1) Cover all values of a random variable between 0 and 100

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit [6:0] a; // 7-bit to cover values 0–100

covergroup cov;

cp1: coverpoint a { bins b[] = {[0:100]}; }

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new(); // instan ate covergroup inside the constructor

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt;

ini al begin

pkt = new(); // create the ram object

repeat(201) begin

void'(pkt.randomize()); // randomize 'a'

pkt.cov.sample(); // sample the covergroup

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

2) Cover even and odd mul ples of 10 within 0:100

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit [6:0] a; // 7-bit to cover values 0–100

cp1_eve: coverpoint a { bins even_bin[] = {[0:100]} with (item % 2 == 0 && item % 10 == 0);}

cp2_odd: coverpoint a { bins odd_bin[] = {[0:100]} with (item % 2 == 1 && item % 10 == 0);}

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new(); // instan ate covergroup inside the constructor

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt;

ini al begin

pkt = new(); // create the ram object

repeat(100) begin

void'(pkt.randomize()); // randomize 'a'

pkt.cov.sample(); // sample the covergroup

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

3) Cover all 52 deck cards

Code snippet

class ram;

typedef enum {ACE = 0, TWO = 1, THREE = 2, FOUR = 3, FIVE = 4, SIX = 5, SEVEN = 6,

EIGHT = 7, NINE = 8, TEN = 9, JACK = 10, QUEEN = 11, KING = 12} values;

typedef enum {HEARTS, DIAMONDS, CLUBS, SPADES} suits;

rand values value;

covergroup cov ();

cp_value: coverpoint value {

bins numeric[] = {[TWO:TEN]};

bins ace = {ACE};

bins face = {JACK, QUEEN, KING};

cp_suit: coverpoint suit {

bins hearts = {HEARTS};

bins diamonds = {DIAMONDS};

bins clubs = {CLUBS};

bins spades = {SPADES};

cross_vales_suit : cross cp_value, cp_suit;

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt ;

ini al begin

repeat(100) begin

pkt = new();

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

end

endmodule

4) Cover students marks bins 0_50, 51_75, 76_100

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit [6:0] marks;

covergroup cov();

mark: coverpoint marks {

bins low = {[0:50]};

bins medium_s = {[51:75]};

bins high = {[76:100]};

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt ;

ini al begin

repeat(100) begin

pkt = new();

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule
5) Cover dice 1 to 6

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit [2:0] dice;

covergroup cov();

mark: coverpoint dice { bins values[] = {[1:6]}; }

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt ;

ini al begin

repeat(100) begin

pkt = new();

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

6) Cover traffic light dura ons green (30-60) yellow (5-10) red (50-90)

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit[6:0] dura on;

typedef enum {red, yellow, green} light_colors;

rand light_colors lights;

covergroup cov();
 cp1: coverpoint dura on {

bins yellow_d = {[5:10]};

bins green_d = {[30:60]};

bins red_d = {[50:90]};

cp2: coverpoint lights;

cp_cross: cross cp1, cp2;

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt ;

ini al begin

repeat(100) begin

pkt = new();

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

8) Cover temperature values in 4 bins

Code snippet

class ram;

rand int temperature;

covergroup temp_cov;
 cp_temp: coverpoint temperature {

bins low = {[0:20]};

bins normal = {[21:35]};

bins warning = {[36:50]};

bins cri cal = {[51:100]};

endgroup

func on new();

temp_cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt = new();

ini al begin

repeat (100) begin

void'(pkt.randomize() with {temperature inside {[0:100]};});

pkt.temp_cov.sample();

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.temp_cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

9) Cover different lengths of burst transac ons

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit [7:0] length;

rand bit [1:0] burst;

covergroup cov ();

cp_incr: coverpoint length iff(burst == 2'b01) { bins incr = {[0:255]}; }

cp_wrap: coverpoint length iff(burst == 2'b10) { bins wrap = {1, 3, 7, 15}; }

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt = new();

ini al begin

repeat (100) begin

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

$display("length=%d, burst=%b", pkt.length, pkt.burst);

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

10) Cover all combina ons of signal A (0/1) and signal B (0/1)

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit a, b;

covergroup cov();

cp1: coverpoint a { bins zero = {0}; bins one = {1}; }

cp2: coverpoint b { bins zero = {0}; bins one = {1}; }

cp1_cp2: cross cp1, cp2;

endgroup

func on new();
 cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt = new();

ini al begin

repeat (100) begin

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

11) Cover id field values from 0 to 15 in a packet.

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit [3:0] id;

covergroup cov();

cp1: coverpoint id { bins b1[] = {[0:15]}; }

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt = new();

ini al begin

repeat (100) begin

void'(pkt.randomize());
 pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

12) Cover binary vector values with an even number of 1s

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit [3:0] data;

covergroup cov();

cp1: coverpoint data iff ($countones(data) % 2 == 0) { bins b1 [] = {[0:15]}; }

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt = new();

ini al begin

repeat (100) begin

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("Coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

13) Cover all valid IP address ranges (first byte: 10, 172, 192).

Code snippet

class ram;
 rand bit [7:0] valid_addr;

constraint con { valid_addr inside {10, 172, 192}; }

covergroup cov();

cp1: coverpoint valid_addr { bins b1[] = {10, 172, 192}; }

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt = new();

ini al begin

repeat (200) begin

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

14) Cover valid and invalid packet types.

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit [2:0] packet_type;

covergroup cov();

cp1: coverpoint packet_type {

bins valid = {[0:4]};

bins invalid = {[5:7]};

endgroup

func on new();
 cov = new();

endfunc on

endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt = new();

ini al begin

repeat (100) begin

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

15) Transac on Bins with Illegal and Ignore Bins

Code snippet

class ram;

rand bit [3:0] data;

covergroup cov ();

single_value : coverpoint data { bins b1 = {1}; }

sequence_of_bins : coverpoint data { bins b2 = (2 => 3 => 4 => 5); }

set_of_bits : coverpoint data { bins b3 = (1, 2 => 3, 4); }

repe on : coverpoint data { bins b4 = (7 [* 2]); }

non_consecu ve : coverpoint data { bins b5 = (2 [=3] => 5); }

goto_transi on : coverpoint data { bins b6 = (1 [->2] => 9); }

ignore : coverpoint data { ignore_bins b_ignore = {11, 12, 13}; }

illegal : coverpoint data { illegal_bins b_illegal = {14, 15}; }

endgroup

func on new();

cov = new();

endfunc on
endclass

module rakesh;

ram pkt = new();

ini al begin

repeat (200) begin

void'(pkt.randomize());

pkt.cov.sample();

end

$display("coverage = %0.2f%%", pkt.cov.get_coverage());

$finish;

end

endmodule

16) Coverpoints with Op ons and Transi on Bins (Explicit Instance)

Code snippet

class explicit;

rand bit[2:0] a;

rand bit[2:0] b;

rand bit[2:0] c;

constraint ww { a inside {1, 2, 3, 4}; }

constraint xx { b inside {1, 2, 3, 4}; }

constraint zz { c inside {1, 2, 3, 4}; }

endclass

module rakesh;

bit clk;

explicit p1 = new();

covergroup cg @(posedge clk);

op on.goal = 50;

op on.weight = 10;

op on.name = "rakesh";
 op on.per_instance = 0;

op on.at_least = 2;

s1: coverpoint p1.a { bins b1[] = (1, 2 => 3, 4); } // set off transi on

s2: coverpoint p1.b { illegal_bins b2 = {1, 2}; }

s3: coverpoint p1.c { bins b3 = (4 [* 2]); } // consecu ve repe on

s4: coverpoint p1.a { bins b111 = (2 [<=2] => 4 [=2] => 3); } // non-consecu ve repe on

s5: coverpoint p1.b { bins b7 = (2 [<=1] => 3 [->2] => 2); } // goto repe on, both are same

// s6: coverpoint p1.c { ignore_bins b = {2, 3, 4}; }

/* s1:coverpoint p1.a;

s2:coverpoint p1.b;

s3:coverpoint p1.c;

s2_s3:cross s1,s2; */

endgroup

covergroup cgr @(posedge clk);

op on.goal = 70;

op on.weight = 5;

op on.name = "rakesh3";

op on.per_instance = 1;

op on.at_least = 1;

s1: coverpoint p1.a { bins b1[] = (1, 2 => 3, 4); }

s3: coverpoint p1.c { bins b3 = (4 [* 2]); } // consecu ve repe on

endgroup

always #5 clk = ~clk;

ini al begin

cg p2 = new();

cgr p3 = new();

repeat(200) begin
p1.randomize();

p2.sample();

p3.sample();

$display("a=%d, b=%d, c=%d", p1.a, p1.b, p1.c);

end