B.
Tech CSE – Comprehensive Notes (Detailed)
Programming & Data Structures
Programming Languages:
- C: Procedural language, manual memory management, pointers, static typing.
- Python: Interpreted, dynamic typing, rich standard library, object-oriented and functional
capabilities.
Data Types:
- Primitive: int, char, float, double
- Derived: arrays, structs, unions, enums
- Abstract: lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs
Data Structures:
- Arrays: Fixed-size, random access.
- Linked Lists: Singly, Doubly, Circular.
- Stacks & Queues: LIFO/FIFO, implemented via arrays or linked lists.
- Trees: Binary Trees, Binary Search Trees, AVL, B-Trees, Heaps.
- Graphs: Represented as adjacency list/matrix, directed/undirected, weighted/unweighted.
Algorithms:
- Sorting: Bubble, Selection, Insertion, Merge, Quick, Heap.
- Searching: Linear, Binary (on sorted arrays).
- Recursion: Factorial, Fibonacci, Tower of Hanoi.
- Hashing: Collision resolution (chaining, open addressing).
Memory Management:
- Static vs dynamic allocation, malloc/free in C, garbage collection in Python.
Complexity:
- Time and Space complexity analysis using Big-O notation.
Algorithms & Complexity
Algorithm Design Techniques:
- Divide and Conquer: Merge Sort, Quick Sort, Binary Search.
- Greedy Algorithms: Activity selection, Huffman coding, Kruskal’s algorithm.
- Dynamic Programming: Fibonacci, Longest Common Subsequence, Knapsack.
- Backtracking: N-Queens, Sudoku solver.
Asymptotic Analysis:
- Big O, Omega, and Theta notations.
- Best, worst, and average case complexities.
Recurrence Relations:
- Solved using substitution, recursion tree, and Master Theorem.
NP-Completeness:
- Definitions of P, NP, NP-Complete, NP-Hard.
- Reductions and Cook-Levin theorem.
Discrete Math & Theory of Computation
Discrete Structures:
- Set Theory: Union, intersection, complement, power set.
- Logic: Propositional and predicate logic, truth tables, logical equivalence.
- Relations and Functions: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive, bijective.
- Graph Theory: Trees, connectedness, Euler/Hamilton paths, bipartite graphs.
Theory of Computation:
- Finite Automata: DFA, NFA, Regular expressions.
- Context-Free Grammars (CFGs): Derivations, parse trees, ambiguity.
- Turing Machines: Recognizers, deciders.
- Undecidability: Halting problem, Rice’s theorem.
Computer Architecture & Operating Systems
Computer Architecture:
- Number Systems: Binary, octal, hexadecimal.
- Logic Gates & Circuits: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR.
- CPU Design: ALU, control unit, pipelining, instruction cycle.
- Memory: RAM, ROM, cache hierarchy, memory addressing.
- I/O Systems: Interrupts, DMA.
Operating Systems:
- Process Management: PCB, states, scheduling (FCFS, SJF, RR, Priority).
- Synchronization: Critical section, semaphores, monitors.
- Deadlocks: Detection, avoidance, prevention.
- Memory Management: Paging, segmentation, virtual memory.
- File Systems: Directory structures, file allocation methods, disk scheduling.
Databases & Computer Networks
Databases:
- Data Models: Relational, hierarchical, network.
- ER Model: Entities, attributes, relationships.
- Normalization: 1NF to 5NF, BCNF.
- SQL: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, JOINs, nested queries.
- Transactions: ACID properties, concurrency control, logging.
Computer Networks:
- OSI Model: 7 layers – physical to application.
- TCP/IP Model: 4 layers – link, internet, transport, application.
- Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, DHCP.
- Addressing: IP addressing (IPv4/IPv6), MAC addresses.
- Routing: Distance vector, link state.
- Security: Firewalls, encryption, SSL/TLS.
Software Engineering
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
- Phases: Requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, maintenance.
Development Models:
- Waterfall, Spiral, Agile (Scrum, Kanban).
UML Diagrams:
- Use Case, Class, Sequence, Activity, State, Component diagrams.
Design Patterns:
- Creational: Singleton, Factory.
- Structural: Adapter, Composite.
- Behavioral: Observer, Strategy.
Testing:
- Unit, Integration, System, Acceptance testing.
- Test case design: Black-box, white-box, regression testing.
Advanced Topics
Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning:
- Supervised Learning: Regression, classification.
- Unsupervised Learning: Clustering, dimensionality reduction.
- Neural Networks: Perceptron, backpropagation.
- Natural Language Processing: Tokenization, stemming, TF-IDF.
Cyber Security:
- Cryptography: Symmetric (AES), asymmetric (RSA), hashing (SHA).
- Network Security: SSL/TLS, VPNs, IDS/IPS.
- Authentication: Passwords, biometrics, 2FA.
Cloud Computing:
- Deployment models: Public, Private, Hybrid.
- Service models: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS.
- Virtualization, containerization (Docker, Kubernetes).
Embedded & Real-Time Systems:
- Microcontrollers, sensors, actuators.
- Real-time scheduling: Rate-monotonic, EDF.
- Power-aware computing.
