MODULE 2
KINEMATICS
Practice Problem
4. Sally is driving along a straight highway in her 1965 Mustang.
2.2 FREE – FALLING BODIES At t=0, when she is moving at 10 m/s in the positive x-
direction, she passes a signpost at x = 50m. Her x-acceleration
Free Fall as a function of time is
8 8
- Constant acceleration of a body falling under the influence of ,& = 2.0 ) − :0.10 * ; -
9 9
the earth’s gravitational attraction. a. Find her x-velocity )& and position x as a function of time.
b. When is her x-velocity greatest?
Assumptions: c. What is that maximum x-velocity?
• Neglect Air resistance d. Where is the car when it reaches that maximum x-velocity?
• All bodies at a particular location fall with the same
downward acceleration regardless of size and weight Additional Practice Problem
• Distance of fall is smaller compared to the radius of
the earth 1. A stone is thrown vertically upward and returns to earth in
• Ignore effects due to the earth’s rotation 12 seconds. (a) Calculate the initial velocity, (b) Determine the
maximum height reached by the stone and (c) At what time did
g = acceleration due to gravity it travel until it reaches the highest point?
! #! $%
= 9.80 ! = 980 ! = 32.2 !
" " "
2. A stone in projected vertically upward from the top of a 120
Equations of Motion with Constant Acceleration – m high tower at a velocity of 36 m/s.
a. Determine the maximum height attained by the stone
When dealing with free falling objects, the kinematic equations
measured from the ground.
followed by objects under constant acceleration is followed. We
b. How long will it take the stone to reach the top?
use g instead of a, and y coordinates instead of x coordinates.
c. How long will it take the stone to reach the ground?
d. With what velocity will it hit the ground?
)& = )*& + ,& - → )' = )*' + /-
1 → 1 3. A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 80 ft high at the
0 = 0( + )*& - + ,& - ) 2 = 2( + )*' - + /- )
2 2 same instant that a second ball is thrown upward from the
)&) = )*&) - + 2,& (0 − 0( ) → )') = )*') - + 2/(2 − 2( ) ground with an initial velocity of 40 ft/s. (a) Determine the time
elapsed when the two ball pass each other. (b) How high are
1 → 1
0 − 0( = ()*& + )& )- 2 − 2( = 6)*' + )' 7- the two balls from the ground when they pass each other?
2 2
2.3 MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS
Practice Problem
1. A one-euro coin is dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa
and falls freely from rest. What are its position and velocity Position and Velocity Vectors
after 1.0s, 2.0s, and 3.0s ? Position Vector
2. You throw a ball vertically upward from the roof of a tall
building, The ball leaves your hand at a point even with the roof
railing with an upward speed of 15.0 m/s; the ball is then in free
fall. On its way back down, it just misses the railing. Find (a) the
ball’s position and velocity 1.00 s and 4.00 s after leaving your Average Velocity
hand; (b) the ball’s velocity when it is 5.00 m above the railing;
(c) the maximum height reached; (d) the ball’s acceleration
when it is at its maximum height.
3. At what time after being released has the ball in example 2
fallen 5.00m below the roof railing?
Instantaneous Velocity
Velocity and Position by Integration
PREPARED BY: ENGR. VILLAMOR J. DELA CRUZ JR 1
PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
Practice Problem
2.3.1 Projectile Motion
1. A robotic vehicle, or rover, is exploring the surface of Mars.
The stationary Mars Lander is the origin of the coordinates, and
A projectile is any body that is given an initial velocity and then
the surrounding Martian surface lies in the xy-plane. The rover,
follows a path determined entirely by the effects of
which we represent as a point, has x- and y-coordinates that
gravitational acceleration and air resistance.
vary with time:
8
0 = 2.0 8 − :0.25 ) ; - ) The trajectory of an idealised projectile
9
8 8 • A projectile moves in a vertical plane that contains the
2 = :1.0 ; - + :0.25 * ; - *
9 9 initial velocity vector >>>⃗.
)(
• Its trajectory depend only on )>>>⃗( and on the downward
a. Find the rover’s coordinates and distance from the lander at
acceleration due to gravity.
t = 2.0 s.
b. Find the rover’s displacement and average velocity vectors
for the interval t = 0.0s to t = 2.0 s.
c. Find a general expression for the rover’s instantaneous
velocity vector )⃗. Express )⃗ at t = 2.0 s in component form and
in terms of magnitude and direction.
Acceleration Vector
Average Acceleration
Instantaneous Acceleration
Practice Problem
Let’s return to the motions of the Mars rover in example 1.
(a) Find the components of the average acceleration for the
interval t = 0.0 s to t = 2.0 s. (b) Find the instantaneous
acceleration at t = 2.0s
Parallel and Perpendicular Components of Acceleration Practice Problem
1. A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of a cliff. Just at
Parallel Component of ,⃗ the edge, his velocity is horizontal, with a magnitude 9.0 m/s.
Tells us about changes Find the motorcycle’s position, distance from th edge of the
in the particle’s speed. cliff, and velocity 0.50 s after it leaves the edge of the cliff.
Perpendicular 2. A batter hits a baseball so that it leaves the bat at speed Vo
Component of ,⃗ = 37.0 m/s at an angle of 53.1 degrees. (a) Find the position
Tells us about changes of the ball and its velocity (magnitude and direction) at t =
in a particle’s direction 2.00s. (b) Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point
of motion. of its flight, and its height h at this time. (c) Find the horizontal
range R – that is , the horizontal distance from the starting point
to where the ball hits the ground – and the ball’s velocity before
it hits the ground.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. VILLAMOR J. DELA CRUZ JR 2
PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
3. You throw the ball from your window 8.0 m above the 2.3.2 Motion in a Circle
ground. When the ball leaves your hand, it is moving at 10.0
m/s at an angle of 20 degrees below the horizontal. How far
Uniform Circular Motion
horizontally from your window will the ball hit the ground?
Ignore air resistance.
Additional Practice Problem
1. A projectile is fired from the edge of a 150–m cliff with an
initial velocity of 180 m/s at an angle of 30 degrees with the
horizontal. Neglect air resistance.
a. Find the horizontal distance from the gun to the point
where the projectile strikes the ground.
b. Determine the total time of flight.
c. Determine the greatest elevation above the ground
reached by the projectile.
2. An airplane used to drop water on bushfires is flying When a particle moves in a circle with constant speed, the
horizontally in a straight line at 180 mi/h at an altitude of 300 motion is called uniform circular motion.
ft. Determine the distance d at which the pilot should release
the water so that it will hit the fire at B.
3. Water is sprayed at an angle of 90 degrees from the slope
Practice Problem
at 20 m/s. Determine the range R.
1. An Ashton Martin V8 Vantage sports car has a “lateral
acceleration” of 0.96g = (0.96)(9.8 m/s^2) = 9.4m/s^2. This
is the maximum centripetal acceleration the car can sustain
without skidding out of a curved path. If the car is travelling at
a constant 40m/s (about 89 mi/h, or 144km/h) on level
ground, what is the radius R of the tightest unbanked curve it
can negotiate?
2. Passenger on a carnival ride move at constant speed in a
horizontal circle of radius 5.0m, making a complete circle in
4.0s. What id their acceleration?
4. A projectile is fixed at a certain angle to reach a maximum
range with a velocity of 10m/s, compute the following:
a. The time the projectile will reach the ground
b. The maximum height reached by the projectile Nonuniform Circular Motion
c. The distance travelled by the projectiles. When a particle’s speed varies as it goes around the circle, we
call the motion nonuniform circular motion.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. VILLAMOR J. DELA CRUZ JR 3
PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
Relative Velocity
The velocity is seen by a particular observer.
Relative Velocity in One Dimension
Relative Velocity in Two or Three Dimension
Practice Problem
1. You drive north on a straight two-lane road at a constant 88
km/h. A truck in the other lane approaches you at a constant
104 km/h. Find (a) the truck’s velocity relative to you and (b)
your velocity relative to the truck. (c) How do the relative
velocities change after you and the truck pass each other?
Treat this as a one-dimensional problem.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. VILLAMOR J. DELA CRUZ JR 4
PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
