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IGCSE Chapter 3 Computer Science Notes

Chapter 3 discusses hardware components, focusing on the CPU, its structure, and performance factors such as clock speed and bus types. It also covers embedded systems, their advantages and disadvantages, and the role of sensors in data processing. Additionally, it explains storage options like HDDs and SSDs, along with memory addressing concepts like MAC and IP addresses.

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Manan Gandhi
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269 views7 pages

IGCSE Chapter 3 Computer Science Notes

Chapter 3 discusses hardware components, focusing on the CPU, its structure, and performance factors such as clock speed and bus types. It also covers embedded systems, their advantages and disadvantages, and the role of sensors in data processing. Additionally, it explains storage options like HDDs and SSDs, along with memory addressing concepts like MAC and IP addresses.

Uploaded by

Manan Gandhi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter -3 Hardware

➢ CPU is also known as the processor/microprocessor and is often installed on an


integrated circuit.
➢ A CPU contains ALU, CU and registers and buses.

➢
➢

➢ Buses-
1. Data bus- data transfer, bidirectional.
2. Address bus- address transfer, unidirectional.
3. Control bus- timing signals transfer, bidirectional. (timing signals- CU)
(Video 1)

➢ The clock defines the clock cycle that synchronizes all computer operations.
➢ Clock Speed- the amount of fetch decodes execute cycles processes per unit
time.
➢ 3.5Ghz clock speed- 3.5 billion clock processes in one second. (video 2)
➢ The CPU’s performance is affected by its clock speed, busses width,
overclocking (increase the clock speed more than the system can handle
usually), cache, number of cores (one core contains ALU, CU and Registers).
➢
➢ Embedded System-

➢ Advantages of embedded systems- easy to use interface, smaller in size,


dedicated to one task, component of a larger system.
➢ Disadvantages of embedded systems- difficult to update/ fix errors as the whole
system needs to be replaced, less power, once used need to be discarded and
cannot be renewed.
➢ Barcode/ Qr Code- white bards reflect light, black bars absorb light.

➢ Screens- capacitive (electric field), infrared (infrared rays field) and resistive (2
layers of screen)

Steps –
1. Sensor senses data
2. This analogue data is converted to digital using ADC.
3. It is sent to the microprocessor.
4. Microprocessor compares it to a preset value.
5. If an action is supposed to be taken, monitoring system (prompt), control system
(actuators act)
6. The process repeats in a loop.

➢ Sensors- temperature, light, pH, humidity, moisture, level, motion, infrared,


accelerometer, proximity.
➢

➢
➢ Magnetic storage- tracks and sectors, use of magnets, HDD, moving parts,
latency.
➢ Disk Defragmentation (sorting data)
➢ SSD- faster, nvme, no moving parts

Why SSD better- no noise, no heat, no moving parts, faster, however has limited life.
➢ CD’s and DVD’s

Dual Layering-

➢ Blue ray disc- blue laser


➢ Virtual Memory- Why?- RAM is full, it partitions hard disk to use to store that
data which is not used by ram currently.

➢
➢

➢
➢ Mac Address: permanent address given by manufacturer to identify device.
➢ IP Address: Address given by Router to recognize device on network.
(google search- what is my IP)

➢
➢ Static IP; fixed and Dynamic IP; changeable

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