ANALOG VS DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEMS

FEATURE ANALOG DIGITAL

TRAFFIC CH VOICE USE FM VOICE ENCODED IN

DIGITAL FORMAT

PROCESSING MORE DIFFICULT EASIER BY USING

MODEM

ENCRYPTION NO SECURITY PROVIDES THIS

CAPABILITY

NOISE MORE NOISY INHERENTLY LESS

NOISY
 ANALOG VS DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEMS (contd)

FEATURE ANALOG DIGITAL

ERROR DETECTION NO SUCH SUCH CAPABILITY

AND CORRECTION FACILITY.SO VOICE PROVIDED.SO
WAS NOT CLEAR VOICE IS CLEAR

CHANNEL ACCESS ONE CH TO ONLY ONE CH SHARED BY

ONE USER.EACH NO OF USERS
CELL SUPPORTS A USING TDMA/CDMA
NO OF FIXED CH.
COMPATIBILITY NOT COMPATIBLE COMPATIBLE WITH
WITH OTHER COMPUTERS
DEVICES /COMPUTERS N/W
WHICH USE DIGITAL
FORMAT.
 ANALOG CELLULAR SYSTEM
• 1 G / First Generation Cellular system.
• Evolved in early 80s.
• Called AMPS – ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM
• Released in 1983.
• Employed in North & South America, China, Australia etc.

General Specifications

• Base Stn Tx Band 869-894 M Hz

• M U Tx Band 824-849 M Hz
• Spacing between FCh & RCh 45 M Hz
• Channel Bandwidth 30 K Hz
• No of Full Duplex Ch 790
• No of Full Duplex Control Ch 42
 Analog Cellular System ( Contd)

• M U Max Power 3W
• Cell Size Radius 2-20 Km
• Modulation Voice Channel FM, 12 KHz Peak
• Modulation Control Channel FSK 8 KHz
• Data Transmission Rate 10 Kbps
• Each AMPS contains Numeric Assignment Module (NAM ) in read
only memory. This contains the Telephone No of the phone (MIN )
which is assigned by the service provider & the serial no of the phone
(ESN ) which is assigned by the manufacturer. When the phone is
switched on, it transmits its serial no and phone no to the MSC
through BS. The MSC maintains the data base of the user for Billing
Purpose or for blocking the Call.
 1G Mobile Standards
• NMT (Nordic mobile Telephone)
Used in Nordic countries , Switzerland, Netherland, eastern Europe and
Russia.

• AMPS( Advance Mobile Phone system)

Used in United State

• CDPD(total access communication system)

Used in United Kingdom.
 Chronology of 1G wireless system
• 1970 : Developments of radio & computer technology for 800/900
MHZ mobile communication.

• 1976: WARC (world administrative Radio Conference ) allocates

spectrum for cellular radio.

• 1979: NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph)introduces the first

cellular system in Japan.

• 1981: NMT 900 system introduces by Ericsson Radio system AB &

develop in scandinavia(region of Europe).

• 1984: AMPS introduces by AT&T in North America.

First Generation Wireless Networks

• AMPS: FM modulation

EE 552/452 Spring 2007

 Limitations of AMPS

LOW CALLING CAPACITY.

LIMITED SPECTRUM.

NO ROOM FOR SPECTRUM GROWTH.

POOR DATA COMMUNICATIONS.

MINIMAL PRIVACY.

INSUFFICIENT SCHEME PROTECTION.

 DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEM –(GSM)

• GSM –GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS.

• YEAR INTRODUCED 1990
• ACCESS METHOD TDMA
• BASE STN TX CH 935-960 M Hz
• M U TX CH 890-915 M Hz
• SPACING BETWEEN FWD AND REV CH 45 M Hz
• CH BANDWIDTH 200 K Hz
• NO OF DUPLEX CH 125
• MU MAX POWER 20 W
• USERS PER CH 8
• MODULATION GMSK
• CARRIER BIT RATE 270.8 Kbps
• SPEECH CODING BIT RATE 13 Kbps
• FRAME SIZE 4.6 ms
 GSM FEATURES

• More capacity.

• Ensures rapid call set up.

• Handsets smaller & more robust.

• Talk to no of other parties simultaneously.

• Can place a call on hold while one accesses another call.

• Notifies you of another call at the same time as on a call.

• Encrypted conversation that can not be tapped.

• Short message service (sms) which allows one to send and receive 126 character
text messages.

• Ability to use same phone in a no of n/w related countries.

• No static connections.
 GSM FEATURES (CONTD)
• Allows data & fax transmission & reception across gsm n/w at speeds up to 9.6
mbps currently.

• Forwarding of calls to another no.

• Emergency calls – in majority of countries , the global 112 emergency no can be

called free.

• Allows location/ cell-specific reception of text msgs.

• One can bar outgoing calls and incoming calls.

• Clip allows one to see the telephone no of the incoming caller on the LCD screen of
the handset.

• Real time call costs on the handsets LCD screen.

• Closed user group – allows a set of phones to be classed as PBX (private branch
exchange) extensions.
 SECOND GENERATION CELLULAR NETWORKS

2 G Standard

TDMA CDMA

PDC
GSM IS-136
Pacific Digital
Standard Interim standard
Cellular Standard
 SECOND GENERATION CELLULAR NETWORKS

• 2 G Systems are based on digital technology.

TWO TYPES – TDMA /CDMA

TDMA BASED STANDARDS :

(a) GSM - Used world wide

(b) IDEN – Integrated digital enhanced n/w. Developed by motorola used in usa &
canada.

(c) IS -136 (Interim Standard 136 )Also called Digital Mobile Phone System (D-MPS
).used in North & South America.

(d) PDC – Personal Digital Cellular system. Used in Japan

CDMA BASED STANDARDS

• IS – 95 Developed by Qualcomm(American global telecommunication corporation

). Also known as TIA- EIA -95 or CDMA - One
 SECOND GENERATION CELLULAR NETWORKS (CONTD)
• CODEC 2 G make use of CODEC (compression & decompression algorithm ) to compress
and multiplex digital voice data.

• 2 G n/w can handle more calls per amount of bandwidth as compare to1 G n/ w.

• 2 G cellphones usually smaller.

• Emit less radio power

• Safer for consumers to use.

• Battery life of handsets lasts longer.

• Offers additional services as sms & e-mails.

• Error checking has improved sound quality.

• Reduction of noise level.

• Digital voice encoding has made calls less susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping(over
listening) from third parties due to use of radio scanner.
 Second Generation Wireless
Networks
• Digital modulation and advanced call processing capability
• GSM, TDMA(IS136) and CDMA (IS95)
• Cordless phone: CT2 (US), PACS(UK), DECT (Europe)
• Base station controller, standardized of interface, reduce
burden of MSC
• Signaling in air interface, between MSC, and between PSTN
• Beyond voice, paging, data service such as fax, high data rate
• More flexibility in channel allocation scheme
• System can be deployed in a less coordinated manner

EE 552/452 Spring 2007

 Chronology of 2G wireless system
• 1982:CEPT established GSM to define future Pan-European Cellular Radio.
• 1990: IS-54(USDC) adopted by TIA.
• 1990: IS-19B (NAMPS)adopted by TIA
• 1991:Japanese PDC system standardized by the MPT.
• 1992: Phase I GSM system is operational.
• 1993: IS-95 (CDMA) adopted by TIA.
• 1994: IS-136 adopted by TIA.
• 1995: PCS Licenses issued in North America.
• 1996:Pase II GSM operational.
• 1997:North American PCS Deploys GSM ,IS-54,IS-95.
• 1999:
IS-54 :North America
IS-95:North America, Hong kong, Israle, Japan, China . etc
GSM.: 110 countries
 Third Generation Wireless
Networks
• Goal: a single standard to meet a wide range of wireless
applications and provide universal access
• Broadband integrated services digital network: B-ISDN
• Voice, data, and video; dense or sparsely populated; stationary
users and vehicular users
• IP, packet radio
• Personal communication system (PCS) and personal
communication network (PCN)
• IMT-2000 vs. UMTS(universal mobile telecommunication standard).

EE 552/452 Spring 2007

 Features of new release
• Release 99
 Bearer services
 64 kbit/s circuit switches.
 64 kbit/s packet switches.
 Location services
 Call services:GSM-compatible. USIM-based.
Release 4
 EDGE radio
 Multimedia messaging.
 Improved location services
Release 5
 IP Multimedia subsystem
 IPv6 transport in UTRAN (UTMS Radio Access Network)
 Features of new release

 Improved in GERAN(GSM,EDGE Radio Access Network)

 HSDPA

• Release 6
 WLAN integration
 Multimedia broadcast & multicast
 Improvement in IMS
 HSUPA
 Assignment
• Differentiate between analog and digital
cellular systems.
• State specific features of 1G, 2G and 3G
cellular systems.