Tables of Contents

Content Management Application of Artificial

Systems Intelligence in Libraries Cloud Computing
1 Definition of Content 1 Definition
Content Management
2 System (CMS) 2 Types of AI 1 Introduction
Types of CMS
3 Architecture 3 History of AI
4. Types of Content Origins of
Management Systems Application of AI in Cloud
4 (CMS) 4 Libraries 2 Computing
5 Features of a CMS 5 Robots in Libraries Architecture Of
Popular Content Three Key AI Cloud
6 Management System Strategies for 3 Computing
7 Drupal 6 Libraries Types of Cloud
Reference Computing
8 Joomla 7 management tools 4 Services
Some Reference Cloud
Management Deployment
9 WordPress 8 Software 5 Models
Evaluation Criteria for SMAC (Social, Cloud
Content Management Mobile, Analytics, computing
10 Systems (CMS) 9 and Cloud) 6 companies
1. Definition of Content:
Content is information crafted through an editorial process, which involves
various stages of preparation to make information suitable for an audience. This
process includes authoring, editing, reviewing, approving, versioning,
comparing, and managing. Content is digital information designed for human
engagement and consumption through publication. Content encompasses any
form or 'unit' of digital information, including text, images, graphics, videos,
sounds, documents, and records.

2. Content Management System (CMS):

A Content Management System (CMS) is software designed to automate and
streamline the tasks involved in managing digital content effectively. Typically
server-based and supporting multiple users, a CMS interacts with content
stored in a repository, which may be on the same server, integrated within the
CMS software, or located separately.

3. Types of CMS Architecture:

Originally, most Content Management Systems (CMS) were monolithic,
integrating content management, presentation, and user interface (UI) within a
single application. This allowed for seamless content and design control, often
through a per-page CMS and a WYSIWYG editor requiring minimal coding
skills. As digital channels expanded, the need arose for CMS architectures that
support consistent content delivery across devices and touchpoints. This led to
more flexible CMS configurations to improve content delivery speed,
adaptability, and personalization.
3.1 Traditional / Coupled CMS:
In a traditional or coupled CMS, both backend functions (content management
and page design) and frontend functions (content display) are combined within
a single application layer, typically page-based.
● Usage: Users can create and edit content via a WYSIWYG or HTML editor,
which the CMS displays based on CSS layout.
● Examples: WordPress, Drupal, Wix.

3.2 Decoupled or Headless CMS:

In a headless CMS, frontend, and backend functions are separated, with only
the backend managing content through a repository, accessible via RESTful or
GraphQL APIs for display on any device or platform.
Concept: The "head" (frontend) is removed from the "body" (backend), enabling
content to be distributed across multiple channels.
 3.3 Hybrid Headless CMS
A hybrid CMS combines traditional CMS features with a headless architecture,
enabling content to be delivered through Content-as-a-Service (CaaS) API for
multichannel access, while also providing a presentation layer.
● Flexibility: Operates in both pure headless mode and traditional coupled
mode, offering a balanced solution.
● Usage: Suitable for businesses needing the flexibility of headless CMS
without fully relying on API expertise.

4. Types of Content Management Systems (CMS):

CMS Type Description Key Features Examples
Primarily used for
managing website Simplifies authoring,
WordPress,
Web Content content, allowing customizable layout,
Drupal,
Management non-technical users to automated publishing,
Joomla, Wix,
System (WCMS) create, manage, and highly scalable for
Squarespace
publish website content growing businesses.
easily.
Reusability, version
Manages content at a
tracking, multichannel Strapi
Component granular level, storing
publishing, (Open-source
Content individual components
streamlined workflows ); Kentico,
Management like phrases, paragraphs,
for teams, and reduced Sitecore,
System (CCMS) or images in a central
content maintenance Contentful
repository.
costs.
A system to store, Centralized storage,
Digital Asset manage, and organize searchable index, Bynder,
Management various digital assets such lifecycle management, Canto, Widen
System (DAM) as images, videos, and brand management, Collective
documents. and easy content
 distribution across
channels.
Extends CMS Secure storage,
functionality with added customizable
Enterprise document lifecycle workflows, digital
OpenText,
Content management, access rights management,
IBM FileNet,
Management control, and regulatory and integration with
Laserfiche
System (ECM) compliance for other enterprise
enterprise-level content systems like ERP and
management. CRM.
Supports multiple file
types, version control,
Provides a paperless
Electronic high security for
solution for managing DocuWare,
Document confidential content,
and tracking digital and M-Files,
Management mobile access, and
physical documents eFileCabinet
System (EDMS) remote document
across their lifecycle.
management
capabilities.
5. Features of a CMS:

6. Popular Content Management System:

Open Source
Proprietary CMS
CMS
WordPress
Microsoft SharePoint
Joomla
Drupal IBM Enterprise Content
TYPO3 Management

Concrete5
Pulse CMS
Django CMS
Grav CMS
Sitecore
OpenCMS
OpenWGA Shopify
C1 CMS Kentico
7. Drupal:
Drupal is a free, open-source web content management system (CMS)
developed in PHP and licensed under the GNU General Public License. Initially
created by Dries Buytaert, it was first launched in 2001. Known for its flexibility
and robust content management capabilities, Drupal serves as a powerful
platform for organizing, managing, and publishing content. It is widely used to
power websites and applications globally, with ongoing support from a diverse
community of contributors.
Key features of Drupal include:
● WYSIWYG Content Creation: Drupal provides intuitive "what you see is
what you get" tools, allowing both technical and non-technical users to
author, edit, preview, publish, and update content seamlessly.
● Theme System: Drupal’s theme system allows for the customization of
website front ends, making it adaptable to unique branding and design
requirements.
● No-Code Layout Builder: It includes a no-code layout builder with
built-in templates, layouts, and a drag-and-drop interface, simplifying the
page-building process.
8. Joomla:
Joomla, also styled as Joomla! (with an exclamation mark) and sometimes
abbreviated as J!, is a free, open-source content management system (CMS)
designed for publishing web content on various types of websites. It supports
applications such as discussion forums, photo galleries, e-commerce, user
communities, and a wide range of other web-based platforms. Joomla is
developed and maintained by a community of volunteers, with support from
Open Source Matters, Inc., which provides legal, organizational, and financial
assistance.
Key Technical Aspects:
● Language and Structure: Joomla is written in PHP, utilizes object-oriented
programming techniques, and follows simple software design patterns. It
stores data using MySQL or MariaDB databases.
● MVC Framework: Built on a model–view–controller (MVC) web
application framework, Joomla’s framework can function independently of
the CMS.
● Core Features: Joomla includes essential features like page caching, RSS
feeds, blogging capabilities, search, and multilingual support.

9. WordPress:
WordPress, also known as WP or WordPress.org, is a widely used open-source
content management system (CMS) that initially began as a blogging tool. Over
the years, it has evolved into a versatile platform capable of managing diverse
types of web content, including blogs, traditional websites, mailing lists,
forums, media galleries, membership sites, learning management systems, and
e-commerce stores.
● Origins: Founded on May 27, 2003, by American developer Matt
Mullenweg and British developer Mike Little, WordPress is now managed
by the WordPress Foundation, which oversees the software, projects, and
related trademarks.
● Functionality: Often described as a "factory for making webpages,"
WordPress allows users to create and publish web pages easily. It
functions as a content storage and publishing platform, requiring only a
domain name and hosting service to get started.
10. Evaluation Criteria for Content Management Systems (CMS):
● Integrations: Compatibility with other software and tools for seamless
functionality.
● Publishing Capabilities: Features that support effective content creation,
editing, and publishing.
● Permissioning/User Management: User role assignments and access
control options.
● Workflow Management: Built-in workflows for content approval and
collaboration.
● Versioning: Ability to track content revisions and manage historical
versions.
● Taxonomy Management: Options for organizing and categorizing content
efficiently.
● Built-in Applications: Native tools and apps to enhance functionality.
● Infrastructure: Scalability, security, and performance of the CMS
architecture.
● Analytics: Tools for tracking user engagement and content performance.
● Support Services: Availability of technical support and community
resources.
1. Definition:
John McCarthy: the science and engineering of making intelligent machines" ...
"[where] intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in
the world"
(original definition by John McCarthy who coined the term 'Artificial Intelligence'
in
1955).
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig (2009): In their seminal book, Artificial
Intelligence: A
Modern Approach, Russell and Norvig describe Al as "the study of agents that
receive
percepts from the environment and perform actions." This definition
emphasizes the
agent-based nature of Al systems, highlighting their ability to perceive and act
upon
their surroundings.
Marvin Minsky (1968): A prominent Al researcher, Minsky described Al as "the
science
of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men."
His
definition broadens the scope of Al to include any machine performing tasks
that would
otherwise necessitate human intelligence.
Demis Hassabis: the science of making machines smart.
Encyclopedia Britannica: the ability of a digital computer or
computer-controlled robot
 to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.
Practical A.I. for Dummies: a subfield of computer science aimed at developing
computers capable of doing things normally done by people - in particular,
things
associated with people acting intelligently.

2. Types of AI:

Type of AI Description
Based on Capabilities
Also known as Weak AI, it is designed to perform a specific task
with high expertise. It operates within a limited scope and
Weak or Narrow AI
cannot function beyond its programmed boundaries. Examples
include voice assistants and recommendation systems.
Refers to AI systems capable of performing any intellectual task
that a human can. These machines can understand, learn, and
General AI
apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks autonomously.
This type of AI is yet to be fully developed.
A theoretical stage where machines would surpass human
intelligence, outperforming humans in all cognitive tasks,
Super AI
including reasoning, problem-solving, and communication.
Super AI remains a hypothetical concept.
Based on Functionality
The most basic form of AI, reactive machines act solely based
Reactive Machines on the current situation without storing past experiences or
memories. Examples include basic chess-playing algorithms.
AI that can store past data temporarily to inform current
Limited Memory decisions. Examples include self-driving cars, which analyze
recent data to make driving decisions.
 An AI that aims to understand human emotions, beliefs, and
Theory of Mind social interactions. This type of AI is still under research and not
fully developed yet.
This represents the future of AI, where machines would possess
consciousness and self-awareness. This hypothetical AI would
Self-Awareness
understand and express emotions, surpassing human
intelligence. Currently, it remains a concept under exploration.

3. History of AI:
Year Event
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts developed a model of
1943
artificial neurons.
Alan Turing introduces the Turing Test in "Computing
1950
Machinery and Intelligence."
John McCarthy coins the term "Artificial Intelligence" at the
1956
Dartmouth Conference.
Frank Rosenblatt introduces the perceptron, an early neural
1958
network.
Arthur Samuel coins the term "machine learning" and
1959
introduces self-improving programs.
1966 Joseph Weizenbaum creates ELIZA, the first chatbot.
The first intelligent humanoid robot, WABOT-1, is built in
1972
Japan.
The first national conference of the American Association of
1980
Artificial Intelligence is held at Stanford.
Judea Pearl introduces Bayesian networks for encoding
1985
uncertainty.
1997 IBM's Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Gary Kasparov.
2002 AI enters homes with the Roomba vacuum cleaner.
IBM's Watson wins Jeopardy, demonstrating natural language
2011
processing capabilities.
Geoffrey Hinton et al. present a deep CNN that wins the
2012
ImageNet challenge.
2016 DeepMind's AlphaGo defeats Go champion Lee Sedol.
2022 OpenAI launches ChatGPT, a conversational AI model.
4. Application of AI in Libraries:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in organizing,
managing, and making vast collections of information accessible in
libraries. As a modern technology, AI facilitates various aspects of
digital library management, including cataloging, translation,
indexing, interactive bibliographic instruction, intelligent search
gateways, and preservation.

4.1 Automatic Cataloging and Classification Using OCR:

AI streamlines cataloging through Optical Character Recognition

(OCR), which converts physical documents into searchable digital
formats. The process includes:
4.2 Automatic Translation Using NLP:

4.3 Automatic Indexing with Expert Systems:

4.4 Interactive Bibliographic Instruction:

4.5 Intelligent Gateways to Online Sources:

5. Robots in Libraries:
Robotics, a subfield of AI, focuses on performing perceptual and
motor tasks and includes robot design, construction, and operation.
Initially coined in a 1921 Czech science fiction play to describe
artificial humans or androids, the term "robot" has since evolved to
encompass various forms of automation, including those used in
libraries.
Library/Location Robot Name Description
Connecticut Vincent and Two talking robots that assist
Library Nancy patrons independently.
Aberystwyth A walking, talking robot designed for
HUGH
University library assistance.
National
Newspaper Giant robotic vault used for handling
Robotic Vault
Building, Boston newspapers.
Spa
Temasek Capable of scanning over 32,000
Polytechnic Robbie books daily for inventory and
Library management.
Tsukuba City A transport robot used for moving
THOUZER
Central Library materials within the library.
Tsukuba City Assists library staff with various
HAL Robot Suit
Central Library tasks.
Yukuhashi Public Used in Biblio Battle events to
NAO Robot
Library introduce books with gestures.
Various locations A semi-humanoid robot available for
(Softbank Pepper home, corporate, and educational
Robotics) use, providing interactive services.
Developed by An animal-shaped guidance robot for
Koro
Masahiro Tanaka assisting patrons within the library.
University of An interactive robot that provides
Sota
Electro-Commun answers on how to use library
 ications resources.
A human-like robot offering
Konan University An-San reference services at the library
counter.
A rabbit-shaped robot that follows
Oyama College Uta-San reflective tape to guide users around
the library.

6. Three Key AI Strategies for Libraries:

7. Reference management tools:

Graduate researchers are advised to use reference management
tools like EndNote or Mendeley. With a higher degree by research
(HDR) thesis often including hundreds of references, investing time
in organizing references early on can save significant time later in
the degree. Reference management tools (also known as citation
managers or bibliographic software) offer several valuable features
to support your research, such as:

● Efficiently storing and organizing references.

● Generating citations and bibliographies in your preferred
style.
● Seamlessly converting referencing styles to meet specific
publication requirements.

8. Some Reference Management Software:

8.1 EndNote:

EndNote is a popular commercial reference management software

developed to help manage bibliographies and citations for essays,
reports, and articles. It has changed ownership multiple times,
created by Richard Niles and released in 1989. In 2000, it was
acquired by the ResearchSoft Division of the Institute for Scientific
Information and eventually became part of Clarivate in 2016.

8.2 Mendeley:

Mendeley, a free reference management software, was founded in

2007 by German Ph.D. students Paul Foeckler, Victor Henning, and
Jan Reichelt. In 2013, Elsevier acquired Mendeley. Designed to
manage research papers and generate bibliographies, Mendeley
received numerous awards in 2009, including "European Start-up of
the Year" and "Best Social Innovation Which Benefits Society."

8.3 RefWorks:

RefWorks, an online commercial reference management software

developed by Ex Libris (a ProQuest company), was originally
launched in 2001 as a collaboration between Earl B. Beutler and
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. Acquired by ProQuest in 2008,
RefWorks is tailored for academic institutions, supporting students
and researchers with citation management, collaborative research,
and data organization. It provides continuous support, enabling
library administrators to set reference styles institutionally.

8.4 Papers:

Papers is a cross-platform reference management software for Mac

OS X and Windows, commonly used for organizing bibliographies
and references. Created by Alexander Griekspoor and Tom
Groothuis during their Ph.D. studies at the Netherlands Cancer
Institute, Papers offers a user-friendly interface for managing digital
publications. Initially released in 2007, it was later acquired by
ReadCube in 2016, with ReadCube Papers launched in Fall 2019.

9. SMAC (Social, Mobile, Analytics, and Cloud):

SMAC (Social, Mobile, Analytics, and Cloud) represents the

integration of four impactful technologies that are reshaping
business models and generating new opportunities for innovation.
Together, these technologies create an ecosystem that transitions
businesses from traditional e-business approaches to fully
digitalized operations.

9.1 Core Elements of SMAC:

Social Media: Platforms like X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, and

Instagram allow businesses to connect with customers, run
targeted marketing campaigns, and collect data through social
interactions.
Mobile Technologies: Smartphones, tablets, and wearables have
transformed how people communicate, shop, and work, producing
data that supports new business models and service innovations.

Analytics: Advanced data analytics provide insights into customer

behavior, predict trends, and optimize processes. The growth of big
data technologies, such as Hadoop, has positioned analytics as a
strategic priority for businesses.

Cloud Computing: Cloud solutions offer flexible, scalable access to

resources, allowing businesses to quickly adjust to market demands
and streamline operations.
1. Introduction:

Cloud Computing involves storing and accessing data and programs

on remote servers hosted on the internet, rather than on a
computer’s hard drive or local server. Also known as internet-based
computing, this technology delivers resources as a service to users
over the internet. Stored data can include files, images, documents,
and other digital assets, allowing for efficient, scalable, and remote
access.

2. Origins of Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing has its roots in the mainframe computing of the

1950s and the internet boom of the 1990s. Early 2000s pioneers
like Amazon, Google, and Salesforce popularized the term "cloud
computing" by offering web-based services. The concept centers on
providing scalable, adaptable, and cost-effective access to
computing resources on demand through the Internet. Today, cloud
computing is ubiquitous, powering diverse services across
industries and revolutionizing data processing, storage, and
retrieval.
 3. Architecture Of Cloud Computing

4. Types of Cloud Computing Services

Cloud Service Type Description
Provides virtualized resources (e.g., VMs, storage, networks),
Infrastructure as a
allowing users control over the OS and applications, while
Service (IaaS)
offering scalable hardware resources for cost efficiency.
Simplifies development by abstracting the underlying
Platform as a Service
infrastructure, enabling developers to focus on code; includes
(PaaS)
automated resource scaling to optimize performance.
Delivers applications over the internet, enabling easy access
Software as a
without installation; automatically updates software, reducing
Service (SaaS)
IT costs and increasing accessibility.
Offers serverless computing, where developers can execute
Function as a Service
code in response to events; users only pay for runtime, with
(FaaS)
automatic scaling for seamless workload management.
5. Cloud Deployment Models:
Cloud
Deployment Description
Model
Enhances security and customization by using dedicated cloud
resources tailored to meet specific organizational
Private Cloud
requirements. Ideal for companies that prioritize data
protection and compliance.
Operates on a pay-as-you-go model, offering scalable and
accessible cloud resources to multiple users. Ensures
Public Cloud
cost-effectiveness by delivering essential services for
enterprise needs.
Combines private and public cloud elements, enabling
seamless data and application processing across both
Hybrid Cloud
environments. Offers flexibility, such as keeping sensitive data
private while using scalable applications in the public cloud.
Shared among organizations with common interests, like
Community research institutions or government bodies, providing a
Cloud collaborative platform while maintaining a level of data
isolation and security.
6. Cloud computing companies:
Cloud Computing
Description
Company
Amazon Web Dominates the global cloud market with a 31% share,
Services (AWS) offering a comprehensive suite of cloud services.
Known for robust security features, Azure is one of the
Microsoft Azure
leading providers of cloud services worldwide.
Google Cloud Offers strong security features and a wide array of cloud
Platform (GCP) services, making it a top cloud provider globally.
Holds 5% of the global market share, along with Tencent
Alibaba Cloud Cloud, and serves as a key cloud provider, especially in
Asia.
A major player in the cloud market, known for its
IBM Cloud
enterprise-grade solutions.
Popular for its simplicity and ease of use, especially among
Digital Ocean
developers and small businesses.
Specializes in managed solutions for the Microsoft Azure
Eastwall
cloud platform.
A managed cloud hosting platform based in India, catering
Softxaa
to local cloud service needs.