A Comprehensive Guide to Bash Scripting for DevOps Engineers
Bash (Bourne Again Shell) is one of the most essential scripting languages for DevOps engineers.
It is used for automating system administration tasks, managing cloud infrastructure, creating
CI/CD pipelines, and handling configuration management.
1. What is Bash Scripting?
Bash scripting is a way of automating command-line tasks in Unix-based operating systems like
Linux and macOS. A Bash script is simply a text file containing a series of commands that are
executed sequentially by the shell.
Key Features of Bash Scripting
Automates repetitive tasks like backups, updates, and deployments.
Executes multiple commands in a sequence, reducing manual effort.
Handles file operations (create, delete, move, modify files).
Can be used in CI/CD pipelines and cloud automation.
2. Why Should DevOps Engineers Learn Bash Scripting?
Bash scripting is a fundamental skill for DevOps engineers for the following reasons:
Server Automation & Configuration Management
Automating software installation and configuration on Linux servers.
Example: Updating system packages using Bash scripts.
CI/CD Pipeline Integration
Writing Bash scripts to automate code building, testing, and deployment in Jenkins, GitHub
Actions, and GitLab CI/CD. Example: A script that triggers deployment when code is pushed to
GitHub.
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Cloud Infrastructure Automation
Automating AWS, Azure, and GCP services using CLI tools inside Bash scripts.
Example: A script that provisions AWS EC2 instances using AWS CLI.
Log Monitoring & System Alerts
Writing Bash scripts to monitor system logs and send alerts when issues arise.
Example: A script that scans logs for error messages and emails the DevOps team.
Containerization & Kubernetes Management
Automating Docker container builds and Kubernetes deployments using Bash.
Example: A script that restarts a Kubernetes pod if it crashes.
3. Bash Scripting Basics
Before diving into advanced scripting, let’s cover the fundamentals.
1. Creating and Running a Bash Script
To create a Bash script, follow these steps:
Step 1: Create a Script File
nano myscript.sh
or
vim myscript.sh
Step 2: Add the Shebang (Interpreter Directive)
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, DevOps Engineer!"
Step 3: Save and Exit
Press Ctrl + X, then Y, and hit Enter.
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Step 4: Make the Script Executable
chmod +x myscript.sh
Step 5: Run the Script
./myscript.sh
Output:
Hello, DevOps Engineer!
4. Bash Scripting Fundamentals
1. Variables in Bash
#!/bin/bash
name="DevOps Engineer"
echo "Welcome, $name!"
Output:
Welcome, DevOps Engineer!
2. User Input Handling
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter your name:"
read user_name
echo "Hello, $user_name!"
3. Conditional Statements (if-else)
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter a number:"
read num
if [ $num -gt 10 ]; then
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echo "The number is greater than 10."
else
echo "The number is 10 or less."
fi
4. Loops in Bash
For Loop
#!/bin/bash
for i in {1..5}; do
echo "Iteration $i"
done
While Loop
#!/bin/bash
count=1
while [ $count -le 5 ]; do
echo "Count: $count"
((count++))
done
5. Advanced Bash Scripting for DevOps
1. Automating System Updates
#!/bin/bash
echo "Updating system packages..."
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
echo "System update complete!"
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2. Backup and Restore Files
#!/bin/bash
backup_dir="/backup"
mkdir -p $backup_dir
cp -r /var/log/* $backup_dir
echo "Logs have been backed up to $backup_dir"
3. Monitoring Disk Usage and Sending Alerts
#!/bin/bash
threshold=80
usage=$(df -h / | grep '/' | awk '{print $5}' | sed 's/%//g')
if [ $usage -gt $threshold ]; then
echo "Warning: Disk usage exceeded $threshold% ($usage%)"
# Send an email alert (requires mailutils installed)
echo "Disk usage warning: $usage%" | mail -s "Disk Alert" admin@example.com
fi
4. Automating Docker Container Deployment
#!/bin/bash
echo "Pulling the latest Docker image..."
docker pull nginx:latest
echo "Starting a new container..."
docker run -d -p 80:80 --name mynginx nginx:latest
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5. Kubernetes Pod Health Check
#!/bin/bash
pod_status=$(kubectl get pods my-app -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}')
if [ "$pod_status" != "Running" ]; then
echo "Pod my-app is not running. Restarting..."
kubectl delete pod my-app
fi
6. Best Practices for Bash Scripting in DevOps
Use Shebang (#!/bin/bash) – Always define the shell interpreter.
Use Comments (#) – Make scripts understandable.
Use Meaningful Variable Names – Improve readability.
Test Before Deployment – Run in a safe environment first.
Log Outputs (>> logfile.log) – Keep a record of script execution.
Error Handling (set -e) – Stop script on errors.
Security Measures – Avoid storing sensitive credentials in scripts; use environment variables
instead.
7. Conclusion
Bash scripting is an essential skill for any DevOps engineer. It enables automation of system
administration, CI/CD pipelines, cloud management, and monitoring tasks.
Learning Bash scripting will significantly enhance your efficiency in handling Linux-based DevOps
workflows.
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Scripts are used to automate the daily tasks, simplify repetitive tasks, and perform system
administration tasks.
Types of scripts:
1. Bash
2. Zsh - Z Shell
3. FISH - Friendly Interactive Shell
4. Ksh - Korn Shell
5. Csh - C Shell
6. Tcsh - TENEX C SHell
7. PowerShell
Bash scripts can be used for various purposes,
such as executing a shell command, running multiple commands together, customizing administrative
tasks, performing task automation etc.
So knowledge of bash programming basics is important for every Linux user.
cat $SHELL - displays the current shell type you are working on.
cat /etc/shells - displays the available shells of that machine.
which bash
echo $SHELL
ps -p $$
cat /etc/passwd | grep ec2-user
To switch from one shell to an other shell : sh
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#! /bin/bash (#! = shebang)
echo "Hello DevOps" > file.txt
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The first line of a shell script is always a shebang usually the bash #!/bin/bash which specifies the
interpreter to execute the script. When the script is executed the kernel reads the shebang line and uses
that interpreter to execute that script.
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#!/bin/bash
mydata="Hello, world!"
echo $mydata
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#!/bin/bash
echo "Printing text with newline"
echo -n "Printing text without newline"
echo -e "\nRemoving \t backslash \t characters\n"
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echo "Enter Username: "
read username
echo $username
# displays the prompt message
# -p stand for prompt
# reads input from the user and puts it in the newusername variable
read -p "Enter the new username: " newusername
echo $newusername
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# reads input from the user & hides the text from echoing in the terminal
# -s stands for silent
read -sp "Enter Password: " password
echo ""
echo $password
if you don’t wish to specify the variable name for the read we can use $REPLY to echo the value
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter the username: "
read
echo "Read without variable name assignment: "$REPLY
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Argument Passing
We can pass arguments that can be used inside the scripts when it is executed.
Those arguments can be accessed by the script using special variables like $1 $2 $3 etc.
# gives the filename of the script itself
echo "FileName Argument: "$0 # argument_passing.sh
# gives the first argument passed
echo "First Argument: "$1 # Vish
# gives the second argument passed
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echo "Second Argument: "$2 # DevOps Engineer
# displays all arguments passed
echo "All Arguments: "$@ # Vish DevOps Engineer
# displays number of arguments passed
echo "No of Arguments: "$# # 2
echo "Third Argument: "$3 # 3
echo "Fourth Argument: "$4 # 4
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Arithmetic Operations
In shell scripting, to perform arithmetic operations we need to use double parenthesis (( )) which is used
for arithmetic expansion on integers.
The double parenthesis (( )) is also called a unary operator.
#!/bin/bash
n1=10
n2=5
echo "Sum of two numbers: "$(($n1+$n2)) # Addition
echo "Sub of two numbers: "$(($n1-$n2)) # Substraction
echo "Mul of two numbers: "$(($n1*$n2)) # Mulitplication
echo "Div of two numbers: "$(($n1/$n2)) # Division
echo "Modulus of two numbers: "$(($n1%$n2)) # Modulus
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Conditions:
[[ -z STRING ]] - Empty string
#!/bin/bash
my_string=""
if [[ -z $my_string ]]; then
echo "The string is empty."
else
echo "The string is not empty."
fi
[[ -n STRING ]] - Not empty string
#!/bin/bash
my_string="Hello, World!"
if [[ -n $my_string ]]; then
echo "The string is not empty."
else
echo "The string is empty."
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fi
[[ STRING == STRING ]] - Equal
#!/bin/bash
string1="apple"
string2="apple"
if [[ $string1 == $string2 ]]; then
echo "Strings are equal."
else
echo "Strings are not equal."
fi
[[ STRING != STRING ]] - Not equal
#!/bin/bash
#!/bin/bash
string1="apple"
string2="orange"
if [[ $string1 != $string2 ]]; then
echo "Strings are not equal."
else
echo "Strings are equal."
fi
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[[ NUM -eq NUM ]] - Equal
#!/bin/bash
num1=5
num2=5
if [[ $num1 -eq $num2 ]]; then
echo "Numbers are equal."
else
echo "Numbers are not equal."
fi
[[ NUM -ne NUM ]] - Not equal
#!/bin/bash
num1=5
num2=10
if [[ $num1 -ne $num2 ]]; then
echo "Numbers are not equal."
else
echo "Numbers are equal."
fi
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[[ NUM -lt NUM ]] - Less than
#!/bin/bash
num1=5
num2=10
if [[ $num1 -lt $num2 ]]; then
echo "Number 1 is less than Number 2."
else
echo "Number 1 is not less than Number 2."
fi
[[ NUM -le NUM ]] - Less than or equal
#!/bin/bash
num1=5
num2=5
if [[ $num1 -le $num2 ]]; then
echo "Number 1 is less than or equal to Number 2."
else
echo "Number 1 is greater than Number 2."
fi
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[[ NUM -gt NUM ]] - Greater than
#!/bin/bash
num1=10
num2=5
if [[ $num1 -gt $num2 ]]; then
echo "Number 1 is greater than Number 2."
else
echo "Number 1 is not greater than Number 2."
fi
[[ NUM -ge NUM ]] - Greater than or equal
#!/bin/bash
num1=5
num2=5
if [[ $num1 -ge $num2 ]]; then
echo "Number 1 is greater than or equal to Number 2."
else
echo "Number 1 is less than Number 2."
fi
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[[ X && Y ]] - And
#!/bin/bash
!/bin/bash
echo "Enter username"
read username
echo "Enter password"
read password
if [[ ( $username == "raham" && $password == "1234" ) ]]; then
echo "valid user"
else
echo "invalid user"
fi
[[ X || Y ]] - Or
!/bin/bash
echo "Enter username"
read username
echo "Enter password"
read password
if [[ ( $username == "raham" || $password == "1234" ) ]]; then
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echo "valid user"
else
echo "invalid user"
fi
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[[ -e FILE ]] - Exists
#!/bin/bash
file_path="/path/to/file.txt"
if [[ -e $file_path ]]; then
echo "File exists."
else
echo "File does not exist."
fi
[[ -r FILE ]] - Readable
#!/bin/bash
file_path="/path/to/file.txt"
if [[ -r $file_path ]]; then
echo "File is readable."
else
echo "File is not readable."
fi
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[[ -d FILE ]] - Directory
#!/bin/bash
directory_path="/path/to/directory"
if [[ -d $directory_path ]]; then
echo "Path is a directory."
else
echo "Path is not a directory."
fi
[[ -w FILE ]] - Writable file
#!/bin/bash
file_path="/path/to/file.txt"
if [[ -w $file_path ]]; then
echo "File is writable."
else
echo "File is not writable."
fi
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[[ -s FILE ]] - File size is > 0 bytes
#!/bin/bash
file_path="/path/to/file.txt"
if [[ -s $file_path ]]; then
echo "File size is greater than 0 bytes."
else
echo "File size is 0 bytes or the file does not exist."
fi
[[ -f FILE ]] - File
#!/bin/bash
file_path="/path/to/file.txt"
if [[ -f $file_path ]]; then
echo "Path is a regular file."
else
echo "Path is not a regular file."
fi
[[ -x FILE ]] - Executable file
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#!/bin/bash
file_path="/path/to/executable"
if [[ -x $file_path ]]; then
echo "File is executable."
else
echo "File is not executable."
fi
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Loops:
if else loop is a conditional statement that allows executing different commands based on the
condition true/false.
Here square brackets [[ ]] are used to evaluate a condition.
#!/bin/bash
# -e stands for exists
if [[ -e ./ifelse.sh ]]
then
echo "File exists"
else
echo "File does not exist"
fi
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elif
elif is a combination of both else and if. It is used to create multiple conditional statements
and it must be always used in conjunction with if else statement
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter your lucky number"
read n
if [ $n -eq 101 ];
then
echo "You got 1st prize"
elif [ $n -eq 510 ];
then
echo "You got 2nd prize"
elif [ $n -eq 999 ];
then
echo "You got 3rd prize"
else
echo "Sorry, try for the next time"
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for:
The for loop is used to iterate over a sequence of values and below is the syntax
#!/bin/bash
for i in {1..10}
do
echo "Val: $i"
done
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while
The while loop is used to execute a set of commands repeatedly as long as a certain condition is true.
The loop continues until the condition is false.
#!/bin/bash
count=0
while [ $count -lt 5 ]
do
echo $count
count=$(($count+1))
done
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until
The until loop in shell scripting is used to execute a block of code repeatedly until a certain condition
is met.
#!/bin/bash
count=1
until [ $count -gt 5 ]
do
echo $count
count=$(($count+1))
done
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Arrays
An array is a variable that can hold multiple values under a single name
${arrayVarName[@]} - displays all the values of the array.
${#arrayVarName[@]} - displays the lenght of the array.
${arrayVarName[0]} - displays the first element of the array
${arrayVarName[-1]} - displays the last element of the array
unset arrayVarName[2] - deletes the 2 element
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#!/bin/bash
# Declare an array of fruits
fruits=("apple" "banana" "orange" "guava")
# Print the entire array
echo "All fruits using @ symbol: ${fruits[@]}"
echo "All fruits using * symbol: ${fruits[*]}"
# Print the third element of the array
echo "Third fruit: ${fruits[2]}"
# Print the length of the array
echo "Number of fruits: ${#fruits[@]}"
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Break Statement
break is a keyword. It is a control statement that is used to exit out of a loop ( for, while, or until)
when a certain condition is met.
It means that the control of the program is transferred outside the loop and resumes with the next set
of lines in the script.
#!/bin/bash
count=1
while true
do
echo "Count is $count"
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count=$(($count+1))
if [ $count -gt 5 ]; then
echo "Break statement reached"
break
fi
done
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Continue statement
continue is a keyword that is used inside loops (such as for, while, and until) to skip the current
iteration of the loop and move on to the next iteration.
It means that when the continue keyword is encountered while executing a loop the next set of lines
in that loop will not be executed and moves to the next iteration.
#!/bin/bash
for i in {1..10}
do
if [ $i -eq 5 ]
then
continue
fi
echo $i
done
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Functions
Functions are a block of code which can be used again and again for doing a specific task thus
providing code reusability.
Normal Function:
#!/bin/bash
sum(){
echo "The numbers are: $n1 $n2"
sum_val=$(($n1+$n2))
echo "Sum: $sum_val"
n1=$1
n2=$2
sum
Function with return values
To access the return value of the function we need to use $? to access that value
#!/bin/bash
sum(){
echo "The numbers are: $n1 $n2"
sum_val=$(($n1+$n2))
echo "Sum: $sum_val"
return $sum_val
n1=$1
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n2=$2
sum
echo "Retuned value from function is $?"
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Variables in Functions
The variable is a placeholder for saving a value which can be later accessed using that name. There are
two types of variables
Global - Variable defined outside a function which can be accessed throughout the script
Local - Variable defined inside a function and can be accessed only within it
#!/bin/bash
# x & y are global variables
x=10
y=20
sum(){
sum=$(($x+$y))
echo "Global Variable Addition: $sum"
sum
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sub(){
# a & b are local variables
local a=20
local b=10
local sub=$(($a-$b))
echo "Local Variable Substraction: $sub"
sub
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if [ $(whoami) = 'root' ]; then
echo "You are root"
else
echo "You are not root"
fi
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#!/bin/bash
valid=true
count=1
while [ $valid ]
do
echo $count
if [ $count -eq 5 ];
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then
break
fi
((count++))
done
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#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter Your Name"
read name
echo "Welcome $name"
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#!/bin/bash
n=10
if [ $n -lt 10 ];
then
echo "It is a one digit number"
else
echo "It is a two digit number"
fi
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#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter your lucky number"
read n
if [ $n -eq 101 ];
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then
echo "You got 1st prize"
elif [ $n -eq 510 ];
then
echo "You got 2nd prize"
elif [ $n -eq 999 ];
then
echo "You got 3rd prize"
else
echo "Sorry, try for the next time"
fi
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Name_of_dir=$1
start_no=$2
end_no=$3
eval mkdir $Name_of_dir{$start_no..$end_no}
Command : ./one.sh mustafa 1 10
This command will create 1 to 10 folders
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WRITE A SCRIPT TO KNOW WHICH USER WE CURRENTLY LOGGED INT
if [ $(whoami) = 'root' ]; then
echo "You are root"
else
echo "You are not root"
fi
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SCRIPT TO CREATE 10 FOLDERS:
Name_of_dir=$1
start_no=$2
end_no=$3
eval mkdir $Name_of_dir{$start_no..$end_no}
Command : ./one.sh mustafa 1 10
This command will create 1 to 10 folders
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SCRIPT TO TAKE BACKUP LOGS:
#!/bin/bash
src=/var/log/httpd/access_log
dest=mybackup
time=$(date +"%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S")
backupfile=$dest/$time.tgz
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#Taking Backup
echo "Taking backup on $time"
tar zcvf $backupfile --absolute-names $src
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]
then
echo "Backup Complete"
else
exit 1
fi
The z option compresses the backup using gzip,
the c option creates a new archive,
the v option enables verbose mode to display the progress,
and the f option specifies the output file.
if [ ${?} -eq 0 ]: This line checks the exit status of the tar command using the special variable $?. If the
exit status is 0, it means the backup was successful.
${?} is a special variable that represents that most recently executed command.
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CREATE A SCRIPT THAT USER EXIST OR NOT, IF NOT LET’S CREATE
echo "Enter username:"
read username
# Check if user exists
id $username >/dev/null 2>&1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "User exists"
else
echo "User does not exist"
read -p "Do you want to create the user? (y/n) " create_user
if [ $create_user == "y" ]; then
read -s -p "Enter password: " password
echo
useradd -m -p $(openssl passwd -1 $password) $username
echo "User created"
else
exit 0
fi
fi
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#!/bin/bash
echo "Total arguments : $#"
echo "1st Argument = $1"
echo "2nd argument = $2"
./filename Redhat ubuntu fedora centos
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#!/bin/bash
string1="Linux"
string2="Hint"
echo "$string1$string2"
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#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter directory name"
read newdir
mkdir $newdir
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#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter filename"
read newfile
touch $newfile
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#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter directory name"
read ndir
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if [ -d "$ndir" ]
then
echo "Directory exist"
else
`mkdir $ndir`
echo "Directory created"
fi
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#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter filename to remove"
read fn
rm -i $fn
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To check HTTPD IS RUNNIG OR NOT?
#!/bin/bash
check_service() {
if systemctl status $1 | grep "active (running)"; then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
# Call the check_service function with argument "apache2"
if check_service httpd; then
echo "HTTPD is running"
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else
echo "HTTPD is not running"
fi
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==================================
To check the disk usage of HOME directory:
#!/bin/bash
get_disk_usage() {
directory=$1
# Calculate disk usage of specified directory
disk_usage=$(du -s $directory | awk '{print $1}')
echo $disk_usage
# Call the function and store the result in a variable
usage=$(get_disk_usage $HOME)
# Display the result
echo "The disk usage of the home directory is: $usage bytes."
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To check the disk usage of /home directory:
#!/bin/bash
get_disk_usage() {
directory=$1
# Calculate disk usage of specified directory
disk_usage=$(du -s $directory | awk '{print $1}')
echo $disk_usage
# Call the function and store the result in a variable
usage=$(get_disk_usage /home)
# Display the result
echo "The disk usage is: $usage"
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TO CHECK TOOLS ARE INSTALLED OR NOT
#!/bin/bash
check_package() {
local PACKAGE_NAME="$1"
if ! command -v "${PACKAGE_NAME}" > /dev/null 2>&1
then
printf "${PACKAGE_NAME} is not installed.\n"
else
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printf "${PACKAGE_NAME} is already installed.\n"
fi
check_package "vim"
check_package "git"
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INSTALL PACKAGES USING FUNCTIONS:
#!/bin/bash
install_package() {
local PACKAGE_NAME="$1"
yum install "${PACKAGE_NAME}" -y
install_package "vim"
install_package "git"
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TO CHECK MULTIPLE SERVICES ARE RUNNING OR NOT
#!/bin/bash
check_services() {
for service in "$@"; do
if systemctl status "$service" | grep "active (running)"; then
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echo "$service is running"
else
echo "$service is not running"
fi
done
# adding service name apache2 mysql to check
check_services apache2 mysql
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SCRIPT TO GET OLDER FILES THAN 60 DAYS
#!/bin/bash
find path -mtime +60 -exec rm -f {} \;
1. CREATE A FOLDER (mkdir folder1)
2. CREATE SOME FILES IN SIDE THE FOLDER WITH OLDER TIME STAMP (touch -d "Fri, 21 Aug 2023
11:14:00" tcs infosys infotech)
3. WRITE A SCRIPT TO FIND FILES : (find folder1 -mtime +60 -exec ls -a {} \; )
4. MODIFY THE SCRIPT TO DELETE A FILES : (find myfiles -mtime +60 -exec rm -f {} \;)
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SCRIPT TO GET MEM INFO:
echo "Total Memory: $(free -m | awk '/Mem/ {print $2 " MB"}')"
echo " Used Memory: $(free -m | awk '/Mem/ {print $3 " MB"}')"
echo "Free Memory: $(free -m | awk '/Mem/ {print $4 " MB"}')"
echo "Avail Memory: $(free -m | awk '/Mem/ {print $7 " MB"}')"
NOTE:
free -m gives full info about memory
Awk : this is used to divide the data in the format of rows and column’s which are present in a file.
/Mem : matches the lines which contains memory info
$2 : prints the second column of the output of (free -m) command
$3 : prints the third column of the output of (free -m) command
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SCRIPT TO GET EBS INFO:
echo "EBS Volume Usage: $(df -h | grep -E '^/' | awk '{print $4 " free out of " $2}')"
NOTE:
-E ‘^/‘ : that ends with
awk : used to split the output on rows and columns
$4 : used mem
$2 : total mem
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