1.
An operating system is a software which acts as an interface between the end user and computer
hardware.
2. The OS typically provides services in the following areas:
provideProgram execution
File-system manipulation
Communications
Error detection
Protection and security
3.User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).
4. Program execution - The system must be able to load a program into memory and to run that
program,
5. I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may involve a file or an I/O device.
6. File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular interest. Programs need to read and write
files and directories,
7. Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a multiuser or networked computer
system may want to control use of that information.
8. Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the same computer or between
computers over a network.
9. Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible errors.
10. Operating system services?
11. Popular types of OS
DESKTOP, SEREVER Class, mobile class.
12.instruction set architecture:- Defines the machine language instructions that a computer can follow.
13.application binary interface:- Defines a standard for binary portability across programs.
14. karnel:-The kernel is the central component of a computer operating systems.
15. Computer-system operation:-One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus
providing access to shared memory.
16.Functions of an Operating System?
Process ManagementA :-process is a program in execution.
Memory Management:- Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address.
File Management:- A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator.
I/O Management:- Device controllers are components on the motherboard (or on expansion
cards) that act as an interface between the CPU and the actual device.
Protection and Security:- The operating system uses password protection to protect user data
and similar other techniques.
User interface :- A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and instructions and how
information is displayed on the screen
There are two types of user interface?
Command Line Interface:- In a command-line interface, a user types commands represented by
short keywords or abbreviations or presses special keys on the keyboard to enter data and
instructions.
Graphical user Interface:- A GUI is a user interface that is made up of graphic objects instead of
text commands.
17. Types of Operating Systems?
1. Batch Operating System
2. Multiprogramming Operating System
3. Time-Sharing OS
4. Multiprocessing OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Network OS
7. Real Time OS
8. Embedded OS
18. OS and Hardware Interaction:-The OS interacts directly with hardware components through the
device drivers and hardware abstraction layers (HAL).
19.utility:- A utility is a software program that enhances or extends the operating system’s capabilities.
20. Kinds of Utilities?
Disk defragmenter
Data compression
Backup
Disk management
Screen savers
21. External memory:-also known as secondary storage or auxiliary memory.
22. Types of External Memory
Magnetic Storage (e.g. HDD)
Optical Storage (CD/DVD/Blu-ray)
Solid State Storage (SSD, Flash drives)
Cloud Storage (overview)
23. Types of Memory Hierarchy?
External Memory or Secondary Memory: Comprising of Magnetic Disk, Optical Disk, and Magnetic Tape
i.e.
• Internal Memory or Primary Memory: Comprising of Main Memory, Cache Memory & CPU
registers. This is directly accessible by the processor
24. Cache memory is a small, fast memory unit located close to the CPU.
25. Main memory, also known as RAM (Random Access Memory), is the primary memory of a computer
system.
Types of main memory?
A= Static RAM B=Dynamic RAM.
PREPARED BY OSAMA HASSAN ALI
