Noakhali Science And Technology

University

Assignment On
Topic: Evolution and History of Computer
Networking
Course Title: Computer Networks
Course Code: PGD 212

Submitted to
Md. Iftekharul Alam Efat
Assistant Professor
IIT( Institute Of Information Technology)
Noakhali Science and Technology University

Submitted By
Name : Emran Al Mahmud
Roll No : 202415001
Semester : 02
Batch No : PGDIT 15

Institute of Information Technology (IIT)

Content

1. Introduction ............................................................................................2

2. Objectives ...............................................................................................3

3. Early History of Computer Networking .................................................4

4. Key Milestones in Networking Evolution ..............................................5

5. Types of Computer Networks ................................................................7

6. Evolution of Network Protocols .............................................................9

7. Internet and World Wide Web .............................................................11

8. Wireless and Mobile Networking.........................................................12

9. Cloud Computing and Modern Network Trends ..................................14

10. Case Studies and Real-World Examples ............................................16

11. Conclusion ..........................................................................................17

12. References ..........................................................................................18

Page | 1
 1. Introduction

Computer networking is one of the most important inventions of modern technology. It

allows computers and digital devices to connect with each other to share information,
communicate, and work together. Today, we use computer networks for almost everything—
sending emails, browsing websites, watching videos, using social media, working from home,
and even controlling smart devices in our homes. But this amazing technology did not appear
overnight. It has a long and interesting history that shows how far we have come.

Second Generation of Computer - Know Program

The story of computer networking began many years ago, in the 1960s, when scientists and
researchers tried to connect computers to share data more easily. One of the first and most
important projects was called ARPANET, which was created in the United States. It was a
small network at first, but it introduced new ideas like packet switching and protocols, which
became the building blocks of the modern Internet. Over the years, many improvements were
made—new types of networks were created, faster connections were developed, and new
tools and technologies were added to make networking more useful and powerful.
Computer networking has changed the way we live, work, and communicate. It has helped
people around the world stay connected and share knowledge. From simple connections
between a few computers to a global network that connects billions of devices, the journey of
networking is truly inspiring. It has also helped in many areas like education, healthcare,
business, entertainment, and scientific research.
In this assignment, we will explore how computer networking started, how it developed over
time, and what important events and technologies shaped its growth. We will also look at the
different types of networks, important protocols, and current trends like wireless
communication, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things. By understanding the history
and evolution of computer networking, we can better understand the digital world we live in
today and prepare for future developments.

Page | 2
 2. Objectives
1. To trace the historical development of computer networking

This involves studying how networking began in the 1960s with early experiments like
ARPANET and how it gradually evolved into today's global Internet, highlighting each key
stage in this transformation.

2. To explore the origin and significance of ARPANET

Understanding how ARPANET, funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, was the first
network to implement packet switching and TCP/IP, setting the foundation for the modern
Internet.

3. To understand key networking concepts and technologies

Focus on foundational ideas like circuit switching, packet switching, protocols, addressing
schemes (like IP addresses), and how they enable reliable communication between
computers.

4. To identify and explain major networking protocols

Learn about protocols such as TCP/IP (ensures reliable communication), DNS (translates
domain names into IP addresses), FTP , and HTTP/HTTPS, which are essential for network
functionality.

5. To examine the development of networking hardware and infrastructure

Study the evolution of essential devices such as switches, routers, hubs, modems, and how
they contribute to building and maintaining computer networks.

6. To explore the different types of computer networks

Understand how LANs (Local Area Networks), WANs (Wide Area Networks), MANs
(Metropolitan Area Networks), and PANs (Personal Area Networks) serve differentbased on
size, speed, and usage.

7. To analyze the emergence and expansion of the Internet and the World Wide Web

Look into how the Internet became globally accessible, how the WWW simplified access to
information, and the roles played by web browsers and search engines.

8. To assess the impact of networking on various sectors

Discuss how computer networking has transformed communication, business operations,

education systems, healthcare, and entertainment and services more accessible and efficient.

9. To study modern trends in networking

Explore current advancements such as wireless communication (Wi-Fi, 4G/5G), cloud

computing, virtualization, and the rise of Internet of Things (IoT) devices that are reshaping
network usage.
Page | 3
 3. Early History of Computer Networking
The early history of computer networking dates back to the mid-20th century, during a time
of rapid technological advancement driven by military, academic, and scientific needs. The
concept of connecting computers to share data and resources was revolutionary and laid the
foundation for the modern Internet.

The origins can be traced to the late 1950s and

early 1960s, when computers were large, expensive
machines mostly used in universities, research labs,
and government agencies. Each computer operated
independently, making data sharing and remote
access impossible. To address this limitation,
researchers began exploring ways to connect
multiple machines to exchange information more
efficiently.

One of the most significant milestones came in 1969 with the development of ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), funded by the United States Department of
Defense. ARPANET was the first operational packet-switching network and is widely
considered the precursor to the modern Internet. It initially connected four computers located
at UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. Unlike traditional
telephone networks that used circuit switching, ARPANET employed packet switching, a
method of breaking data into smaller packets before sending them, making communication
faster and more reliable.

Before ARPANET, another important influence was the work of Paul Baran and Donald
Davies, who independently proposed the idea of packet-switched networks. Their theoretical
work proved essential in developing practical communication systems that could survive
partial network failures and still transmit data effectively.

Throughout the 1970s, ARPANET expanded, connecting more universities and research
centers. It demonstrated the potential of networking to share files, send emails, and support
collaborative computing. As the number of connected systems grew, the need for standard
protocols became apparent. This led to the creation of the Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the late 1970s by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. TCP/IP
became the standard protocol suite for ARPANET and was officially adopted in 1983,
marking a major step toward a unified global network.

In summary, the early history of computer networking was driven by the need for efficient
data sharing among researchers and institutions. From isolated machines to connected
systems using packet switching and standard protocols, the groundwork was laid for what
would eventually become the Internet—a global network that now connects billions of
devices worldwide.

Page | 4
 4. Key Milestones in Networking Evolution
The evolution of computer networking has been shaped by a series of groundbreaking
milestones that transformed isolated computing into a globally connected system. These
milestones mark the key developments in technology, protocols, and infrastructure that have
defined the progress of networking over the decades.

ARPANET (1969):

The first major milestone was the launch of ARPANET in 1969 by the U.S. Department of
Defense. It was the first practical implementation of packet switching and enabled multiple
computers to communicate over long distances. It connected four nodes at UCLA, Stanford,
UC Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah.

1. Introduction of Email (1971):

Email was developed by Ray Tomlinson as one of the first real applications on
ARPANET. It quickly became the most popular use of networking for communication.
2. TCP/IP Protocol Development (1970s–1983):

During the late 1970s, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed the Transmission Control Protocol
and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). It became the official protocol of ARPANET in 1983 and
laid the foundation for the modern Internet by standardizing how data is transmitted across
networks.

3. DNS System Introduced (1984):

The Domain Name System (DNS) was introduced to simplify IP addressing. Instead of using
numeric IP addresses, users could type readable domain names (like www.iitnstu.com),
making the Internet more user-friendly.

Page | 5
4. Launch of the World Wide Web (1991):

Invented by Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide Web revolutionized networking by

introducing web browsers, hyperlinks, and websites, transforming the Internet into a widely
accessible and visual platform.

5. Wi-Fi and Wireless Networking (Late 1990s):

Wireless networking technologies like Wi-Fi emerged, allowing users to connect to the
Internet without physical cables. This increased mobility and convenience for users
worldwide.

6. Broadband and Fiber Optics (2000s):

Faster Internet connections through DSL, cable, and fiber-optic networks allowed the
transmission of large volumes of data, enabling services like video streaming and cloud
computing.

7. Mobile Networks and 4G/5G (2010s–Present):

The rise of mobile Internet through 4G and now 5G has made high-speed connectivity
accessible from nearly anywhere, further expanding the reach and usage of computer
networking.

Page | 6
 5. Types of Computer Networks

Computer networks are categorized based on their size, range, and purpose. Understanding the
different types of networks helps in recognizing how devices connect and communicate in
various settings—from small homes to global infrastructures. Below are the major types of
computer networks, explained with real-life examples.

1. Personal Area Network (PAN):

A PAN is the smallest type of network, designed for a single person’s use within a short
range (typically 10 meters). It connects personal devices such as smartphones, tablets,
laptops, and wireless peripherals.
Example: A Bluetooth connection between a smartphone and wireless earbuds or a
smartwatch paired with a mobile phone.

2. Local Area Network (LAN):

LANs connect multiple computers and devices within a limited area, such as a home, office,
or school. They are known for high speed, low cost, and ease of setup. LANs use Ethernet
cables or Wi-Fi for connectivity.
Example: A school computer lab where all the desktops are connected to a central server to
access files and printers.

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):

A MAN covers a larger area than a LAN, often spanning a city or large campus. It is used to
connect multiple LANs within a metropolitan area, often operated by local governments or
Page | 7
organizations.
Example: A city-wide network that connects government offices, police stations, and
libraries.

4. Wide Area Network (WAN):

WANs span large geographic areas and can connect computers across cities, countries, or
even continents. They rely on leased telecommunication lines, satellites, and undersea cables.
The Internet is the largest and most common example of a WAN.
Example: A multinational company like Google or Amazon uses WANs to connect its data
centers, offices, and users around the world.

5. Campus Area Network (CAN):

A CAN connects multiple LANs within a specific area, such as a university, business park, or
hospital complex. It allows users across departments or buildings to share resources.
Example: A university connecting its different departments—such as the library,
administrative office, and classrooms—into one network.

Each type of network plays a crucial role in communication and data exchange. Choosing the
right network depends on the scale, speed, cost, and purpose of the setup.

Page | 8
 6. Evolution of Network Protocols

Network protocols are the rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted, received,
and interpreted across a computer network. Over time, these protocols have evolved
significantly to meet the increasing demand for faster, more reliable, and secure
communication. The evolution of network protocols reflects the overall growth and
sophistication of computer networking.

1. Early Protocols – NCP (Network Control Protocol):

In the early days of ARPANET (late 1960s to early 1970s), the first protocol used was the
Network Control Protocol (NCP). NCP allowed communication between host computers but
was limited in terms of scalability and functionality. It could not support internetworking
between multiple networks.

2. TCP/IP – A Revolutionary Step (1970s–1983):

The limitations of NCP led to the development of the Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in the 1970s. This protocol suite
introduced the concept of packet switching across interconnected networks, forming the
foundation of the modern Internet. In 1983, TCP/IP became the standard protocol for
ARPANET and quickly spread to other networks, enabling a universal communication
standard.

3. Introduction of Application Layer Protocols:

As the Internet grew, application-specific protocols were developed to support various

services. Notable examples include:

 HTTP/HTTPS: Used for web browsing and secure websites

 FTP (File Transfer Protocol): For transferring files
 SMTP, POP3, IMAP: For email communication
 DNS (Domain Name System): For translating domain names into IP addresses

Page | 9
These protocols work on top of TCP/IP, offering more user-friendly services for everyday
Internet use.

4. Wireless and Mobile Protocols:

With the rise of mobile computing and wireless communication in the late 1990s and early
2000s, new protocols like 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth were introduced. These allowed
devices to connect without cables, supporting mobility and convenience.

5. Modern Protocols and Security Enhancements:

In recent years, the focus has shifted toward speed, efficiency, and security. Protocols like
IPv6 have been developed to replace IPv4 and provide a larger address space. Security
protocols such as SSL/TLS are now standard for encrypting online data and protecting user
privacy.

Page | 10
 7. Internet and World Wide Web
The Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) are often used interchangeably, but they
are not the same. The Internet is a vast global network of interconnected computers, while the
World Wide Web is a service that operates on the Internet, allowing users to access and share
information through websites and web browsers.

The Internet: A Global Network

The Internet began as a research project in the late 1960s with ARPANET, a network funded
by the U.S. Department of Defense. Over time, ARPANET expanded and merged with other
networks, leading to the formation of today’s global Internet. By the 1980s and 1990s, the
Internet became widely accessible to universities, businesses, and eventually the general
public.

The Internet is a network of networks that uses the TCP/IP protocol to transmit data. It
allows different types of devices—computers, smartphones, tablets—to connect and
communicate across the world. Key services offered by the Internet include email, file
transfer, online gaming, cloud computing, video streaming, and, most importantly, the World
Wide Web.

The World Wide Web: A Revolutionary Service

The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 while working at CERN. It
introduced a new way of accessing information using a system of interlinked hypertext
documents. These documents, or web pages, are written in HTML (HyperText Markup
Language) and accessed using HTTP/HTTPS protocols.

The introduction of the first web browser, Mosaic, in 1993 made the web user-friendly and
graphical. This led to an explosion of websites and online content. The WWW transformed
the Internet from a technical platform for researchers into a global source of information,
education, communication, and commerce.

Key Components of the Web:

 Web Browsers: Software like Chrome, Firefox, and Safari used to access websites.
 Web Servers: Computers that store and serve website content to users.
 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators): Web addresses used to find and access
specific web pages.
 Search Engines: Tools like Google and Bing that help users find information on the
web.

Page | 11
 8. Wireless and Mobile Networking
Wireless and mobile networking have revolutionized the way we connect to the Internet
and communicate in the modern world. Unlike traditional wired networks that require
physical cables, wireless networks use electromagnetic waves (such as radio signals) to
transmit data. This shift to wireless communication has enabled mobility, convenience, and
constant connectivity.

1. What is Wireless Networking?

Wireless networking refers to the use of wireless signals—typically radio frequency (RF)—to
connect devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets to a network. One of the most common
forms of wireless networking is Wi-Fi, which allows devices to connect to the Internet
without cables. Wireless networks use routers and access points to transmit signals within a
range, usually inside homes, offices, and public areas like airports or cafes.

2. Mobile Networking Explained

Mobile networking involves connecting to a network while on the move. Unlike Wi-Fi,
which is limited to a small geographic area, mobile networking relies on cellular networks
(like 3G, 4G, and 5G) to provide wider coverage. This allows users to access the Internet,
make voice or video calls, and use apps from virtually anywhere—be it in a moving vehicle
or a remote location.

3. Evolution of Mobile Networks:

 1G (Analog Voice): Introduced in the 1980s, provided basic voice service.

 2G (Digital Voice and SMS): Enabled text messaging and better call quality.
 3G: Brought mobile data services and basic Internet browsing.
 4G (High-Speed Data): Enabled video streaming, online gaming, and HD calls.
 5G (Next Generation): Offers ultra-fast data speeds, low latency, and supports the
Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, and real-time applications.

Page | 12
4. Advantages of Wireless and Mobile Networking:

 Mobility: Users can connect from anywhere within coverage.

 Convenience: No need for cables; easy to set up.
 Scalability: Easy to expand network access without physical infrastructure.
 Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for expensive wiring and maintenance.

5. Common Applications:

 Public Wi-Fi hotspots

 Mobile banking and e-commerce
 Online learning and remote work
 Smart home devices and IoT applications

In conclusion, wireless and mobile networking have transformed digital communication by

providing freedom of movement and instant access to information. As technologies like 5G
continue to develop, the future of networking will become even faster, smarter, and more
connected.

Page | 13
 9. Cloud Computing and Modern Network Trends
The evolution of networking has paved the way for advanced technologies like cloud
computing, which has significantly changed the way data is stored, accessed, and processed.
Alongside this, several modern network trends are shaping the future of digital
communication, making networks faster, more flexible, and more intelligent.

Cloud Computing: A New Era of Networking

Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services—such as storage, processing

power, and software—over the Internet, often referred to as "the cloud." Instead of storing
data on local computers or servers, users can access their files and applications from
anywhere through cloud platforms.

There are three main types of cloud services:

 IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) – e.g., Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft

Azure
 PaaS (Platform as a Service) – e.g., Google App Engine
 SaaS (Software as a Service) – e.g., Gmail, Google Docs, Microsoft Office 365

Benefits of cloud computing include:

 Scalability: Easily increase or decrease resources as needed.

 Cost-efficiency: Pay only for the services used.
 Accessibility: Access data from any device, anywhere.
 Security and Backup: Data is often backed up and secured by the provider.

Modern Network Trends

Several trends are reshaping the networking landscape in the era of digital transformation:

Page | 14
 1. 5G Technology: The fifth-generation mobile network offers faster speeds, lower
latency, and support for massive device connectivity, especially for IoT devices.
2. Internet of Things (IoT): Billions of smart devices (like sensors, appliances, and
wearables) are now connected to the Internet, collecting and exchanging data
continuously.
3. Edge Computing: This involves processing data closer to the source (like IoT
devices) rather than sending it all to a central cloud server, reducing latency and
bandwidth use.
4. Software-Defined Networking (SDN): SDN allows network administrators to
manage network services through software, making networks more flexible and
programmable.
5. Cybersecurity Focus: With increased connectivity comes higher security risks,
prompting the development of advanced security protocols, firewalls, and encryption
methods.

In conclusion, cloud computing and modern network trends are driving the digital revolution
by making computing more accessible, efficient, and intelligent. These innovations are
shaping the future of industries, communication, and everyday life.

Page | 15
 10. Case Studies and Real-World Examples
To understand the real impact of computer networking, it is helpful to explore how different
organizations and sectors use network technologies to solve problems, improve services, and
increase efficiency. Here are some notable examples:

1. Google’s Global Network Infrastructure

Google operates one of the most advanced and powerful private networks in the world. With
data centers spread across continents, Google uses fiber optic cables and submarine links to
deliver fast and reliable services like Search, YouTube, and Gmail. Its use of advanced
routing protocols, cloud computing, and edge servers ensures minimal latency for billions of
users.

2. Banking and Financial Services

Banks such as HSBC and Standard Chartered use secure and reliable networking systems to
process millions of transactions every day. Their private WANs and encrypted VPNs connect
ATMs, branches, and mobile banking apps. Networking ensures real-time transaction
processing, fraud detection, and secure online banking.

3. E-commerce: Amazon

Amazon uses networking to connect warehouses, customers, and vendors in real-time. Its
cloud service (AWS) supports global online shopping and streaming, handling huge traffic
with low downtime. Load balancing and content delivery networks (CDNs) ensure that
customers worldwide experience fast, reliable service.

4. Education: Online Learning Platforms

Platforms like Coursera and Google Classroom use cloud-based networking to offer online
courses to millions of students worldwide. These platforms rely on high-speed Internet, video
streaming, and secure data storage to deliver lectures, assignments, and communication tools.

5. Smart Cities: Barcelona, Spain

Barcelona uses IoT-based networking to manage traffic, waste collection, lighting, and public
Wi-Fi. Data from sensors is processed in real time to improve urban living, reduce costs, and
enhance sustainability.

These real-world examples show how networking enables innovation, supports daily
operations, and connects the world more effectively.

Page | 16
 11. Conclusion

The evolution of computer networking has fundamentally transformed the way the world
connects and communicates. What began as simple electronic signal exchanges between a
few computers has grown into the backbone of today’s interconnected digital society.
Computer networks now play an indispensable role in nearly every facet of life—enabling
global communication, seamless data sharing, remote work, online education, and countless
other applications. By understanding this remarkable journey, we gain a deeper appreciation
of networking’s profound impact and are better equipped to embrace future innovations.

Key Highlights:
1. Origins: Networking started with basic electronic communication systems, culminating in
ARPANET, the pioneering network prototype that laid the groundwork for the Internet.
2. Internet Development: The creation of the TCP/IP protocols and the rise of the Internet in
the late 20th century enabled widespread, global connectivity.
3. The Web Revolution: The introduction of the World Wide Web in the 1990s made the
Internet accessible and user-friendly, revolutionizing how we access information,
communicate, and conduct business.
4. Wireless and Mobile Access: Innovations such as Wi-Fi, 4G, and 5G have empowered
people to stay connected anytime and anywhere, fostering unprecedented mobility.
5. Cloud Computing: Cloud technologies provide flexible, scalable access to data and
applications, reducing dependency on physical infrastructure.
6. Smart Technologies: The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence
(AI), and smart devices has created intelligent systems capable of real-time data
processing and interaction.
7. Cybersecurity: As our reliance on networks deepens, robust security measures have
become critical to safeguarding data, privacy, and trust.
8. Modern Network Trends: Innovations like edge computing, software-defined networking
(SDN), and automation are shaping the future landscape of networking.
9. Real-World Applications: Networking underpins essential sectors such as healthcare,
finance, education, and smart city development, driving efficiency and innovation.
10. Future Outlook: With emerging technologies like 6G and quantum networking on the
horizon, the future promises even more dynamic and transformative advances.
In sum, a thorough understanding of the history and ongoing evolution of computer
networking empowers us to harness technology more effectively and adapt confidently to the
rapidly changing digital world.

Page | 17
 12. References

References:

 Tanenbaum, A. S., & Wetherall, D. J. (2011). Computer Networks (5th ed.).

Pearson.
 For a broad overview of networking's impact: "Computer Networking: Principles,
Protocols and Practice" by Olivier Bonaventure (open-source textbook).:
 Leiner, B. M., et al. (1997). "A Brief History of the Internet." Internet Society.
[internet-society.org]
 Hafner, K., & Lyon, M. (1996). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the
Internet. Simon & Schuster.
 ARPANET (1969), Email (1971), TCP/IP (1983), DNS (1984), WWW (1991),
Wi-Fi, Broadband, 4G/5G
 Abbate, J. (1999). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press.
 Berners-Lee, T., & Fischetti, M. (1999). Weaving the Web: The Original Design
and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. HarperCollins.
 "The History of Wi-Fi" — Wi-Fi Alliance (official website).
 For mobile networks: Sauter, M. (2021). From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and
5G: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband (3rd ed.). Wiley.
 For definitions and examples: Forouzan, B. A. (2017). Data Communications and
Networking (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
 Cisco Networking Academy. (2020). "Types of Networks." [Cisco Networking
Basics course materials]
 Comer, D. E. (2018). Internetworking with TCP/IP (6th ed.). Pearson.
 RFC 791: "Internet Protocol" (1981) — Official standard for IPv4.
 RFC 2460: "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification" (1998).
 For SSL/TLS: Rescorla, E. (2001). SSL and TLS: Designing and Building Secure
Systems. Addison-Wesley.
 Berners-Lee, T. (1989). "Information Management: A Proposal." CERN (original
WWW proposal).
 Gillies, J., & Cailliau, R. (2000). How the Web was Born: The Story of the World
Wide Web. Oxford University Press.
 Castells, M. (2010). The Rise of the Network Society (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
 For sector-specific impacts: Various reports by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and World Economic Forum.
 Buyya, R., Vecchiola, C., & Selvi, S. T. (2013). Mastering Cloud Computing.
McGraw-Hill.
 Rose, K., Eldridge, S., & Chapin, L. (2015). "The Internet of Things: An
Overview." Internet Society.
 For cybersecurity: Stallings, W. (2017). Network Security Essentials:
Applications and Standards (6th ed.). Pearson.

Page | 18