Introduction to embedded system
and
Internet of Things
Unit I
Mrs. K.M. Sanghavi
1.1 Embedded System
It is an electronic system which includes a single chip
microcomputer(Microcontrollers) like ARM, Cortex.
It is configured to perform certain dedicated application.
S/w is programmed into the on-chip ROM of the
microcontroller, to solve limited range of problems.
The microcontroller is embedded inside the system.
Embedded System…cont
Accepts
input
Executes
In real Performs
computation
time
Generates
Output
Embedded System…cont
For eg. A typical mobile contains average of 10 microcontrollers
Modern houses approx. 150 microcontrollers per day.
Embedded system generally covers every branch from day-to-day science and
technology like communication, military, medical, consumer, machine control.
Eg. Cell phone, Digital camera , microwave, MP3 player, Automobile Anti
braking system.
1.2 Characteristics of Embedded
System
Speed (bytes/sec) : Power(watts) : Low
should be high. power tolerance
Size and weight : Small Accuracy(0.9999) :
size and low weight Must be very accurate
Adaptability : High Reliability : Must be
adaptability and reliable for a longer
accessibility period of time
Categories of Embedded System
Stand
Real Time Networked Mobile
Alone
Stand Alone System
Works by itself : self-contained device
Does not require any host system like computer
Takes digital/ analog input , calibrates , converts and processes the
data and outputs the resulting data to its attached o/p device
Eg : MP3 players, digital cameras, Video game consoles, Microwave
oven
Real Time Systems
System which strictly follows time deadline
for completion of task is real time system
Two types of Real Time Systems Exist
• Soft : Violation of time constraint just degrades quality
of the system but the system continues to work
• Hard : Violation of time causes critical failure and loss of
life or property damage.
Soft Real System Examples
Hard Real Time
Delayed alarm during gas leakage
Failure in RADAR functioning
Deadline in missile control
Networked System
Related to n/w interface to access
resources
Connected n/w may be LAN , WAN and
connection can be wired or wireless
Eg : Home security system
Mobile Systems
• MP3 players, Mobiles, Cellphones, PDAs,
Digital cameras which have the limitation of
memory
ARM Processor & Its Architecture
ARM PROCESSOR[1]
• The ARM processor is a 32-bit RISC processor
• It is built using the reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
instruction set architecture (ISA).
• ARM processors are microprocessors and are widely used in many of
the mobile phones sold each year, as many as 98% of mobile
phones. They are also used in personal digital assistants (PDA),
digital media and music layers, hand-held gaming
systems, calculators, and even computer hard drives.
TimeLine of ARM
• 1985: Acorn Computer Group manufactured the
first commercial RISC microprocessor.
• 1990: Acorn and Apple participation leads to the
founding of Advanced RISC Machines (A.R.M.).
• 1991: ARM6, First embeddable RISC
microprocessor.
• 1992 – 1994: Various companies use ARM (Sharp,
Samsung), while in 1993 ARM7, the first
multimedia microprocessor was introduced.
ARM Architecture
• ARM machines have a 32 bit Reduced Instruction
Set Computer (RISC) Load Store Architecture.
• The direct manipulation of memory isn’t
possible in this architecture and is done through
the use of registers.
• The instruction set offers many conditional and
other varieties of operations with the primary
focus being on reducing the number of cycles per
instruction featuring mostly single cycle
operations.
ARM Architecture….Contd[2]
The main Features of ARM7 is,
• 32/16-bit RISC architecture.
• 32-bit ARM instruction set for maximum performance and
flexibility.
• 16-bit Thumb instruction set for increased code density.
• Unified bus interface, 32-bit data bus carries both instructions and
data.
• Three-stage pipeline : FETCH, DECODE and EXECUTE.
• 32-bit ALU.
• Very small die size and low power consumption.
• Fully static operation.
• Coprocessor interface.
• Extensive debug facilities (Embedded ICE debug unit accessible via
JTAG interface unit) : that allows programs to be downloaded and
fully debugged in-system.
ARM Architecture
ARM Architecture….Contd
• Control over both the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
and shifter in most data-processing instructions
to maximize the use of an ALU and a shifter.
• Auto-increment and auto-decrement addressing
modes to optimize program loops.
• Load and Store Multiple instructions to maximize
data throughput.
• Conditional execution of almost all instructions to
maximize execution throughput
• ARM has 31 general-purpose 32-bit registers,
At any one time, 16 of these registers are
visible
• These registers are used by all unprivileged
code.(User mode Registers) i.e less access to
memory and coprocessor
Privileged execution modes
• Fast interrupt processing mode Used when processor
receives an interrupt signal from the designated fast
interrupt source.
• Normal interrupt processing mode: When processor
receives an interrupt signal from any other interrupt
source.
• Software interrupt mode : When the processor encounters
a software interrupt instruction.
• Undefined instruction mode :When the processor
attempts to execute an instruction that is supported
neither by the main integer core nor by one of the
coprocessors.
• System mode is used for running privileged operating
system tasks.
• Abort mode is : When memory fault exists
Reference
[1] https:// www. computerhope.com /jargon /a/
arm.htm
[2]
https://www.pantechsolutions.net/microcontroller-
tutorials/getting-started-with-arm-architecture
