KEMBAR78
05 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descriptive Inference | PDF | Histogram | Statistics
Scribd
Upload
30 views5 pages

05 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descriptive Inference

Descriptive inference utilizes pictorial methods such as bar charts, histograms, pie charts, line graphs, and scatter plots to summarize and describe data visually, while tabular methods like frequency tables, contingency tables, and summary statistics tables present data in a structured format. Each method serves specific types of data, with pictorial methods focusing on visual representation and tabular methods emphasizing organized numerical summaries. Together, these methods enhance the communication of statistical findings.

Uploaded by

meghanaalluri2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views5 pages

05 Pictorial and Tabular Methods in Descriptive Inference

Descriptive inference utilizes pictorial methods such as bar charts, histograms, pie charts, line graphs, and scatter plots to summarize and describe data visually, while tabular methods like frequency tables, contingency tables, and summary statistics tables present data in a structured format. Each method serves specific types of data, with pictorial methods focusing on visual representation and tabular methods emphasizing organized numerical summaries. Together, these methods enhance the communication of statistical findings.

Uploaded by

meghanaalluri2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Pictorial and tabular methods in Descriptive Inference

Descriptive inference involves summarizing and describing data, which can be


effectively done using both pictorial and tabular methods. Here’s a brief overview of
each:
Pictorial Methods
1. Bar Charts:
o Used for categorical data.
o Represents data with rectangular bars.
o Heights or lengths of the bars correspond to the values they represent.
o Useful for comparing different categories.

Example 1: In a firm of 400 employees, the percentage of monthly salary saved by


each employee is given in the following table. Represent it through a bar graph.

Savings (in Number of


percentage) Employees(Frequency)
20 105
30 199
40 29
50 73

Solution: The given data can be represented as


2. Histograms:
o Used for continuous data.
o Similar to bar charts but bars touch each other.
o Useful for understanding the distribution of data.
Difference between Bar Graph and Histogram
Histogram Bar Graph
It is a two-dimensional figure It is a one-dimensional figure
The frequency is shown by the area of The height shows the frequency and the
each rectangle width has no significance.
It shows rectangles touching each other It consists of rectangles separated from
each other with equal spaces.

Example: Construct a histogram for the following frequency distribution table that
describes the frequencies of weights of 25 students in a class.

Weights Frequency (Number


(in lbs) of students)
65 - 70 4
70 - 75 10
75 - 80 8
80 - 85 4
Histogram:
3. Pie Charts:
o Used for categorical data.
o Represents data as slices of a pie.
o Each slice is proportional to the frequency or percentage of each category.
Example: Imagine a teacher surveys her class on the basis of favorite Sports of
students:
Football Hockey Cricket Basketball Badminton
10 5 5 10 10
The data above can be represented by a pie chart

4. Line Graphs:
o Used for continuous data.
o Points plotted on a graph and connected by lines.
o Useful for showing trends over time.
5. Scatter Plots:
o Used for paired data.
o Points plotted on a Cartesian plane.
o Shows relationship between two variables.

Tabular Methods
1. Frequency Tables:
o Lists the number of occurrences of each category of data.
o Useful for summarizing categorical data.

Category Frequency

A 5

B 7

C 3

2. Contingency Tables:
o Displays the frequency distribution of variables.
o Useful for summarizing and analyzing the relationship between categorical
variables.

Category 1 Category 2 Total

Group 1 10 5 15

Group 2 20 10 30

Total 30 15 45
3. Summary Statistics Tables:
o Summarizes numerical data.
o Includes measures like mean, median, mode, standard deviation, etc.

Statistic Value

Mean 50

Median 48

Standard Deviation 5

Range 20

These methods provide a clear and concise way to present and interpret data, aiding in
effective communication of statistical findings.

You might also like