Java Microservices Interview Questions &

MCQs with Answers & Explanations

Concept-Based, Code-Based & Scenario-Based Questions

Q#1. Your team is considering migrating a large monolithic application to a

microservices architecture. What are the potential benefits you expect to gain
from this migration? (Scenario-based, Multi-select)

• A) Easier deployment and independent scaling of individual services.

• B) Reduced operational overhead and simplified debugging.
• C) Improved fault isolation and technology heterogeneity.
• D) Faster development cycles for the entire application.

Answer: A), C)

Explanation:

• (A) Correct. Microservices allow for independent deployment of services and

scaling of specific services based on demand, rather than scaling the entire
application.
• (B) Incorrect. While microservices offer benefits, they often introduce
increased operational complexity due to distributed systems, and
debugging can be more challenging across multiple services.
• (C) Correct. Faults in one microservice are less likely to bring down the entire
application (improved fault isolation). Also, different services can use different
technologies best suited for their specific needs (technology heterogeneity).
• (D) Incorrect. While individual service development can be faster,
managing the entire microservices ecosystem can introduce overhead,
and initial migration can be time-consuming.

Q#2. In a microservices architecture, which pattern is commonly used to handle

cross-cutting concerns such as authentication, logging, and monitoring without
tightly coupling them to individual services? (Concept-based, Single-select)

A) Database per Service

B) API Gateway
C) Circuit Breaker
D) Event Sourcing

Answer: B)

Explanation:
 • A) Incorrect. Database per Service is a data management pattern.
• B) Correct. An API Gateway acts as a single-entry point for all clients, routing
requests to the appropriate microservice and handling cross-cutting
concerns like authentication, SSL termination, and rate limiting.
• C) Incorrect. Circuit Breaker is a fault tolerance pattern.
• D) Incorrect. Event Sourcing is a data persistence pattern.

Q#3. You are developing a Java microservice that needs to communicate with
another microservice using REST. Which of the following approaches can you
use to achieve this communication efficiently and robustly?
(Scenario-based, Multi-select)

• A) Using RestTemplate for synchronous HTTP calls.

• B) Employing WebClient for reactive and non-blocking HTTP calls.
• C) Implementing JMS (Java Message Service) for asynchronous
messaging
• D) Directly calling the other microservice's internal methods via
RMI.

Answer: A), B), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. RestTemplate is a synchronous HTTP client provided by Spring,

suitable for simple REST interactions.
• B) Correct. WebClient is a non-blocking, reactive HTTP client from Spring
WebFlux, offering better performance and scalability for microservice
communication.
• C) Correct. JMS can be used for asynchronous communication between
microservices, decoupling them and improving resilience.
• D) Incorrect. Directly calling internal methods via RMI (Remote Method
Invocation) is generally not recommended in microservices as it creates tight
coupling and breaks the service boundary.

Q#4. You have a microservice that needs to register with a Eureka server and
also discover other services. Which of the following properties are essential to
configure in application.properties for this microservice?
(Code-based, Multi-select)

• A) eureka.client.register-with-eureka=true
• B) eureka.client.fetch-registry=true
• C) eureka.server.enable-self-preservation=false
• D) eureka.client.serviceUrl.defaultZone=http://localhost:8761/eureka

Answer: A), B), D)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. This property ensures that the microservice registers itself with the
Eureka server.
• B) Correct. This property enables the microservice to fetch the registry from
the Eureka server, allowing it to discover other services.
• C) Incorrect. This property is related to the Eureka server's self- preservation
mode, not a client's registration or discovery.
• D) Correct. This property specifies the URL of the Eureka server where the
client should register and fetch the registry from.

Q#5. Which of the following code snippets correctly defines a Feign client for a
service named user-service that exposes a GET endpoint /users/{id} ?
(Code-based, Single-select)

• A)

@FeignClient("user-service")

public interface UserClient {

@GetMapping("/users/{id}")

User getUserById(@PathVariable("id") Long id);

• B)

@FeignClient(url = "http://localhost:8080/user-service")

public interface UserClient {

@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value =

"/users/{id}")

User getUserById(@PathVariable Long id);

• C)

@FeignClient(name = "user-service")

public interface UserClient {

 @GetMapping("/users/{id}")

User getUserById(Long id);

• D)

@FeignClient("user-service")

public interface UserClient {

@PostMapping("/users/{id}")

User getUserById(@PathVariable("id") Long id);

Answer: A)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. This snippet correctly uses the service name, @FeignClient with
@GetMapping for the HTTP method, and @PathVariable to bind the path
variable.
• B) Incorrect. While functional, specifying the url directly defeats the purpose of
service discovery with Feign, and @RequestMapping is less specific than
@GetMapping .
• C) Incorrect. The @PathVariable annotation is missing, which is necessary to
bind the id parameter to the path variable.
• D) Incorrect. @PostMapping is used for POST requests, not GET requests as
specified in the question.

Q#6. You are using Spring Cloud OpenFeign to communicate between

microservices. What are the advantages of using Feign compared to directly
using RestTemplate or WebClient for inter-service communication?
(Concept-based, Multi-select)

• A) Reduced boilerplate code and improved readability.

• B) Automatic integration with service discovery (e.g., Eureka).
• C) Built-in support for client-side load balancing (e.g., Ribbon).
• D) Enhanced performance due to asynchronous request processing by
default

Answer: A), B), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Feign uses a declarative approach, significantly reducing the

boilerplate code required for HTTP client implementation compared to
manual RestTemplate or WebClient usage.
• B) Correct. Feign integrates seamlessly with service discovery
mechanisms like Eureka, allowing you to refer to services by their logical
names rather than hardcoded URLs.
• C) Correct. Feign works in conjunction with client-side load balancers (like
Ribbon, which is often included by default with Spring Cloud Netflix
dependencies) to distribute requests across multiple instances of a
service.
• D) Incorrect. Feign, by default, performs synchronous requests. While it
can be configured for asynchronous operations, it's not its default or
primary performance advantage over WebClient which is inherently
reactive and non-blocking.

Q#7. You are setting up a Spring Cloud Config Server to manage configurations
for your microservices. Which of the following backend storage options can you
use to store configuration files, and what are their typical use cases?
(Concept-based, Multi-select)

• A) Git repository (e.g., GitHub, GitLab) for version control and

collaboration.
• B) Local filesystem for simple development setups or testing.
• C) HashiCorp Vault for secure storage of sensitive credentials.
• D) JDBC-compliant database for dynamic configuration updates.

Answer: A), B), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Git is the most common and recommended backend for Config
Server due to its version control capabilities, ease of collaboration, and ability
to manage different profiles (e.g., dev, prod).
• B) Correct. The local filesystem can be used for quick development or
testing purposes, but it's not suitable for production environments due to lack
of versioning and centralized management.
• C) Correct. HashiCorp Vault can be integrated with Config Server to securely
store and retrieve sensitive information like passwords, API keys, and
tokens.
• D) Incorrect. While it's possible to store configurations in a database, it's
not a typical or recommended backend for Spring Cloud Config Server. Git
or Vault are preferred for their specific strengths.
Q#8. What is the primary function of Spring Cloud Gateway in a microservices
architecture? (Concept-based, Single-select)

• A) To provide a centralized logging mechanism

• B) To act as an API Gateway, routing requests to appropriate
microservices
• C) To manage distributed transactions
• D) To enable asynchronous communication between services

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Centralized logging is handled by dedicated logging solutions.

• B) Correct. Spring Cloud Gateway is a powerful and flexible API Gateway
that routes requests to various microservices, handles cross-cutting
concerns, and provides features like load balancing, security, and
monitoring.
• C) Incorrect. Distributed transaction management is a separate concern.
• D) Incorrect. Asynchronous communication is typically handled by
message brokers.

Q#9. Which of the following configuration snippets correctly defines a route in

Spring Cloud Gateway that forwards requests from /my-service/** to a service
named my-service registered with Eureka? (Code-based, Single-select)

• A)

• B)
 • C)

• D)

Answer: A)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. This configuration correctly defines a route with a Path predicate and
uses lb://my-service to leverage client-side load balancing and service discovery
for the my-service.
• B) Incorrect. Using a hardcoded http://localhost:8080 defeats the purpose of
service discovery and makes the gateway less resilient.
 • C) Incorrect. This snippet is missing the to define when the route should be
applied. The predicates section RewritePath filter is used for path manipulation,
not for defining the routing condition.
• D) Incorrect. While Host predicates are valid, the question specifically asks for
routing based on a path (/my service/**).

Q#10. You are implementing an API Gateway using Spring Cloud Gateway. You
need to apply a rate limiting filter to a specific route and also add a custom
header to all requests passing through the gateway. How would you achieve this?
(Scenario-based, Multi-select)

• A) Configure a RequestRateLimiter filter for the specific route.

• B) Implement a custom GlobalFilter to add the custom header.
• C) Use a AddRequestHeader filter for the specific route.
• D) Define a custom GatewayFilterFactory for both rate limiting and header
addition.

Answer: A), B), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Spring Cloud Gateway provides a RequestRateLimiter filter that can

be configured per route to control the rate of requests.
• B) Correct. A custom GlobalFilter can be implemented to apply logic (like adding
a custom header) to all requests passing through the gateway, regardless of the
route.
• C) Correct. The AddRequestHeader filter can be used to add a specific header
to requests for a particular route.
• D) Incorrect. While you can define custom GatewayFilterFactory instances,
Spring Cloud Gateway already provides built-in filters for rate limiting and adding
request headers, making custom factories unnecessary for these specific
requirements.

Q#11. What is the main benefit of using Spring Cloud Config Server in a
microservices architecture? (Concept-based, Single-select)

• A) To provide a centralized logging solution.

• B) To manage and distribute configuration properties for all
microservices.
• C) To enable distributed tracing across services.
• D) To facilitate inter-service communication through message
queues.

Answer: B)

Explanation:
 • A) Incorrect. Centralized logging is typically handled by tools like ELK stack.
• B) Correct. Spring Cloud Config Server provides a centralized place to
manage externalized configuration for applications across all environments.
• C) Incorrect. Distributed tracing is handled by tools like Zipkin or Jaeger.
• D) Incorrect. Message queues (like Kafka or RabbitMQ) facilitate
asynchronous communication.

Q#12. In a microservices architecture, why is distributed logging more

challenging than in a monolithic application? (Concept-based, Single-select)

• A) Because microservices use different programming languages.

• B) Because logs are scattered across multiple independent services
and machines.
• C) Because microservices generate less log data.
• D) Because logging frameworks are not compatible with
microservices.

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. While possible, language differences are not the primary

challenge for distributed logging.
• B) Correct. The independent nature and distribution of microservices
mean that logs are generated by many different services, often running on
different hosts, making centralized collection and analysis difficult.
• C) Incorrect. Microservices can generate a significant amount of log data.
• D) Incorrect. Standard logging frameworks are compatible; the challenge
lies in aggregation.

Q#13. You have a Java microservice deployed on Kubernetes, and you need to
ensure that it can gracefully shut down when Kubernetes sends a termination
signal (SIGTERM). What is the best practice for handling this in your Spring Boot
application? (Scenario-based, Multi-select)

• A) Ignore the SIGTERM signal, as Kubernetes will forcefully terminate the

pod after a timeout.
• B) Implement a preStop hook in your Kubernetes Deployment to execute a
shutdown script.
• C) Configure your Spring Boot application to listen for
ContextClosedEvent and perform cleanup tasks.
• D) Set a very short terminationGracePeriodSeconds in your Kubernetes
Deployment to speed up termination.

Answer: B), C)
Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Ignoring SIGTERM can lead to abrupt terminations, data loss, or

corrupted states.
• B) Correct. A preStop hook is executed immediately before a container is
terminated. This allows you to send a signal to your application (e.g., an HTTP
request to a shutdown endpoint) to initiate a graceful shutdown.
• C) Correct. Spring Boot applications can listen for ContextClosedEvent to
perform graceful shutdown tasks like closing connections, flushing logs, and
completing ongoing requests. This is a crucial part of making your application
Kubernetes-aware.
• D) Incorrect. A short terminationGracePeriodSeconds can lead to forceful
termination if the application doesn't shut down quickly enough.

Q#14. Which of the following best describes the two main approaches to
implementing the Saga pattern? (Concept-based, Single-select)

• A) Choreography and Orchestration.

• B) Synchronous and Asynchronous.
• C) Request- Reply and Publish-Subscribe.
• D) Event Sourcing and CQRS.

Answer: A)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. The two main approaches are Choreography (where services

communicate directly via events) and Orchestration (where a central
orchestrator coordinates the saga).
• B) Incorrect. These describe communication styles, not Saga
implementation approaches.
• C) Incorrect. These describe messaging patterns, not Saga implementation
approaches.
• D) Incorrect. These are architectural patterns, but not directly the two main
approaches to Saga implementation.

Q#15. You are designing an event- driven microservices system where services
communicate asynchronously via Kafka. Which of the following are key
considerations for ensuring reliable and scalable message processing?
(Scenario-based, Multi-select)

• A) Idempotent Consumers: Designing consumers to process

messages multiple times without causing unintended side effects
• B) Message Ordering: Ensuring that messages within a topic
partition are processed in the order they were produced
 • C) Consumer Groups: Using consumer groups to distribute message
consumption across multiple instances of a service
• D) Synchronous Producers: Configuring producers to wait for
acknowledgment from Kafka brokers before sending the next
message

Answer: A), B), C), D)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Idempotent consumers are crucial for fault tolerance in

distributed systems. If a message is redelivered (e.g., due to a consumer
crash and restart), an idempotent consumer will process it without creating
duplicate data or incorrect state.
• B) Correct. Kafka guarantees message ordering within a single partition. To
ensure global ordering for related events, careful partitioning strategies are
required.
• C) Correct. Consumer groups allow multiple consumer instances to share
the workload of reading from topics, enabling horizontal scaling of message
processing.
• D) Correct. While synchronous producers can reduce throughput, configuring
them to wait for acknowledgments (e.g., acks=all ) ensures that messages are
durably written to Kafka, improving reliability. This is a trade-off between
latency/throughput and data durability.

Q#16: You have deployed several Java microservices, and you want to set up a
robust logging and monitoring solution using the ELK stack. Which of the
following considerations are important for effectively implementing this solution?
(Concept-based, Multi-select)

• A) Structured Logging: Ensuring your microservices emit logs in a

structured format (e.g., JSON) for easier parsing
• B) Centralized Log Collection: Using agents (like Filebeat) on each
microservice instance to ship logs to Logstash or Elasticsearch
• C) Retention Policies: Defining how long logs should be stored in
Elasticsearch to manage storage costs
• D) Real-time Dashboards: Creating Kibana dashboards to visualize
key metrics and log patterns in real-time

Answer: A), B), C), D)

Explanation:
 • A) Correct. Structured logging makes it significantly easier for Logstash to
parse and extract meaningful fields from your logs, which is crucial for
effective searching and visualization in Kibana.
• B) Correct. Centralized log collection is fundamental to the ELK stack.
Agents like Filebeat are commonly used to efficiently collect logs from
various sources and forward them to Logstash or directly to Elasticsearch.
• C) Correct. Log data can grow very rapidly. Implementing retention policies
is essential to manage storage costs and ensure compliance requirements
are met.
• D) Correct. Kibana dashboards provide real-time visibility into the health
and performance of your microservices, allowing for quick identification of
issues and trends.

Q#17. Which one is the standard way to define a REST client using OpenFeign in
a Spring Boot Microservices application?
(Code-based, Single-select)

• A)

@FeignClient(name = "example-service")
public interface ExampleClient {

@GetMapping("/endpoint")
String getEndpointData();
}

• B)

@FeignClient("example-service")
public interface ExampleClient {

@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/endpoint")

String getEndpointData();
}

• C)

@FeignClient(name = "example-service", url = "http://localhost:8080")

public interface ExampleClient {

@GetMapping("/endpoint")
String getEndpointData();
 }

• D)

@FeignClient(name = "example-service")
public interface ExampleClient {

@PostMapping("/endpoint")
String postEndpointData(@RequestBody String data);
}

Answer: A)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. This is the standard way to define a REST client using OpenFeign,
specifying the service name and using @GetMapping for a GET request.
• B) Incorrect. While valid, this option uses @RequestMapping which is less
specific compared to @GetMapping.
• C) Incorrect. Adding the url property is not typical for defining a REST client
with OpenFeign, as it is usually configured via application properties.
• D) Incorrect. This example uses @PostMapping, but the question specifies a
GET request, so it does not match the requirement.

Q#18. Given the following Feign client interface, what does it do?
(Code-based, Single-select)

import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;

@FeignClient(name = "service-b")
public interface ServiceBClient {

@GetMapping("/serviceB")
String getServiceBResponse();
}

• A) Defines a REST client for interacting with Service B

• B) Configures a database connection for Service B
• C) Sets up distributed tracing for Service B
• D) Enables service registration for Service B
Answer: A)

Explanation: This interface defines a REST client for interacting with Service B,
using Feign to simplify the HTTP communication.

Q#19. How do you define a Dockerfile to build a container image for a Java
microservice? (Code-based, Single-select)

• A) dockerfile:

FROM openjdk:11-jre
COPY target/my-service.jar /app/my-service.jar
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "/app/my-service.jar"]

• B) dockerfile:

FROM ubuntu:20.04
COPY my-service.jar /app/my-service.jar
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "/app/my-service.jar"]

• C) dockerfile:

FROM openjdk:11
WORKDIR /app
COPY target/my-service.jar .
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "my-service.jar"]

• D) dockerfile:

FROM openjdk:8
COPY target/my-service.jar /opt/my-service.jar
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "/opt/my-service.jar"]

Answer: A)
Explanation:

• A) Correct. This Dockerfile uses an appropriate base image (openjdk:11-jre),

copies the JAR file to the container, and sets the entry point to run the JAR
file.
• B) Incorrect. Using ubuntu:20.04 is less specific and may require additional
setup for Java.
• C) Incorrect. openjdk:11 is a complete JDK image and may include
unnecessary components for a runtime-only container.
• D) Incorrect. openjdk:8 is outdated compared to openjdk:11-jre, which is
preferable for current Java versions.

Q#20. You are troubleshooting a complex issue that involves multiple

microservices communicating with each other. Which of the following tools or
techniques would be most effective for understanding the flow of a request
across these services and identifying bottlenecks or failures?
(Scenario-based, Multi-select)

• A) Centralized Log Aggregation: Collecting logs from all services into

a single system (e.g., ELK Stack).
• B) Distributed Tracing: Using correlation IDs to track a single request as
it propagates through multiple services (e.g., Zipkin, Jaeger).
• C) Health Checks: Regularly monitoring the health endpoints of
individual services.
• D) Metrics Monitoring: Collecting performance metrics (e.g., CPU
usage, memory) from each service.

Answer: A), B).

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Centralized log aggregation is essential for collecting all logs

in one place, making it easier to search and analyze them, especially when an
issue spans multiple services.
• B) Correct. Distributed tracing is specifically designed to visualize the end-
to-end flow of a request across service boundaries, showing latency,
dependencies, and potential failure points.
• C) Incorrect. Health checks indicate if a service is up or down, but don't
provide insight into the request flow or bottlenecks.
• D) Incorrect. Metrics monitoring provides insights into the performance
of individual services but doesn't directly show the path of a single
request across multiple services.

Q#21. In Spring Cloud, which library is commonly used to implement the Circuit
Breaker pattern? (Concept-based, Single-select)
 • A) Spring Cloud Stream
• B) Spring Cloud Sleuth
• C) Spring Cloud Hystrix (or Resilience4j)
• D) Spring Cloud Bus

Answer: C)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Spring Cloud Stream is for building event driven microservices.

• B) Incorrect. Spring Cloud Sleuth is for distributed tracing.
• C) Correct. Spring Cloud Hystrix was the original Netflix library for circuit
breakers, now largely superseded by Resilience j in newer Spring Cloud versions.
• D) Incorrect. Spring Cloud Bus links nodes of a distributed system with a
message broker.

Q#22. You are designing a microservice that calls an external, potentially

unreliable, third-party API. To improve the resilience of your microservice, which
fault tolerance strategies would you consider implementing?
(Scenario-based, Multi-select)

• A) Retry Mechanism: Automatically re-attempting failed API calls a

few times.
• B) Bulkhead Pattern: Isolating resource pools for different services to
prevent one from exhausting resources for others.
• C) Bulkhead Pattern: Isolating resource pools for different services to
prevent one from exhausting resources for others.
• D) Rate Limiting: Restricting the number of requests your
microservice sends to the third-party API.

Answer: A), B), C), D)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. A retry mechanism can help overcome transient network issues

or temporary unavailability of the external API.
• B) Correct. While often applied to internal services, the Bulkhead pattern
can also be applied to external calls by isolating the threads or connection
pools used for different external dependencies, preventing one slow
external service from impacting others.
• C) Correct. Timeouts are crucial to prevent your microservice from hanging
indefinitely if the external API is slow or unresponsive.
• D) Correct. Rate limiting your calls to the third-party API can prevent you
from overwhelming it and getting blocked, which contributes to overall
resilience.
Q#23. You are designing an e commerce application with microservices for
Order, Payment, and Inventory. When a customer places an order, you need to
ensure that the payment is processed and inventory is updated. If any step fails,
all previous steps must be compensated. Which of the following are key
considerations when implementing a Saga for this scenario?
(Scenario-based, Multi-select)

• A) Defining Compensation Transactions: For each successful step, a

corresponding compensation transaction must be defined to undo
its effects if a subsequent step fails
• B) Eventual Consistency: Understanding that data consistency will be
achieved eventually, not immediately, across all services
• C) Idempotency of Operations: Ensuring that each operation in
the saga can be safely retried without causing duplicate side
effects
• D) Using a Distributed Transaction Coordinator (DTC):
Employing a DTC to manage the two-phase commit across all services

Answer: A), B), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. A core principle of Saga is the ability to compensate for failed

transactions. Each successful step must have a corresponding
compensation action to revert its changes if the saga fails.
• B) Correct. Sagas typically lead to eventual consistency, meaning that at any
given moment, data across services might be temporarily inconsistent, but
will eventually converge to a consistent state.
• C) Correct. Idempotency is crucial for robustness. If a message or operation
is retried (e.g., due to network issues or service restarts), it should not lead to
incorrect state or duplicate actions.
• D) Incorrect. The Saga pattern is specifically designed to avoid the use of a
Distributed Transaction Coordinator (DTC) and two-phase commit, which are
often problematic in distributed microservices environments due to their
blocking nature and single point of failure.

Q#24. You are considering adopting a serverless approach for certain parts of
your Java microservices application, such as processing image uploads or
handling infrequent background tasks. What are the potential benefits and
challenges you should consider? (Concept-based, Multi-select)

• A) Benefits: Reduced operational costs due to pay-per-execution

billing and automatic scaling
• B) Benefits: Simplified debugging and monitoring due to centralized
logging
• C) Challenges: Potential for vendor lock-in and cold start latencies
 • D) Challenges: Easier management of long-running, stateful
applications

Answer: A), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Serverless platforms typically charge based on execution time

and resource consumption, leading to cost savings for intermittent
workloads. They also provide automatic scaling to handle varying loads.
• B) Incorrect. While logging can be centralized, debugging serverless
functions can be more complex due to their ephemeral nature and
distributed execution.
• C) Correct. Adopting a specific serverless platform can lead to vendor lock-
in. Also, cold starts (the delay when a function is invoked after a period of
inactivity) can introduce latency.
• D) Incorrect. Serverless is generally not ideal for long-running, stateful
applications due to its stateless nature and execution limits. Managing state
across serverless functions can be complex.

Q#25. What is the primary advantage of deploying Java microservices in the

cloud? (Concept-based, Single-select)

A) Reduced development time for all applications

B) Increased on-demand scalability and elasticity
C) Elimination of all security concerns
D) Elimination of all security concerns

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. While cloud services can accelerate development, it's not a

guaranteed reduction for all applications.
• B) Correct. The cloud provides the ability to scale resources up or down
on demand, which is a key benefit for microservices that have varying
workloads.
• C) Incorrect. Cloud security is a shared responsibility, and security
concerns are not eliminated.
• D) Incorrect. Debugging distributed systems in the cloud can be more
complex than in on-premise environments.

Q#26. Your organization is planning to migrate its on-premise Java microservices

to a public cloud provider. What are the key factors you should consider during
this cloud adoption process? (Scenario-based, Multi-select)
A) Cost Management: Analyzing the cloud provider's pricing models and
implementing cost optimization strategies.
B) Vendor Lock-in: Assessing the risk of becoming dependent on a single
cloud provider’s proprietary services.
C) Security and Compliance: Ensuring that the cloud provider meets your
organization's security and compliance requirements.
D) Refactoring Applications: Determining whether to refactor applications
to be more cloud-native or to use a lift-and-shift approach.

Answer: A), B), C), D)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Cloud costs can quickly escalate if not managed properly. It's
crucial to understand the pricing models and implement strategies like
right-sizing instances and using reserved instances to control costs.
• B) Correct. Vendor lock-in is a significant concern. Using open standards
and multi-cloud strategies can help mitigate this risk.
• C) Correct. Security and compliance are paramount. You must ensure
that the cloud provider's security measures and compliance certifications
align with your organization's needs.
• D) Correct. The migration strategy is a key decision. A lift-and-shift approach
is faster but may not fully leverage cloud benefits, while refactoring for
cloud-native architectures can be more complex but offers greater long-
term advantages.

Q#27. What is the primary goal of adopting DevOps practices in a microservices

environment? (Concept-based, Single-select)

A) To reduce the number of microservices in an application

B) To automate and integrate the processes between software development
and IT operations teams
C) To replace all manual testing with automated testing
D) To eliminate the need for version control systems

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. DevOps focuses on process improvement, not reducing

service count.
• B) Correct. DevOps aims to shorten the systems development life cycle
and provide continuous delivery with high software quality by fostering
collaboration and automation between development and operations.
• C) Incorrect. While automation is a key part of DevOps, it doesn't eliminate
all manual testing.
 • D) Incorrect. Version control systems are fundamental to DevOps.

Q#28. Which of the following tools is commonly used in a DevOps pipeline for
continuous integration (CI) of Java microservices? (Concept-based, Single-select)

A) Apache Maven
B) Jenkins
C) Docker Compose
D) Ansible

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Apache Maven is a build automation tool, often used within a CI

process, but not a CI server itself.
• B) Correct. Jenkins is a popular open-source automation server widely
used for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines,
including building and testing Java applications.
• C) Incorrect. Docker Compose is for defining and running multi- container
Docker applications locally.
• D) Incorrect. Ansible is an automation engine for configuration
management, application deployment, and orchestration.

Q#29. What is a common approach to integrate Artificial Intelligence (AI) or

Machine Learning (ML) models into a microservices architecture?
(Concept-based, Single-select)

A) Embed the entire AI/ML training pipeline within each microservice

B) Deploy AI/ML models as separate, dedicated microservices
C) Use AI/ML models only for batch processing, not real-time
D) Replace all traditional business logic with AI/ML models

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Embedding the entire training pipeline in each microservice

would make them too large and complex.
• B) Correct. Deploying AI/ML models as dedicated microservices (often
called "model serving" or "inference services") allows for independent
scaling, deploymen t, and management of the models.
• C) Incorrect. AI/ML models can be used for both batch and real-time
processing in microservices.
• D) Incorrect. AI/ML models augment, rather than replace, traditional
business logic.
Q#30. You are building a recommendation engine as a microservice that uses a
machine learning model. Which of the following considerations are important for
operationalizing this AI/ML microservice effectively?
(Scenario-based, Multi-select)

A) Model Versioning and Deployment: Managing different versions of the

ML model and deploying them independently.
B) Data Drift Monitoring: Continuously monitoring the input data to the
model for changes that might degrade performance.
C) Explainability and Interpretability: Ensuring that the model's
predictions can be understood and explained, especially in critical
applications.
D) GPU Acceleration: Utilizing GPUs for model inference to improve
performance, especially for deep learning models.

Answer: A), B), C), D)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Just like code, ML models evolve. Versioning and independent

deployment of models are crucial for A/B testing, rollback capabilities, and
managing model updates without affecting the entire application.
• B) Correct. Data drift (changes in the distribution of input data over time)
can significantly degrade model performance. Monitoring for data drift is
essential for maintaining model accuracy in production.
• C) Correct. For many AI/ML applications, especially in regulated industries,
understanding why a model made a certain prediction (explainability) and
being able to interpret its behavior is critical for trust and debugging.
• D) Correct. For computationally intensive models, particularly deep
learning models, leveraging GPU acceleration can drastically improve
inference speed and throughput, which is vital for real-time microservices.

Q#31. Which of the following are common challenges encountered when

adopting a microservices architecture? (Concept-based, Multi-select)

A) Increased complexity in deployment and operations.

B) Difficulty in achieving technology heterogeneity.
C) Challenges with distributed data management and consistency.
D) Reduced need for robust monitoring and logging.

Answer: A), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Microservices introduce complexity in managing many

independent services, their deployments, and their interactions.
 • B) Incorrect. Microservices enable technology heterogeneity, allowing
different services to use different technologies best suited for their needs.
• C) Correct. Maintaining data consistency across multiple independent
databases in a distributed microservices environment is a significant
challenge, often addressed with patterns like Saga.
• D) Incorrect. The distributed nature of microservices increases the need for
robust monitoring, logging, and tracing to understand system behavior and
troubleshoot issues.

Q#32. Your organization has decided to break down a large monolithic

application into microservices. One of the key decisions is how to divide the
monolith. Which principle should guide the decomposition of the monolith into
services? (Scenario-based, Single-select)

• A) Decompose by technical layers (e.g., UI, business logic, data

access).
• B) Decompose by business capabilities or bounded contexts.
• C) Decompose by team size, with each team owning a small service.
• D) Decompose by database tables, with each service owning a few
tables.

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Decomposing by technical layers often leads to distributed

monoliths, where changes in one layer still require changes across multiple
services.
• B) Correct. Decomposing by business capabilities or bounded contexts (as
defined in Domain-Driven Design) ensures that each microservice is
cohesive, loosely coupled, and responsible for a specific business function,
making it easier to develop, deploy, and scale independently.
• C) Incorrect. While team size can influence service boundaries, it should not
be the primary driver for decomposition.
• D) Incorrect. Decomposing by database tables can lead to tight coupling if
multiple services need to access the same data.

Q#33. Which of the following are key features provided by Netflix Eureka for
service discovery? (Concept-based, Multi-select)

A) Client-side load balancing: Eureka provides built-in load balancing

capabilities for registered services.
B) Service registration: Microservices can register themselves with the
Eureka server upon startup.
C) Service lookup: Clients can query the Eureka server to find the network
locations of registered services.
D) Health checks: Eureka performs active health checks on registered
instances to remove unhealthy ones from the registry.

Answer: B), C), D)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. While Eureka works with client-side load balancers (like

Ribbon), Eureka itself does not provide load balancing. It provides the
information for load balancers to work.
• B) Correct. Microservices register their network locations (IP address, port)
with the Eureka server.
• C) Correct. Clients (other microservices or API Gateways) can query Eureka
to get a list of available instances for a particular service.
• D) Correct. Eureka performs basic health checks to ensure that registered
instances are still alive and responsive. If an instance becomes unhealthy, it is
de-registered.

Q#34. Your Eureka server is experiencing network partitioning, where some

microservices can reach it, and others can’t. What is the default behavior of
Eureka during such a network partition, and why is it designed this way?
(Scenario-based, Single-select)

A) Eureka will shut down to prevent inconsistent data.

B) Eureka will enter "self- preservation mode" to avoid evicting healthy
instances.
C) Eureka will immediately evict all instances that haven't sent heartbeats.
D) Eureka will elect a new leader and continue normal operation.

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Eureka is designed for resilience and does not shut down during
network partitions.
• B) Correct. Eureka is designed for availability over consistency (AP in CAP
theorem). In a network partition, it enters self- preservation mode, where it
stops evicting instances even if they fail to send heartbeats. This prevents
healthy instances from being de-registered due to network issues, ensuring
that clients can still discover them.
• C) Incorrect. This is the behavior Eureka tries to avoid in self-preservation
mode.
• D) Incorrect. Eureka is not a leader- election system like ZooKeeper or
others.
Q#35. When using Spring Cloud OpenFeign, how does it typically resolve the
actual network address of the target microservice?
(Concept-based, Single-select)

A) By directly using the url property specified in @FeignClient.

B) By querying a DNS server for the service name.
C) By integrating with a service discovery mechanism like Eureka or Consul.
D) By reading the host and port from a local configuration file.

Answer: C)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. While url can be specified, it's generally discouraged in a dynamic

microservices environment. Feign's power comes from service discovery.
• B) Incorrect. While DNS is involved in network resolution, Feign primarily relies
on service discovery for dynamic service location.
• C) Correct. OpenFeign integrates seamlessly with service discovery
mechanisms (like Eureka, Consul, or Kubernetes service discovery) to resolve
the logical service name (specified in @FeignClient ) to actual physical network
addresses of service instances.
• D) Incorrect. This would lead to static and inflexible configurations.

Q#36. Which of the following are benefits of using Spring Cloud Config Server for
managing microservice configurations? (Concept-based, Multi-select)

A) Centralized Management: All configurations are stored in a single,

version- controlled location.
B) Dynamic Updates: Configuration changes can be pushed to running
microservices without requiring a restart.
C) Environment-Specific Configurations: Easily manage different
configurations for various environments (e.g., development, production).
D) Reduced Security Risk: Eliminates the need for secure storage of
sensitive credentials.

Answer: A), B), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Config Server centralizes configuration, often backed by Git,

providing version control and a single source of truth.
• B) Correct. With Spring Cloud Bus and @RefreshScope , microservices
can dynamically refresh their configurations without a full restart.
• C) Correct. Config Server allows for profile- specific configurations,
enabling different settings for different environments.
 • D) Incorrect. While Config Server can integrate with secure stores like
HashiCorp Vault, it doesn't eliminate the need for secure storage; it provides
a mechanism to manage it.

Q#37. You have a Spring Boot microservice configured to fetch properties from a
Spring Cloud Config Server. You've updated a property in the Git repository
backing the Config Server. How can you ensure your running microservice picks
up this new configuration without a full restart?
(Scenario-based, Single-select)

A) Manually restart the microservice instance.

B) Send a POST request to the /actuator/refresh endpoint of the microservice.
C) The microservice will automatically detect and load the new configuration.
D) Update the property directly in the microservice's application.properties file.

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. While restarting works, it defeats the purpose of dynamic

configuration.
• B) Correct. By enabling Spring Boot Actuator and including Spring Cloud Bus,
sending a POST request to /actuator/refresh (or /actuator/bus-refresh if using
Spring Cloud Bus) will trigger the microservice to re fetch its configuration from
the Config Server.
• C) Incorrect. Microservices do not automatically detect changes in the Config
Server without a trigger.
• D) Incorrect. This would be a local override and not leverage the centralized
Config Server.

Q#38. Which of the following are key features provided by Spring Cloud
Gateway? (Concept-based, Multi-select)

A) Routing: Directing incoming requests to the correct microservice

instances
B) Filtering: Applying cross-cutting concerns like security, rate limiting,
and logging to requests
C) Load Balancing: Distributing requests across multiple instances of a
microservice
D) Service Discovery: Registering and de-registering microservice
instances

Answer: A), B), C)

Explanation:
 • A) Correct. Routing is the core function of an API Gateway, directing requests
based on various predicates (path, host, headers, etc.).
• B) Correct. Filters allow for pre- and post-processing of requests, enabling
features like authentication, rate limiting, and header manipulation.
• C) Correct. Spring Cloud Gateway integrates with client-side load balancers
(like Ribbon) to distribute requests among available service instances.
• D) Incorrect. While Gateway uses service discovery, it does not provide
service discovery itself; it consumes information from service discovery
mechanisms like Eureka.

Q#39. You want to implement a custom filter in Spring Cloud Gateway to add a
unique request ID to every incoming request before it is routed to a downstream
microservice. Which interface would you implement to achieve this?
(Code-based, Single-select)

A) GatewayFilter
B) WebFilter
C) Ordered
D) GlobalFilter

Answer: D)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. GatewayFilter is for filters applied to specific routes.

• B) Incorrect. WebFilter is a more general Spring WebFlux filter, but is specific to
Spring Cloud Gateway.
• C) Incorrect. Ordered is an interface for defining the order of execution for
components, not for implementing a filter itself.
• D) Correct. GlobalFilter is the interface to implement for filters that apply to all
routes managed by the Spring Cloud Gateway, making it suitable for adding a
unique request ID to every incoming request.

Q#40. Your microservice relies on a third-party payment gateway. During peak

hours, the payment gateway occasionally becomes slow or unresponsive, leading
to timeouts in your service. To prevent this external dependency from causing
your entire service to fail, you decide to implement a Circuit Breaker. When the
Circuit Breaker is in the 'open' state, what typically happens to subsequent
requests to the payment gateway? (Scenario-based, Multi-select)

A) Requests are immediately retried until successful.

B) Requests are immediately failed without attempting to call the payment
gateway.
C) Requests are queued and processed once the payment gateway recovers.
D) Requests are redirected to a fallback service.
Answer: B), D)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Retries are typically part of the 'closed' state or a separate retry
mechanism, not the 'open' state.
• B) Correct. When the Circuit Breaker is in the 'open' state, it prevents further
calls to the failing service, immediately failing subsequent requests. This gives
the failing service time to recover and prevents the calling service from
wasting resources on calls that are likely to fail.
• C) Incorrect. Queuing requests can lead to backpressure and resource
exhaustion.
• D) Correct. While not the only thing that happens, redirecting to a fallback
service is a common strategy when a circuit breaker is open, providing a
degraded but still functional experience to the user.

Q#41. Which of the following are common challenges associated with distributed
tracing in a microservices environment? (Concept-based, Multi-select)

• A) Instrumentation Overhead: Adding tracing libraries and code can

introduce performance overhead
• B) Context Propagation: Ensuring that trace IDs and span IDs are
correctly passed across service boundaries
• C) Data Volume: The sheer volume of trace data generated can be
challenging to store and analyze
• D) Lack of Standardization: Inconsistent tracing standards across
different programming languages or frameworks

Answer: A), B), C), D)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. While modern tracing libraries are optimized, there is always

some overhead associated with instrumenting code and collecting trace data.
• B) Correct. Correctly propagating the trace context (trace ID, span ID, parent
span ID) across various communication protocols (HTTP, message queues,
gRPC) is crucial and can be complex.
• C) Correct. Distributed tracing can generate a massive amount of data,
requiring robust storage and analysis solutions.
• D) Correct. While OpenTelemetry is gaining traction, historically, different
tracing systems (e.g., Zipkin, Jaeger) had their own standards, leading to
interoperability challenges.

Q#42. In a Spring Boot application using Spring Cloud Sleuth, how would you
typically inject the current TraceId into a custom log message?
(Code-based, Single-select)
A) logger.info("Request MappedDiagnosticContext.get("traceId")); processed: " +
processed:
B) " + logger.info("Request Tracer.currentSpan().context().traceId());
C) logger.info("Request processed: " + Span.current().context().traceId());
D) logger.info("Request processed: " + ThreadContext.get("traceId"));

Answer: B)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. MappedDiagnosticContext (MDC) is used by logging frameworks,

and Sleuth populates it, but directly accessing it like this is not the most idiomatic
way to get the trace ID from Sleuth's Tracer.
• B) Correct. Spring Cloud Sleuth integrates with Brave (and now Micrometer
Tracing). The Tracer interface provides access to the current Span , from which
you can get the TraceContext and then the traceId.
• C) Incorrect. Span.current() is part of OpenTelemetry API, but the question
implies Spring Cloud Sleuth, which uses Brave/Micrometer Tracing.
• D) Incorrect. ThreadContext is a Log j concept, similar to MDC, but not the direct
API for Sleuth's tracing context.

Q#43. Which of the following are common use cases for Kibana in a
microservices monitoring setup with the ELK stack?
(Concept-based, Multi-select)

A) Real-time Log Analysis: Searching, filtering, and analyzing logs from

various microservices.
B) Performance Monitoring: Visualizing metrics like response times, error
rates, and throughput.
C) Security Analytics: Detecting unusual patterns or potential security
threats in log data.
D) Database Management: Performing CRUD operations on relational
databases.

Answer: A), B), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Kibana provides powerful search and visualization capabilities

for real-time log analysis, allowing users to quickly identify issues and
trends.
• B) Correct. By ingesting metrics data (e.g., from Prometheus or directly
from applications) into Elasticsearch, Kibana can be used to create
dashboards for performance monitoring.
 • C) Correct. Kibana's ability to search and visualize large volumes of log
data makes it suitable for security analytics, helping to identify suspicious
activities or breaches.
• D) Incorrect. Kibana is a visualization tool for Elasticsearch, not a database
management tool for relational databases.

Q#44. Your microservices are generating a high volume of logs, and you're
concerned about the performance impact of sending all logs directly to Logstash
for processing. What alternative lightweight component from the Elastic Stack
could you use to ship logs from your microservice instances to Elasticsearch
more efficiently? (Scenario-based, Single-select)

A) Apache Kafka
B) Redis
C) Filebeat
D) Log4j

Answer: C)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Apache Kafka is a message broker, not a log shipper.

• B) Incorrect. Redis is an in-memory data structure store, not primarily a log
shipper.
• C) Correct. Filebeat is a lightweight shipper for forwarding log data from
files to Elasticsearch or Logstash. It's designed to be resource-friendly and
efficient for log collection at the source.
• D) Incorrect. Log4j is a logging framework within applications, not a log
shipper.

Q#45. You are designing a new feature for your e-commerce platform where
order updates (e.g., status changes) need to be propagated to multiple
downstream microservices (e.g., shipping, notification, analytics) in a reliable and
decoupled manner. Which Kafka feature would be most suitable for ensuring that
all interested services receive these updates without direct point-to-point
communication? (Scenario-based, Single-select)

A) Kafka Connect
B) Kafka Streams
C) Kafka Topics with multiple consumer groups
D) Kafka MirrorMaker

Answer: C)

Explanation:
 • A) Incorrect. Kafka Connect is for connecting Kafka to other systems
(databases, file systems).
• B) Incorrect. Kafka Streams is a client library for building stream processing
applications.
• C) Correct. By publishing order updates to a Kafka topic, and having each
downstream microservice subscribe to this topic using its own consumer
group, each service will receive its own copy of all messages, ensuring
reliable and decoupled propagation of updates.
• D) Incorrect. Kafka MirrorMaker is for replicating data between Kafka
clusters.

Q#46. Which of the following are characteristics of a Saga in a microservices

architecture? (Concept-based, Multi-select)

A) Atomicity: All operations within a Saga are guaranteed to either

complete successfully or rollback entirely
B) Long-lived transactions: Sagas are designed to manage business
processes that span multiple services and may take a long time to complete
C) Compensation: Each step in a Saga has a corresponding compensation
action to undo its effects if a subsequent step fails
D) Isolation: Each service involved in a Saga operates in isolation, without
knowledge of other services' internal state

Answer: B), C), D)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Sagas do not guarantee atomicity in the traditional ACID

sense. They achieve eventual consistency through compensation.
• B) Correct. Sagas are specifically designed for long-running business
processes that involve multiple distributed services.
• C) Correct. The ability to define and execute compensation transactions is
a fundamental aspect of the Saga pattern, allowing for rollback of partial
failures.
• D) Correct. While services communicate, they maintain their autonomy
and do not expose their internal state to other services, adhering to the
principles of microservices.

Q#47. In a Choreography-based Saga, how do services typically communicate to

coordinate the distributed transaction? (Concept-based, Single-select)

A) Through a centralized orchestrator service.

B) By directly calling each other's REST APIs synchronously.
C) By publishing and subscribing to events via a message broker.
D) By sharing a common database and using database transactions
Answer: C)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. This describes an Orchestration-based Saga.

• B) Incorrect. Synchronous calls can lead to tight coupling and cascading
failures, which Sagas aim to avoid.
• C) Correct. In a Choreography-based Saga, each service publishes events
upon completing its part of the transaction, and other services react to these
events to perform their subsequent steps, leading to a decentralized
coordination.
• D) Incorrect. Sharing a common database violates microservices principles
and can lead to tight coupling.

Q#48. Which of the following are benefits of deploying Java microservices on

Kubernetes? (Concept-based, Multi-select)

A) Automated Scaling: Kubernetes can automatically scale microservice

instances based on demand.
B) Self-Healing: Kubernetes can detect and restart failed containers,
ensuring high availability.
C) Service Discovery and Load Balancing: Kubernetes provides built-in
mechanisms for service discovery and load balancing.
D) Simplified Database Management: Kubernetes automatically manages
database backups and replication.

Answer: A), B), C)

Explanation:

• A) Correct. Kubernetes supports horizontal pod autoscaling, allowing it to

automatically adjust the number of microservice instances based on CPU
utilization or custom metrics.
• B) Correct. Kubernetes constantly monitors the health of containers and can
automatically restart or reschedule failed ones, contributing to the self-
healing capabilities of the system.
• C) Correct. Kubernetes has its own DNS- based service discovery and can
distribute traffic among healthy pods for a given service.
• D) Incorrect. While Kubernetes can orchestrate database containers, it does
not automatically manage database backups or replication; these are
typically handled by separate database management solutions or operators.

Q#49. Below are three statements about the Strangler Pattern in microservices:

1. The Strangler Pattern is used to add new features to a microservice.

2. It helps in gradually refactoring a monolithic system into microservices.
 3. The Strangler Pattern requires rewriting the entire application at once.

Which of the following is the correct option? (Concept-based, Single-select)

• A) Statements 1 & 3 are correct

• B) Statements 2 & 3 are correct
• C) Statement 2 is correct
• D) All statements are correct

Answer: C)

Explanation:

• The Strangler Pattern is used for migrating from a monolithic architecture to

microservices, not just for adding new features (Statement 1 is incorrect).
• It allows for gradual refactoring, replacing parts of the monolith with
microservices over time (Statement 2 is correct).
• This approach does not require rewriting the entire application at once
(Statement 3 is incorrect).

Q#50. How do Prometheus and Grafana work together for monitoring

microservices? (Concept-based, Single-select)

A) Prometheus provides alerts based on predefined thresholds, while Grafana

visualizes these alerts.
B) Grafana collects and stores metrics, while Prometheus visualizes these
metrics.
C) Prometheus and Grafana both perform data collection and storage
independently.
D) Prometheus collects and stores metrics from microservices, while Grafana
visualizes these metrics.

Answer: D)

Explanation:

• A) Incorrect. Prometheus provides alerting capabilities, but Grafana is used for

visualization and does not handle alerts directly.
• B) Incorrect. Grafana does not collect metrics; it relies on Prometheus or other
sources for this data.
• C) Incorrect. Prometheus and Grafana are not independent in terms of data
collection; Prometheus handles this, and Grafana focuses on visualization.
• D) Correct. Prometheus is responsible for collecting and storing metrics from
various sources, while Grafana is used to create dashboards and visualize these
metrics.
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Topics Covered in the Practice Tests

Below are the topics which are covered in the Java Microservices
Practice Tests & Interview Questions on Udemy.

1. Key principles of Microservices

2. Monolithic vs Microservices
3. gRPC for efficient binary communication
4. API Gateway pattern
5. Asynchronous communication (Message Queues like Kafka,
RabbitMQ)
6. OpenFeign for REST clients
7. Load balancing strategies (Ribbon, OpenFeign Load Balancer)
8. Database per service pattern
9. Event sourcing and CQRS patterns
10. Handling distributed transactions (Sagas, Two-Phase
Commit)
11. Data consistency (eventual consistency, strong consistency)
12. Caching mechanisms (Redis, Memcached)
13. Circuit Breaker Pattern (e.g., using Resilience4j)
14. Retry mechanisms
15. Bulkhead pattern
16. Timeout handling
17. Distributed tracing (Zipkin, Sleuth)
18. Docker for containerization of microservices
19. Service discovery with Eureka or Consul
20. Load balancing strategies (Client-side, Server-side)
21. API Gateway patterns (Netflix Zuul, Spring Cloud Gateway)
22. JWT (JSON Web Token)
23. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
24. Security practices for inter-service communication
25. Distributed logging (ELK Stack: Elasticsearch, Logstash,
Kibana)
26. Monitoring (Prometheus, Grafana)
27. Distributed tracing (Zipkin, Jaeger)
28. Health checks (Spring Boot Actuator)
29. Jenkins or GitLab for Continuous Integration
30. Horizontal vs vertical scaling
31. Stateless vs stateful services
32. Autoscaling in Kubernetes
33. Load testing and tuning (Apache JMeter)
34. Event streaming with Kafka
35. Event Sourcing and Command Query Responsibility
Segregation (CQRS)
36. Async messaging patterns