/ Structure of the Atom - Revision Notes (Class 11)
♦ 1. Discovery of Subatomic Particles
• Electron: Discovered by J.J. Thomson via cathode ray experiment
➔ Charge= -1.602 x 10-19 C, Mass= 9.1 x 10-31 kg
• Proton: Discovered by Goldstein (canal rays)
➔ Charge = +1.602 x 10-19 C, Mass::::: 1836 x electron mass
• Neutron: Discovered by James Chadwick
➔ Charge = 0, Mass ::::: proton mass
♦ 2. Atomic Models
C:: Thomson's Model (Plum Pudding)
• Atom = Positive sphere with embedded electrons
• Couldn't explain scattering or spectral lines
{i Rutherford's Model (Gold Foil Experiment}
• Atom = Mostly empty space
• Small, dense, positively charged nucleus
• Electrons revolve in orbits
ti Couldn't explain stability or atomic spectra
♦ 3. Bohr's Model {for Hydrogen Atom)
• Electrons revolve in fixed orbits (shells)
• Angular momentum: mvr = ~~
1 6
• Energy levels: En = - ~2 eV
• Emission/absorption of radiation during transitions
♦ 4. Electromagnetic Radiation
• C = VA
• E -- hV--y::
_ he
Spectrum:
• Line spectrum: Specific wavelengths (e.g. Hydrogen spectrum)
• Continuous spectrum: Uninterrupted range (e.g. sunlight)
♦ 5. Hydrogen Spectral Lines (Rydberg Formula)
• Lyman series: UV (n, = 1)
• Balmer series: Visible (n, = 2)
• Paschen, Brackett, Pfund: Infrared
♦ 6. de Broglie's Equation
• Matter has wave nature
>.=~
mv
♦ 7. Heisenberg Uncertainty Prir ; ,1e
b.x. b.p > -
-47r
• Exact position & momentum cannot be simultaneously known
♦ 8. Quantum Numbers
Symbol Name Values Meaning
n Principal 1, 2, 3, ... Energy level, size
Azimuthal 0 to (n-1) Subshell, shape (s, p, d, f)
m, Magnetic -I to +I Orientation
ms Spin +½ or-½ Spin of electron
♦ 9. Electron Configuration Rules
• Aufbau principle: Fill lowest energy orbital first
• Pauli Exclusion: No 2 electrons can have same 4 quantum numbers
• Hund's Rule: Max unpaired electrons in degenerate orbitals
♦ 10. Orbital vs Orbit
• Orbit: Fixed circular path (Bohr)
• Orbital: Region with high probability of finding electron (Quantum model)
