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bl iqLrd dks izdkf'kr djus dk dk;Z lqpk# <ax ls lEiUu gks ik;k gSA
vius Hkfo"; dks laokjus esa iz;kljr vki fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, gekjk ,d vkSj iz;kl bl iqLrd
ds :i esa vkids lkeus gSA cSafdax ijh{kkvksa esa fujUrj gks jgs ifjorZuksa ds eqrkfcd [kqn dks <+kyuk
/khaxM+k Dyklst dh fo'ks"krk jgh gSA gekjk n`<+ ladYi ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds dfBu iz;klksa dk gh ifj.kke
gS fd iwjs Hkkjr esa vkt jk;flaguxj dk uke cSafdx ijh{kkvksa ds {ks= esa cM+s gh vk'p;Z ,oa lEeku ls
fy;k tkrk gSA gekjs ekxZn'kZu dk ykHk ysdja vkt Hkkjr ds dksus&dksus tSls& jktLFkku] iatkc]
fgekpy] tEew d'ehj] if'peh caxky] fcgkj] mRrjizns'k bR;kfn esa gekjs fo|kFkhZ fofHkUu cSadksa esa
vf/kdkjh ,oa fyfidh; laoxZ eas viuh lsok,a ns jgs gSaA
bl lQyrk ds ihNs fNih gS] gekjs lefiZr f'k{kdksa dh fnu&jkr dh vFkd esgur] ftls vki bl
iqLrd esa Hkh vuqHko djsaxsA bl iqLrd esa lkekU; ,oa cSafdx tkx:drk] foi.ku ,oa dEI;wVj ls
lEcfU/kr lHkh ijh{kksi;ksxh rF;ksa dks chu&chu dj ,d&lkFk j[kk x;k gS] tks vkxkeh ijh{kkvksa
ds fy, bl ckj Hkh mi;ksxh lkfcr gksxkA
;g iqLrd fofHkUu iqLrdksa ds rF;ksa dk ladyu ek= gh ugha] vfirq bldh ekSfydrk Hkh blesa
vf}fr; :i ls fNih gqbZ gSA ;g gekjh ekSfydrk gh gS] ftlds dkj.k foxr SBI ,oa IBPS
ijh{kkvksa esa bu fo"k;ksa ds yxHkx lHkh iz'u gekjh iqLrd esa ls gh FksA
bZ'oj ls ;gh izkFkZuk gS fd bl iqLrd dks cukus esa ftl izdkj fnu&jkr dh esagur dh xbZ gS]
mldk vki lHkh fo|kFkhZ Hkjiwj Qk;nk ys ldsa] rkfd vki Hkh vius Hkfo"; dks laokj ldsaA
fdlh Hkh 'kadk ds fuokj.k ds fy, vki gesa gekjs irs ij i=kpkj dj ldrs gSa ;k gesa mi;qZDr
uEcjksa ij ,l ,e ,l Hkh dj ldrs gSaA le; dh vfrO;Lrrk ds chp Hkh gekjk Hkjld iz;kl jgsxk
fd ge vkidk okafNr ekxZn'kZu dj ldsaA
fo"k;ksa ds vf/kd Li"Vhdj.k ds fy, bl iqLrd dh ys[kd Vhe dk izR;{k ekXknZ'ku vki gekjh
fu;fer d{kkvksa esa izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

^^ dgkuh cny ldrh gS] Qlkuk cny ldrk gSA

uxesa cny ldrs gSa] rjkuk cny ldrk gSA
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fQj fgUnqLrku rks D;k] t+ekuk cny ldrk gSA**

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CLASSES Mob.: 9982234596, 9828710134

dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl
1- vcsdl (Abacus) & bldk vkfo"dkj phu es gqvk FkkA
2- ikLdy dSydqysVj (Pascal Calculator) ;k ikLdykbZu (Pascaline) ;g dsoy tksM+ ;k ?kVko

3-

4-
us fd;k FkkA

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djus es gh l{ke FkkA bls ,fMax e'khu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk vkfo"dkj 1642 bZ- es Cyst ikLdy

fMQjsaV btau vkSj ,ukfyfVdy batu (Difference Engine Analutical Engine) %& bldk
vkfo"dkj 1822 esa pkYlZ ckost u fd;k Fkk tks Hkki ls pyrk FkkA
lsall VscqysVj (Census Tabulator) %& bldk vkfo"dkj geZu gksysfjFk us 1890 esa fd;k FkkA
5-

6- G
,fu,d (ENIAC- Electronec Numerical Intregrator And Calculator) bldk vkfo"dkj ,dVZ o
eqpyh us fd;k ;g izFke iw.kZ bySDVªkfud dEI;wVj FkkA

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ekbØks izkslslj (Micro Processor) %&1970 esa bUVsy dEiuh }kjk ekbØks dEI;wVj bUVsy 4004 ds

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fuekZ.k us dEI;wVj {ks= esa ØkfUr yk nhA blls NksVs vkdkj ds dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k lEHko gqvk ftUgs
ekbZØks dEI;wVj dgk x;kA
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Integration) rFkk VLSI(Very Large Scale
Integration) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
5- ikapoh ih<+h & blesa ULSI (Ultra Large
Scale Integration) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
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54
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CLASSES Mob.: 9982234596, 9828710134

egRoiw.kZ 'kCn la{ksi

1. USB - Universal Serial Bus. 20. DVD - Drirect Access Device.
2. GUI - Graphical User Interface. 21. CD ROM - Compact Disk Read Only
3. WWW - World Wide Web. Memory.
4. OCR - Optical Character Recognition. 22. CD RW - Compact Disk Read Write.
5. OMR - Optical Mark Recognition. 23. LLL - Low Level Language.
6. CD - Compect Disk. 24. COBOL - Common Business Oriental
7. SQL - Structured Query Language. Language.

A
8. DBMS - Data Base Management System. 25. DOS - Disk Opearting System.
9. HLL - High Level Language. 26. SDN - Sub Domain Name.
10. CAI - Omputr Aided Instruction. 27. DN - Domain Name.
11. RAM - Random Access Memory. 28. IP - Internet Protocol.
12. PDP - Plasma Display Panel. 29. HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.

R
13. DNS - Domain Name System. 30. URL - Uniform Resource Locator.
14. KBPS - Kilo Bytes Per Second. 31. BCR - Bar Code Reader.
15. IPS - Internet Service Provider. 32. CAI - Computer Aeded Instruction.
16. PROM - Programable Read Only Memory. 33. DASD - Data Access Storage Device.

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17. CU - Control Unit. 34. FTP - File Transfer Protocol.
18. ALU - Arithmatic Logic Unit. 35. SMS - Shor Message Service.
19. CPU - Central Processing Unit.

Extantion Name
E
IN

1. Ms Word - .Doc
S
2. Ms Excel - .Xls
3. Ms Power Point - .PPT
S

4. Ms Access - .MDB
5. Foxpro - .DBF
6. Ms Paint - .BMP
A
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7. Note Pade - .Txt

8. C++ - .CPP
9. JAVA - .JAVAC
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10. Visual Basic - .VB

11. HTML - .hmt, .html
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1- vkWijsfVax flLVe %& tks lk¶Vos;j LVksjst dks vkxzsukbt djrk gS vkSj lwpuk dks iqu% izkIr djrk gSA
2- daVªksy ;qfuV ds dk;Z %& funZs'kksa dks iBuk] funsZ'kksa dks i<+uk] funsZ'kksa dk fu"iknu djuk O;k[;k
djukA
3- usVodZ vf/kd`r miHkksDrkvksa ds chp gkMZos;j lk¶Vos;j ,oa vkdMksa dh lka>snkjh djukA
4- fMLd dh eq[;k Mk;jsDVjh dks :V Mk;jsDVjh dgrs gSA
Shortcut keys
Ctrl+A Select All Ctrl+Home First character of line Ctrl+X Cut
Shift Select one Ctrl+End Last character of Last line Ctrl+C Copy
Home First character of line Ctrl+ZUn-do Ctrl+V Paste
End Last character of line Ctrl+YRe-do Ctrl+F Find
Ctrl+H Replace

55
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dEI;wVj eas bLrseky gksus okys Input device

Input Device :
1. Keyboard 7. Webcam
2. Mouse 8. Bar code Reader
3. Scanner 9. OCR
4. Joystick 10. MICR
5. Tracball 11. OMR

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6. Microphone 12. Light Pen

Output Device :
1. Monitor 5. Card Reader

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2. Printer 6. Tape Reader
3. Plotter 7. Screen Image Projector
4. Speaker

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Types of Memory ¼eSeksjh ds izdkj½
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2. Secondary memory.
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bldks eSu eSeksj Hkh dgrs gS tks fd dEI;wVj ds vUnj jgrh gS rFkk blds MkVk vkSj
funZs'k dk lh- ih- ;w- ds }kjk rhoz rFkk izR;{k iz;ksx esa gksrk gSA
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Non Volatile Memory :-

(1) ROM (Read Only Memory) :- ;g ,d LFkk;h eSeksjh gS ftlesa laxzfgr MkVk o
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H

lwpuka, u rks Loa; u"V gksrh gS vkSj u gh blesa cnyk tk ldrk gS rFkk dEI;wVj bUgs
dsoy i<+ ldrk gSA
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(2) PROM ( Programable Read Only Memory)

(3) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
D

(4) EEPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

C

Volatile Memory :- ;g ,d vLFkk;h eSeksjh gSA

(1) RAM (Random Access Memory) :-
(2) Cache Memory :-
Main memory → Cache memory → CPU

2. Secondary memory ¼f}rh;d eSeksjh½

(1) Hard Disk (5) DVD
(2) Compact Disk (CD) (6) Pen Drive
(3) Floppy Disk (7) Flash memory
(4) CD-Read Write (8) Megenatic Tape
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Languages Of Computer Program

Programming Languages

Low Level High Level

A
Machine Assemly 3 GL 4 GL
language language

1- e'khuh Hkk"kk & ;g dEI;wVj dh vk/kkj Hkwr Hkk"kk gSA ;g dsoy 0 vkSj 1 nks vadks ds iz;ksx

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ls fufeZr vikZr ckbujh dksM ls fy[kh tkrh gSA
2- vlEcyh Hkk"kk & bles ckbujh dksM+ ¼0 vkSj 1½ dk bLrseky u djds v{kj vFkok fpUg dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftls flEcy (Symbol) Hkk"kk dgk tkrk gSA bl Hkk"kk es fy[ks gq, 'kCnksa

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dk U;qeksfud (Mnemonics) dgrs gSA
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3- High Level Language : bl rhljh ih<h dh Hkk"kk Hkh dgrs gSA tSls& Cobol ¼dkscksy½
BASIC ¼csfld½] C, Algo, Forran, Foxpro, HPL. E
4- 4 GL Hkk"kk & C++, Visual Basic, Java, HTML, C# OR C Sharp, Visual Foxpro, SQL
IN

lcls vklku Hkk"kk

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Types of Software
(1) System Software.
S

(2) Application Software.

(3) Utility Software.
(1 System Software :-
A
H

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rFkk mUgs dk;Z djus ds yk;d cuk, j[kus ds fy, rS;kj djrk gSA
flLVe lkWQVos;j ds mnkgj.k %& DOS, Window, Unix
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blds nks Hkkx gksrs gS &

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(i) Operating system (ii) Language Translator

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(i) Operating system :- Dos, window , Unix, Window NT.

(ii) Language Translator :- Assembler, Compiler, Interpertor
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57
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CLASSES Mob.: 9982234596, 9828710134

Language Translator
Assembler :- tks Assembly Hkk"kk dk e'khuh Hkk"kk esa cnys ml Assembler dgrs gSA
Compiler :- tks High level language dks e'khuh Hkk"kk esa cnys ysfdu iwjs izksxzke dks ,d lkFk
Translate djs mls compiler dgrs gSA
Interpretor :- tks High level language dks e'khuh Hkk"kk esa cnys ysfdu ,d & nks ykbZu dks
Translate djs] mls Interpretor dgrs gSA
Program Design tools

A
Algorithem :- fdlh izksxzke ds fuekZ.k es vko';d Logical Steps dks Algorithm dgrs gSA
Flow-chart :- Algorithm dks fp=ksa ds :i esa izdV djuk Flowchart dgykrk gSA
Units of Computer Memory
1 Nebbal 4 Bit
1 Kilo Byte (KB)
1 Mega Byte (MB)
8 Bit

R
1024 Kilo Byte

S
1 Giga Byte (GB) 1024 Mega Byte
G
1 Tera Byte (TB) 1024 Giga Byte

1. Binary Number System (2)

Number System
- 0,1
E
IN

2. Octal Number System (8) - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

S
3. Decimal (10) - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
4. Hexa-decimal (16) -0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E ,F
S

,d fcfy;u ckbZVl dks D;k dgrs gS & xhxk ckbZV

@
ckbujh dksM esa 7 dks D;k fy[kk tkrk gS & 111
@
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ckbujh Pokbl esa fdrus fodYi gksrs gS & nks ¼0]1½

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@
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gS & lizsMlhV (Spread Sheet)

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MkVk fjizstsVsa'ku es dkSul Number System dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tks nks la[;kvks es iznf'kZr
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fd;k tkrk gS & ckbZujh (Binary)
Non-Numeric data dk mnkgj.k gS & deZpkjh dk ,Mªsl] ijh{kk dk Ldksj] cSad 'ks"k
@
Classification of Computer

Application ds vk/kkj ij Purpose ds vk/kkj ij Size ds vk/kkj ij

1. Analog 1- General 1.Micro, 2. Mini
2. Digital 2. Special 3. Mainframe, 4. Super

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CLASSES Mob.: 9982234596, 9828710134

Computer Software

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Software

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System
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Application

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General
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,d cstku e'khu gS blds }kjk
dE;wVj ewyHkwr dk;kZs ds lapkyu
;ksX; cukrk gSA
2- Application Software :- ;g izksxzkeksa
dk ,slk leqg gS tks fdlh fof'k"B
dk;Z ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls &
CAD - Computer Aided Device
Accounting Software Telly
Database Software
3- Utility Software :- ;g dEI;wVj o
mlds Hkkxks ds j[k j[kko vkSj ejEer
o mlds lqj{kk ds fy, j[kk tkrk gSA
4- ,d ,slk izksxzke tks dEI;wVj izksxzkeksa o
MkVk dks u"V djus o mUgss bUQsDV
djus ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gS &
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5- vkWijsfVax flLVe fdl izdkj dk
lkW¶Vos;j gS& flLVe lkW¶Vos;j
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CLASSES Mob.: 9982234596, 9828710134

6- dEI;wVj dk izkFkfed mn~ns'; D;k gS & MkVk dks lwpuk es cnyukA

7- UGL fdl izdkj dh Hkk"kk gS & User Friendly vFkkZr~ tks Instruction vklkuh ls le> ysrk gSA
8- ,d ,slk lkW¶Vos;j tks dEI;wVj ds dk;Z djus ds rjhds dks fu;fU=r djrk gS & vkWijsfVax flLVe
9- Word Processing, Spread Sheet, Photo Editing, fdl software ds mnkgj.k gS & ,Iyhds'ku
lkWQVos;j
10- dEI;wVj fnekx fdls dgrs gS & lh-ih-;w
11- ,slk lkW¶Vos;j tks dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j vkSj lkW¶Vos;j dks tksMrk gS vkSj mUgs O;ofLFkr djrk gS

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& vkWijsfVax flLVe
12- vkWijsfVax flLVe esa lh/ks fu;af=r ugha fd;s tk ldus okys dk;ksaZ dks dkSu fu;af=r djrk gS
&Utility Software

R
13- fdl Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, lcls igys dEI;wVj izksxzke rS;kj fd;s x, Fks & Assembly
Language
14- izkFkfed -eSeksjh (RAM/ROM) dks fdl izdkj dh eSekjh dgrs gS & vkarfjd eSekjhA
15- izksxzkeksa dk ,slk leqg tks vkids dEI;wVj flLVe dk pyrs le; fu;af=r djrk gS vkSj lwpuk dks

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izkslsl djrk gS mls D;k dgrs gS & vkWijsfVax flLVe
16- ,slk lkW¶Vos;j tks fdlh fof'k"B dk;Z dks djrk gS & ,Iyhds'ku lkW¶Vos;j
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17- ,slk lkW¶Vos;j ftlesa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx djuk vklku gks tkrk gS & Utility software
IN

GUI CUI
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Graphical user Interface Character user Interface

1- blesa dh&ckMZ o ekml nksuksa dk gh iz;ksx 1- blesa dh&ckMZ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSa
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gksrk gSa
2- blesa WYSIWY dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vFkkZr~
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2- blesa dsoy v{kjksa dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSa

blesa vkbdu dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
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3- blesa dke djuk vklku gksrk gSA 3- blesa dke djuk eqf'dy gS D;ksafd iz;ksx
mnkgj.k % Window 98, Window 2000 djus ds fy, dek.M ;kn j[kuh iMrh gSA
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mnkgj.k % DOS
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Topology

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fdlh Hkh usVodZ es miyC/k ukM~l ¼dEI;wVZ½ dks fofHkUu izdkj ls lacf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gS usVodZ
dh fofHkUu ukM~l dks ijLij lcaf/kr djus dh fof/k;ka VksiksykWth dgykrh gSA
VksiksykWth dh fo'ks"krk,sa &
1- ykxr de gksuh pkfg,A
2- usVodZ ljy gksA
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N E
3- mlesa vklkuh ls ifjorZu Hkh fd;k tk ldsA
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VksiksykWth ds izdkj &
1. Leaner Or Bus Topology.
2. Circular Or Ring Topology.
S
3. Star Topology.
4. Tree Topology.

D
5. Graph Topology.
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1. Leanear Or Bus topology - blesa
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,d dscy ds nksuks vkSj dEI;wVj tqM+s jgrs gSA
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gS ;g iSdsV mlh dEI;wVj ij xzg.k fd;k
tkrk gS ftldk dh ,Mªsl iSdsV ij gksrk gSA
ykHk &
1- ,d dEI;wVj [kcjk gks tkus ij Hkh 'ks"k
dk;Z djrs jgrs gSA
2- ;gk ljy VksiksykWth gS dgh Hkh u;k
midj.k tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
gkfu;ka & &
1- blesa fu;U=.k dsUnzh;d`r ugha gksrk
vr% [kjkc gks tkus ij mls <qa<uk dfBu gksrk
gSA
2- cl dh yEckbZ vf/kd gksus ij fjihVj
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3- ,d le; esa ,d gh iSdsV cl esa
izlkfjr gksrk gSA
4- dscy [kjkc gksus ij lEiw.kZ usVodZ
cUn gks tkrk gSA
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2. Circular Or Ring Topology -

1- lHkh dEI;wVj ,d xksy ?ksjs esa vkil es twMs jgrs gSA
2- izO;sd dEI;wVj vius ikl okys nks dEI;wVj ls twMk jgrk gSA
3- MkVk ,d fn'kk esa izlkfjr gksrk gSA
ykHk &
1- MkVk dk lapkj ,d dEI;wVj ij vk/kkfjr ugh gksrk gS vr% ;g ,d fo'oluh; gSA
2- fjihVj dh vko';drk ugh gksrh gSA

A
gkfu;ka &
1- ,d uksM cUn gks tkus ij iwjk usVodZ dk;Z djuk cUn dj nsrk gSA
2- uksM~l dh la[;k vf/kd gksus ij izlkj.k esa nsjh gksrh gSA
3. Star Topology -

2- nks uskM~l ds e/; ijLij lpkaj lh/kk ugha jgrk &

ykHk &
R
1- lHkh dEI;wVj dsUnzh; dEI;wVj ls lcaf/kr jgrh gSA bls gc ;k gksLV dgrs gSA

S
1- fu;a=.k dsUnzh; gksus ds dkj.k [kjkch dks vklkuh ls <wa<k tk ldrk gSA
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2- ,d uksM ds [kjkc gks tkus ij lEiw.kZ uksM~l ij izHkko ugha iM+rkA
gkfu;ka &
1- vf/kd dscy dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
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IN

2- gc dk;Z djuk caUn dj ns rks lEiw.kZ usVodZ cUn gks tkrk gSA
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4. Tree Topology -
1- ;g ih<+h Øe ij vk/kkfjr gSA
S

2- lcls mij okyh uksM dks :V uksM dgrs gSA

3- ftldh dbZ 'kk[kk,a gksrh gSA
4- blesa lpja.k cl VksiksykWth ds leku gksrk gSA
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5. Graph Topology -
1- dksbZ fuf'pr O;oLFkk ugha gksrh gSA
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2- dksbZ Hkh uksM fdlh Hkh ukM~ ls lcaf/kr gks ldrh gSA
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INTERNET

1- oYMZ okbM osc (W W W- World Wide Web) dk vkfo"dkj Vhe cuZj yh us 1989 es fd;k FkkA
2- oso ij miyC/k tkudkjh dks bVjusV ls tqMs+ midj.kksa ij i<+k o lajf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- oso ij lwpuk dsoy Text ds ek/;e ls gh ugh oju xzkfQDl] vkWfM;ks o fofM;ksa ds :i esa Hkh
iznf'kZr gksrh gSA
4- oso ist ij miyC/k lwpuka, MkD;weasUV ds :i esa miyC/k gksrh gS bls oso ist dgrs gS
;g HTML Hkk"kk es fy[ks tkrs gSA
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CLASSES Mob.: 9982234596, 9828710134

LAN (Local Area Network)

tc fdlh NksVs {ks= tSls fdlh la[;k vFkok dEiuh ds dEI;wVj dks ijLij lcaf/kr fd;k tkrk gS
rks ;g O;oLFkk yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ dgykrh gSA
fo'ks"krk,a &
1- LAN ,d flfer {ks= esa dEI;wVj o vU; midj.kksa dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
2- LAN ,d uhth usVodZ gksrk gS mldk izca/ku fdlh ,d laLFkk ;k laLFkku ds ikl jgrk gSA
3- LAN lHkh fMokbl ,d nwljs ls dscy ls tqMs jgrs gSA

A
LAN cable
(i) Twisted Pair cable.
(ii) Co-axial cable.
(iii) Fiber Optical.

LAN Topology -
(i) Bus topology.
(ii) Star topology.
R
S
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(iii) Ring topology.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

E
tc ,d vis{kkd`r cMs+ {kS= vFkok vf/kd dEI;wVjksa vFkok LANs dks ijLij lcaf/kr fd;k tkrk gS
IN
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& rks ;g Wide Area Network dgykrk gSA
fo'ks"krk,a &
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1- bldk {kS= 10 fdyksehVj ls ysdj gtkjksa fdyksehVj rd gks ldrk gSA

2- Internet esa Wide Area Network lcls cM+k gksrk gSA blls gtkjksa LANs o WANs tqM+s jgrs gS
3- WAN esa & ¼1½ lSVsykbZV ¼2½ VsyhQksu ykbZu ¼3½ ekbØks oso
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MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

tc LAN ls cM+s o ls NksVs {kS= ds dEI;wVjksa dks vkil esa tksM+k tkrk gS rks ;g
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WAN MAN
dgykrk gSA
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Data Transmission
1. Analog Transmission -
VsyhQksu] ykbZu] jsfM;ks] rjaxks] ekbZØksosc vkfn ds }kjk MkVk ,ukyksx :i ls VfeZusV gksrk gSA
2. Digital Transmission -
dEI;wVj ds vUnj o dEI;wVj ls tqMs+ midj.kksa esa MkVk izs"k.k fMftVy :i esa gksrk gSA

Modem -
Digital to Analog - Modulation.
Analog to Digital - Demodulation.

63