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Chapter 2 - Structure of Atom (Detailed Notes)

The document outlines the discovery of subatomic particles, including electrons, protons, and neutrons, along with their charges and masses. It discusses various atomic models, such as Thomson's Plum Pudding Model and Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, leading to the understanding of atomic structure and the concept of atomic and mass numbers. Additionally, it covers quantum mechanics, including Bohr's model, the dual nature of light, and the quantum mechanical model of the atom with electron filling rules and electronic configurations.

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4 views6 pages

Chapter 2 - Structure of Atom (Detailed Notes)

The document outlines the discovery of subatomic particles, including electrons, protons, and neutrons, along with their charges and masses. It discusses various atomic models, such as Thomson's Plum Pudding Model and Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, leading to the understanding of atomic structure and the concept of atomic and mass numbers. Additionally, it covers quantum mechanics, including Bohr's model, the dual nature of light, and the quantum mechanical model of the atom with electron filling rules and electronic configurations.

Uploaded by

kishoreishore66
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Discovery of Subatomic Particles

Electron (J.J. Thomson, 1897)

Discovered using cathode ray tube (CRT).

Charge: –1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C

Mass: 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg

Proton (Goldstein, 1886)

Discovered by canal rays.

Charge: +1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C

Mass: 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg

Neutron (Chadwick, 1932)

Charge: 0

Mass: 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg

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2. Thomson’s Atomic Model (Plum Pudding Model)

Atom is a sphere of positive charge with electrons embedded like plums in pudding.

Failed to explain Rutherford’s experiment.

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3. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

Setup: Alpha particles bombarded on thin gold foil.

Observations:

1. Most α-particles passed undeflected → Atom is mostly empty.

2. Some deflected → Positive charge concentrated.

3. Few bounced back → Dense and small nucleus.

Conclusions:

Positive charge and mass are concentrated in a small nucleus.

Electrons revolve around nucleus.

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4. Atomic Number (Z) and Mass Number (A)

Z = Number of protons.

A = Number of protons + Number of neutrons.

Terms:

Isotopes: Same Z, different A (e.g., ¹H, ²H, ³H)

Isobars: Same A, different Z (e.g., ⁴⁰Ar, ⁴⁰Ca)

Isotones: Same neutrons.


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5. Electromagnetic Radiation

Wave nature:
(c = speed of light, λ = wavelength, ν = frequency)

Planck’s Quantum Theory:

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6. Photoelectric Effect (Einstein)

Light of frequency > threshold emits electrons.

Equation:

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7. Bohr’s Model of Atom

Postulates:

1. Electrons revolve in fixed circular orbits without radiating energy.

2. Quantized angular momentum:

3. Energy emission/absorption:
When electron jumps between orbits.
Energy of nth orbit:

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8. Hydrogen Spectrum

Spectral series:

Lyman: n₁ = 1 (UV)

Balmer: n₁ = 2 (Visible)

Paschen: n₁ = 3 (IR)

Brackett: n₁ = 4

Pfund: n₁ = 5

Rydberg equation:

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9. Limitations of Bohr’s Model

Could not explain:

Multi-electron atom spectra

Zeeman and Stark effects

Fine structure of spectral lines.

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10. Dual Nature and Uncertainty


De Broglie wavelength:

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle:

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11. Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

Schrödinger wave equation: Defines orbitals (regions of high probability).

Quantum numbers:

Principal (n): Size and energy level.

Azimuthal (l): Shape of orbital (0=s, 1=p, 2=d, 3=f).

Magnetic (m): Orientation (-l to +l).

Spin (s): +½ or –½.

Shapes of orbitals:

s: Spherical

p: Dumbbell

d: Double dumbbell

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12. Rules for Electron Filling

1. Aufbau principle: Fill lowest energy first.


2. Pauli Exclusion: No two electrons can have same 4 quantum numbers.

3. Hund’s Rule: Fill orbitals singly before pairing.

Order:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p…

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13. Examples of Electronic Configuration

H (Z=1): 1s¹

He (Z=2): 1s²

Na (Z=11): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹

Cl (Z=17): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵

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14. Important Constants

Planck’s constant (h): 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s

Speed of light (c): 3 × 10⁸ m/s

Charge of electron (e): 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C

Rydberg constant (R ): 1.097 × 10⁷ m⁻¹

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