PULSE
AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
Rittwika Singha Deo
Department Of Electronics
And Communication
Engineering
Silli Polytechnic
INTRODUCTION
• Today communication is the heart of the technology. Communication is
achieved over a transmitter and a receiver through signals. These signals
carry the information through modulation. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
is one of the kinds of modulation techniques used in signal transmission.
Pulse amplitude modulation is the simplest form of modulation. It is
Analog to digital conversion method where the message information is
encoded in the amplitude of the series of signal pulses.
WHAT IS MODULATION?
Modulation is a process of changing the characteristics
of a carrier signal like amplitude, frequency and width,
etc. It is the process of adding information to the carrier
signal. A carrier signal is a steady waveform with
constant amplitude and frequency.
Modulation is normally applied to electromagnetic
signals like radio laser and optical signals. The Audio,
video, images and text data are added to the carrier
signal for transmission over telecommunication.
TYPES OF MODULATION
Types of Modulation
TYPES OF MODULATION
Modulation is categorized into two types depending on the type of signal.
1. Continuous-wave Modulation
2. Pulse Modulation
Continuous-wave Modulation: In continuous wave modulation signal is used as a
carrier signal which modulates the message signal. There are three parameters that
can be altered to achieve modulation namely, frequency, amplitude and phase. Thus,
there are three types of modulations.
1. Amplitude Modulation
2. Frequency Modulation
3. Phase Modulation
TYPES OF MODULATION
Pulse Modulation: Pulse modulation is a technique in which the signal is
transmitted with the information by pulses. This is divided into Analog Pulse
Modulation and Digital Pulse Modulation.
Analog pulse modulation is classified as
1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
2. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
3. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Digital modulation is classified as
1. Pulse Code Modulation
2. Delta Modulation
CONTINUOUS-WAVE MODULATION
ANALOG PULSE MODULATION
• Modulating Signal
• Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
(PAM)
• Pulse-Width Modulation
(PWM)
• Pulse-Position Modulation
(PPM
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Pulse amplitude modulation is a technique in
which the amplitude of each pulse is controlled
by the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulation signal. It is a modulation system in
which the signal is sampled at regular intervals
and each sample is made proportional to the
amplitude of the signal at the instant of
sampling. This technique transmits the data by
encoding in the amplitude of a series of signal
pulses.
There are two types of sampling techniques for
transmitting a signal using PAM. They are:
1. Flat Top PAM
2. Natural PAM
Pulse Amplitude Modulation Signa
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Flat Top PAM: The amplitude of
each pulse is directly proportional
to modulating signal amplitude at
the time of pulse occurrence. The
amplitude of the signal cannot be
changed with respect to the
analog signal to be sampled. The
tops of the amplitude remain flat.
Flat Top PAM
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Natural PAM: The amplitude of
each pulse is directly
proportional to modulating
signal amplitude at the time of
pulse occurrence. Then follows
the amplitude of the pulse for
the rest of the half-cycle.
Natural PAM
CIRCUIT DESIGN OF PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
A PAM is generated from a pure sine wave modulating signal and a square wave
generator which produces the carrier pulse and a PAM modulator circuit.
A sine wave generator is used which is based on Wien Bridge Oscillator circuit. This
can produce distortion less sine wave at the output. The circuit is designed such that
the amplitude and the frequency of the oscillator can be adjusted using a
potentiometer.
The frequency can be varied by varying the potentiometer R2 and the
amplitude of the adjusted using the potentiometer R. The frequency of the
sine wave generated is given by
F = 1/(2π√R1R2C1C2)
CIRCUIT DESIGN OF PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Sine Wave Generator
CIRCUIT DESIGN OF PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
The square wave is generated using op-
amp based astable circuit. The op-amp is
used to reduce the complexity of
generating the square wave. The ON
time and the OFF time of the pulse can
be made identical and the frequency can
be adjusted without changing them.
The time period of the pulses generated
depends on the value of the resistance R
and the capacitance C. The period of the
op-amp astable circuit is given by
T = 2.2RC
Square Wave Generator
TYPES OF PAM
Types of PAM
Pulse amplitude modulation is categorized into two types
1. Single Polarity PAM
2. Double Polarity PAM
Single polarity PAM is a situation where a suitable fixed DC bias is added to the
signal to ensure that all the pulses are positive.
Double polarity PAM is a situation where the pulses are both positive and negative.
DEMODULATION OF PAM
• For the demodulation of the PAM
signal, the PAM signal is fed to the
low pass filter. The low pass filter
eliminates the high-frequency ripples
and generates the demodulated
signal. This signal is then applied to
the inverting amplifier to amplify its
signal level to have the demodulated
output with almost equal amplitude
with the modulating signal.
Demodulation of PAM signal
APPLICATIONS OF PAM
It is used in Ethernet communication.
It is used in many micro-controllers for generating the
control signals.
It is used in Photo-biology.
It is used as an electronic driver for LED lighting.
ADVANTAGES
It is a simple process for both modulation and demodulation.
Transmitter and receiver circuits are simple and easy to construct.
PAM can generate other pulse modulation signals and can carry
the message at the same time.
DISADVANTAGES
Bandwidth should be large for transmission PAM modulation.
Noise will be great.
Pulse amplitude signal varies so the power required for transmission will
be more.
