dx + =1−x
dx
dy x−y
⇒ dx
(logx + 1) = x
dy x−y
⇒ = x(1+logx)
dx
dy ylogx
⇒ dx = x(1+logx)….(2)
Again from (1) y + ylogx = x
y 1
⇒ y(1 + logx) = x, x =
1+logx
dy logx
⇒ =
dx (1+logx)2
…∞ 𝐝𝐲
𝐱𝐱
3. If y = 𝐱 , then find
𝐝𝐱
Solution:
x…∞
Given y = x x = xy
Taking log on both sides
logy = ylogx
Differentiating w. r. to x we get
1 dy 1 dy
⇒ dx = y x + logx dx
y
1 dy y
⇒( − logx) =
y dx x
1−ylogx dy y
⇒( ) =
y dx x
dy y y y2
⇒ = ( ) =
dx x 1−ylogx x(1−ylogx)
𝐱 𝟐 +𝟏
4. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐 )
𝐱 −𝟏
Solution:
y = log(x 2 + 1) − log(x 2 − 1)
dy 1 1
⇒dx = x2 +1 2x − x2 −1 2x
dy 1 1
⇒dx = 2x (x2 +1 − x2 −1)
dy x2 −1−(x2 +1) x2 −1−x2 −1) −2) −4x
⇒dx = 2x ((x2 +1)(x2 −1)) = 2x ( x4 −1
) = 2x (x4 −1) = x4 −1
𝟐
5. Differentiate 𝐲 = 𝐞𝟑𝐱 +𝟐𝐱+𝟑
dy 2
Solution: = e3x +2x+3 (6x + 2)
dx
III. Differentiation of Implicit functions
If two variables x and y are connected by the relation f(x, y) = 0 and none of the variable is
directly expressed in terms of the other, then the relation is called an implicit function.
Problems
𝒅𝒚
1. Find 𝒅𝒙 , if 𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙𝒚
Solution:
Differentiating w.r.to x, we get
dy dy
⇒ 3x 2 + 3y 2 dx = 3a [x + y]
dx
dy dy
⇒ 3y 2 dx − 3ax dx = 3ay − 3x 2
dy
⇒ (3y 2 − 3ax) = 3ay − 3x 2
dx
dy (3ay−3x2 ) 3(ay−x2 ) (ay−x2 )
⇒ = = =
dx 3y2 −3ax 3(y2 −ax) (y2 −ax)
𝐝𝐲
2. Find 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
, 𝐢𝐟
𝐝𝐱
Solution:
Given x 2 + y 2 = 16
⇒ y 2 = 16 − x 2
⇒ y = √16 − x 2
dy 1 −1⁄
⇒ dx = (16 − x 2 ) 2 × (−2x)
2
dy x x
⇒ =− =−
dx √16−x2 y
𝒅𝒚
3. Find 𝒅𝒙, if 𝐱 = 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 , 𝐲 = 𝟐𝐚𝐭
Solution: Given x = at 2 , y = 2at
dx dy
dt
= 2at, dt = 2a
dy dy dx 2a 1
Now dx = / = 2at =
dt dt t
𝐝𝐲 𝟐 𝟑
4. Find 𝐝𝐱 , if 𝐲 + 𝐱 − 𝐱𝐲 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐲 = 𝟎
Solution:
Given y 2 + x 3 − xy + cosy = 0
dy d dy
⇒ 2y + 3x 2 − (xy) − siny = 0
dx dx dx
dy 2 dy
⇒ (2y − siny) + 3x − (x + y × 1) = 0
dx dx
dy 2
⇒ (2y − siny − x) + 3x − y = 0
dx
dy
⇒ (2y − siny − x) = y − 3x 2
dx
dy y−3x2
⇒ dx
= 2y−siny−x
