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INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF MATLAB

MATLAB (short for MATrix LABoratory) is a high-level programming language and

interactive environment developed by MathWorks. It was initially created in the late 1970s by Cleve
Moler as a teaching tool to give students access to linear algebra libraries like LINPACK and
EISPACK. In 1984, MathWorks Inc. was founded to commercialize MATLAB, leading to its broader
adoption across academic institutions and industries.

MATLAB is widely used for numerical computation, data visualization, simulation, and
programming, particularly in engineering, science, and mathematics. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use interface where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Over the years, MATLAB has evolved significantly,
incorporating features like object-oriented programming, graphical user interface (GUI) development,
cloud integration, and support for embedded systems.
Popular versions include MATLAB 4.x, 5.x, 6.0 (R12), 6.5 (R13), R14 (2004), and more recent
releases like R2024b and R2025a. It primarily uses. mat for data files and. mlx for live script files.
MATLAB’s strength lies in its ability to combine code, algorithms, and visualization within a single
platform, making it an indispensable tool in both academic research and industrial applications.

Key Features of MATLAB

• Matrix-based programming: All variables are treated as matrices by default.
• Built-in functions: Extensive library of mathematical, statistical, and engineering functions.
• Visualization tools: Powerful tools to create plots, graphs, and 3D models.
• Toolboxes: Specialized libraries for applications such as signal processing, control systems,
image processing, machine learning, and more.
• User interface design: Includes tools like App Designer to build custom GUIs.
• Integration: Can interface with languages like C, C++, Java, Python, and hardware like
Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc.

Applications of MATLAB
• Control Systems Design
• Digital Signal and Image Processing
• Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
• Data Analysis and Visualization
• Communication Systems
• Robotics and Mechatronics
• Structural and Civil Engineering simulations

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• Financial Modelling
• Academic Research and Teaching

Advantages of Using MATLAB

• User-friendly syntax and environment
• Powerful debugging and editing tools
• Extensive documentation and community support
• Ideal for algorithm development and data-driven tasks

Basic Example:
a = 5;
b = 10;
c = a + b;
disp(['The sum is: ', num2str(c)]);
Output:
The sum is: 15

Applications of MATLAB in Structural Engineering – Point Wise

1. Matrix-Based Structural Analysis
o Efficient for solving stiffness matrices and equilibrium equations in structural systems.
2. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
o Used for programming custom finite element models to analyse stress, strain, and
deformation in structures.
3. Design Automation
o Automates repetitive design tasks like sizing beams, columns, and slabs based on code
requirements.
4. Structural Dynamics and Vibration Analysis
o Simulates structural response to dynamic loads, earthquakes, wind, and vibration.
5. Optimization and Parameter Study
o Helps in optimizing cross-sections, material use, and cost using built-in optimization
functions.
6. Reliability and Probabilistic Analysis
o Performs reliability analysis (e.g., Monte Carlo, AFOSM methods) to assess structural
safety and performance.
7. Seismic Performance Evaluation
o Simulates seismic behavior of buildings and bridges using time-history analysis and
response spectrum methods.
8. Visualization and Plotting
o Generates clear plots of force-displacement curves, stress contours, and deformation
shapes.
9. Custom Tool Development
o Enables engineers to develop their own design tools and GUIs using App Designer.
10. Integration with Other Software

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Interfaces with CAD, Excel, and structural software (e.g., SAP2000, ETABS) for data
exchange and post-processing.
MATLAB INTERFACE AND TABS

MATLAB’s interface is organized into different sections and tabs, each designed to help users
write code, manage files, visualize data, and run simulations efficiently. Understanding these
components is essential for effective MATLAB use, especially in technical fields like engineering,
data science, and research.

A. Core Interface Components

1. Current Folder Panel

Purpose: Displays the files and folders in the current working directory.
Features:
• Navigate project folders
• Open, rename, or delete files directly
• Set the current folder for MATLAB execution
Use: Eases project management and file access during coding and data analysis.

2. Workspace Panel
Purpose: Shows all active variables in the current session.
Features:
• View variable names, values, sizes, types
• Double-click to open variables in spreadsheet format
• Right-click for plotting and clearing

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Use: Monitor and interact with variables used in scripts or during live coding.

3. Command Window
Purpose: Main area for executing commands directly.
Features:
• Write and execute one-line commands
• Test functions, perform calculations, and debug
• Use up/down arrow to access command history
Use: For quick tests, calculations, and small-scale experimentation before full scripting.

4. Command History Panel

Purpose: Displays a list of previously executed commands.
Use: Easy reuse of past commands or generating scripts from history.

B. Main MATLAB Tabs (Toolstrip)

1. Home Tab
• File operations (New Script, Save, Open)
• Preferences and Layout settings
• Add-ons (Toolboxes and apps)
Best for starting a project or managing files

2. Plots Tab
• Quick access to line, bar, scatter plots
• 2D/3D visualization tools
• Plot customization tools
Used to visualize data directly from Workspace

3. Apps Tab
• Access to built-in apps like Curve Fitting, Simulink, Control System Designer
• Launch App Designer for GUI development
Used when GUI or pre-built tools are preferred over scripting

4. Editor Tab (appears when a file is open)

• Write, edit, debug MATLAB code
• Add breakpoints, comment/uncomment lines
• Run/Save buttons
Used for programming scripts, functions, algorithms

5. Live Editor Tab (for .mlx files)

• Interactive notebooks combining code, text, plots, equations
• Ideal for teaching, reports, research notebooks
Supports formatted documentation with code execution
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6. Simulink Tab (opens when Simulink is launched)

• Tools for model creation, simulation control, code generation
• Block libraries, diagnostics, scopes
Used for system-level simulation (e.g., mechanical, control systems)

7. View Tab
• Show/hide Command Window, Workspace, Current Folder, Editor
• Save custom layout setups
Helpful for customizing the interface to personal workflow

8. Publish Tab (in Editor)

• Export script as PDF, HTML, LaTeX, or Word
• Includes code, outputs, figures, and comments
Ideal for creating technical reports or sharing analysis

Table of Key Interface Components

Component Purpose Use
Current Folder View and manage project files Navigate and open scripts, data, or
folders
Workspace View active variables and their Monitor variable values during
details execution
Command Execute single-line commands Test functions, run calculations
Window interactively
Command Shows past commands Reuse previous commands easily
History
Home Tab File and session control Open/save files, manage preferences
Plots Tab Plotting and data visualization Quickly visualize data from variables
Apps Tab Access MATLAB apps and GUI-based data analysis or system
toolboxes design
Editor Tab Write and debug code Develop and run scripts and functions
Live Editor Tab Write interactive scripts Reports, teaching materials, research
notes
Simulink Tab Model-based system design Simulate control, electrical, or
mechanical systems
View Tab Customize interface Enable/disable interface panels
Publish Tab Generate reports from code Create readable, sharable documentation

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1.ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RCC BEAM ELEMENTS USING MATLAB

Introduction:

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) beams are fundamental structural components designed
to resist bending, shear, and axial loads. The design process involves determining the required
dimensions and reinforcement based on loading conditions and material strengths. This project uses
MATLAB to automate the analysis and design of simply supported RCC beams using Limit State
Method (LSM) as per IS 456:2000 guidelines.

Aim: To analyse and design an RCC beam subjected to uniform loading using MATLAB based on
Indian standards.

Objectives:

• To calculate the bending moment and shear force.

• To determine the required effective depth and area of tensile reinforcement.
• To check the beam for shear and deflection.
• To automate the design process using MATLAB.

Important Formulae:

• Maximum Bending Moment = Load per unit length × span² ÷ 8

• Effective Depth = Square root of (Moment ÷ (0.138 × Concrete strength × Beam width))
• Area of Steel (Ast) = Moment ÷ (0.87 × Steel yield strength × Lever arm)
• Shear Stress = Shear Force ÷ (Beam width × Effective depth)
• Modular Ratio = 280 ÷ (3 × Concrete strength)

Parameter Explanations

• b: Width of beam section (mm)

• d: Effective depth (mm)
• L: Span of the beam (m)
• w: Uniformly distributed load (kN/m)
• Mu: Maximum bending moment (kN·m)

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• Vu: Maximum shear force (kN)

• fck: Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (N/mm²)
• fy: Yield strength of reinforcement steel (N/mm²)
• Ast: Area of tensile reinforcement (mm²)
• z: Lever arm (typically 0.9 × d)

Procedure :

• Input beam dimensions and material strengths.

• Input loading conditions.
• Compute design moment and shear.
• Determine the required effective depth.
• Calculate required steel area.
• Check shear stress and compare with permissible value.
• Output the reinforcement and beam size requirements.

MATLAB CODE:

% RCC Beam Design Using Limit State Method

% Inputs
b = 230; % Width of beam in mm
L = 4; % Span in m
w = 25; % Load in kN/m
fck = 20; % Concrete grade in N/mm^2
fy = 415; % Steel grade in N/mm^2

% Bending Moment and Shear Force

Mu = (w * L^2) / 8; % kNm
Vu = (w * L) / 2; % kN

% Convert to Nmm
Mu = Mu * 1e6;

% Effective depth
d = sqrt(Mu / (0.138 * fck * b));

% Lever arm
z = 0.9 * d;
% Area of steel
Ast = Mu / (0.87 * fy * z);
% Shear check
Vu_N = Vu * 1e3; % Convert to N
tau_v = Vu_N / (b * d); % Shear stress

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% Output
fprintf('Effective depth required = %.2f mm\n', d);
fprintf('Area of steel required = %.2f mm^2\n', Ast);
fprintf('Shear stress = %.2f N/mm^2\n', tau_v);

Design Output:
• Effective depth required = __________ mm
• Area of steel required (Ast) =_ __________ mm²
• Shear stress (τᵥ) = __________ N/mm²

Code Explanation:

• b = 230: Width of beam in mm

• L = 4: Span in meters
• w = 25: Load in kN/m
• fck = 20, fy = 415: Material properties
• Mu = (w * L^2) / 8: Bending moment formula
• Vu = (w * L) / 2: Shear force at support
• Mu = Mu * 1e6: Convert kNm to Nmm
• d = sqrt(...): Depth formula rearranged from moment formula
• z = 0.9 * d: Lever arm approximation
• Ast = Mu / (0.87 * fy * z): Main reinforcement area
• tau_v = Vu / (b × d): Shear stress
• fprintf(...): Output results in readable format

flow diagram of code:

[Start]
↓
Input beam dimensions and material properties
↓
Calculate Mu and Vu
↓
Convert Mu to Nmm
↓
Calculate effective depth (d)
↓
Compute lever arm (z)
↓
Calculate required steel area (Ast)
↓
Compute shear stress (τv)
↓
Display results

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2.ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RCC COLUMN ELEMENTS USING

MATLAB

INTRODUCTION:

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) columns are primary vertical structural members
responsible for transmitting axial loads from slabs and beams to foundations. Their design must ensure
safety under axial load and moments. Using MATLAB simplifies the iterative calculations required,
ensures codal compliance (as per IS 456:2000), and improves design accuracy and speed.

AIM: To analyse and design RCC column sections subjected to axial load using MATLAB
programming based on Limit State Method.

OBJECTIVES:

• Classify input parameters and column dimensions.

• Calculate axial capacity and steel area required.
• Check compliance with IS 456:2000 for minimum and maximum reinforcement.
• Automate the design process using MATLAB to improve accuracy and efficiency.

DESIGN FORMULAS (IN WORDS):

• Area of Column (Ac): Width × Depth

• Minimum Eccentricity (emin): Max of (L/500 + D/30) or 20 mm
• Required Steel Area (Asc): (Axial Load – 0.4 × fck × Ac) ÷ (0.67 × fy)
• Minimum Asc: 0.8% of gross area = 0.008 × Ac
• Maximum Asc: 6% of gross area = 0.06 × Ac
• Bar Area: π × (bar_dia²) ÷ 4
• Number of Bars: Asc ÷ Bar Area

DESIGN PARAMETERS:

• Width of column (b)

• Depth of column (D)
• Effective length (L)
• Grade of concrete (fck)
• Grade of steel (fy)
• Factored axial load (Pu)
• Bar diameter for reinforcement

DESIGN PROCEDURE:
1. Input basic geometry, material properties, and axial load.
2. Compute gross area of column (Ac).

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3. Calculate minimum eccentricity (emin) for stability.

4. Determine required steel area (Asc).
5. Check minimum and maximum reinforcement limits.
6. Select suitable bar diameter and compute number of bars.
7. Display final design output.

MATLAB CODE:

% RCC Column Design using MATLAB

clc; clear;
% Input Data
b = 300; % Width of column (mm)
D = 500; % Depth of column (mm)
L = 3000; % Effective length (mm)
fck = 25; % Concrete grade (N/mm^2)
fy = 500; % Steel grade (N/mm^2)
Pu = 1000e3; % Axial load (N)
% Area of column
Ac = b * D;
% Minimum eccentricity
emin = max(L/500 + D/30, 20);
% Required steel area (Asc)
Asc = (Pu - 0.4*fck*Ac)/(0.67*fy);
% Check minimum and maximum reinforcement
Asc_min = 0.008 * Ac;
Asc_max = 0.06 * Ac;
if Asc < Asc_min
Asc = Asc_min;
elseif Asc > Asc_max
disp('Provided Asc exceeds maximum limit');
end
% Bar selection
bar_dia = 20; % in mm
bar_area = pi * (bar_dia^2) / 4;
n_bars = ceil(Asc / bar_area);
% Output
fprintf('\n--- DESIGN OUTPUT ---\n');
fprintf('Minimum Eccentricity = %.2f mm\n', emin);
fprintf('Required Steel Area (Asc) = %.2f mm²\n', Asc);
fprintf('Minimum Permissible Asc = %.2f mm²\n', Asc_min);
fprintf('Maximum Permissible Asc = %.2f mm²\n', Asc_max);
fprintf('Provide %d bars of %d mm diameter\n', n_bars, bar_dia);
--- DESIGN OUTPUT ---Minimum Permissible Asc = 1200.00 mm²
Output:
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• Minimum Eccentricity = ______mm

• Required Steel Area (Asc) = _____ mm²
• Minimum Permissible Asc = _______mm²
• Maximum Permissible Asc = _______ mm²
• Remarks = __________
• Number of Bars = __________
• Bar Diameter = __________mm

flow diagram of code:

Start
↓
Input Data
↓
Calculate Area of Column (Ac)
↓
Calculate Minimum Eccentricity (emin)
↓
Calculate Required Steel Area (Asc)
↓
Check Minimum and Maximum Limits for Asc
↓
Calculate Number of Bars Required
↓
Display Design Output
↓
End

USED FUNCTIONS IN CODE:

• max() – To determine maximum of two values (e.g., eccentricity)
• pi – MATLAB constant for π
• ceil() – Rounds up to next whole number (for number of bars)
• fprintf() – Formatted display of output

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3.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF 2D BEAMS WITH DIFFERENT LOADING

AND SUPPORT CONDITIONS USING MATLAB

Introduction

Structural analysis of 2D beams involves determining how beams respond under various types
of loads (point load, uniformly distributed load, moment, etc.) and support conditions (simply
supported, fixed, cantilever). The objective is to calculate shear force, bending moment, and
deflections along the length of the beam. MATLAB provides a flexible environment to implement
beam theories, solve equations of equilibrium, and plot result diagrams with accuracy and speed.

Aim: To analyse 2D beams with different loading and support conditions using MATLAB.

Objectives:

• To model beam geometry and supports in MATLAB.

• To apply loading conditions and compute reactions.
• To calculate shear force and bending moment along the beam.
• To visualize Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD).
• To develop a generalized code applicable to different support and loading configurations.

Formulae:
• Sum of vertical forces = 0: Used to compute support reactions.
• Shear Force (V) at a section = Total vertical forces on one side of the section.
• Bending Moment (M) at a section = Moment of all forces about that section.
• Equilibrium equations are used for statically determinate structures:
o ΣFy = 0 → Vertical force balance
o ΣM = 0 → Moment balance
• For continuous/fixed beams:
o Use stiffness method: [K]{d} = {F}
▪ K: global stiffness matrix
▪ d: displacement vector
▪ F: force/load vector

Parameter Explanations
• L: Beam length (in meters)
• E: Modulus of Elasticity (Pa)
• I: Moment of Inertia (m⁴)
• P: Point Load (N)
• a: Load position from the left support (m)
• RA, RB: Reaction forces at supports A and B

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• V(x): Shear force at point x

• M(x): Bending moment at point x
• x: Position along the beam length
• n: Number of divisions in beam for plotting
• BC: Boundary conditions

MATLAB CODE
% Beam Parameters
L = 6; % Length in meters
E = 2e11; % Modulus of Elasticity (Pa)
I = 4e-6; % Moment of Inertia (m^4)
P = 1000; % Point Load (N)
a = 3; % Load position (m)
% Reaction forces for simply supported beam
RA = P * (L - a) / L;
RB = P * a / L;
% Discretization
x = linspace(0, L, 500);
V = zeros(size(x));
M = zeros(size(x));
% Calculating shear force and bending moment
for i = 1:length(x)
if x(i) < a
V(i) = RA;
M(i) = RA * x(i);
else
V(i) = RA - P;
M(i) = RA * x(i) - P * (x(i) - a);
end
end
% Plotting
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(x, V, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Shear Force Diagram');
xlabel('Beam Length (m)');
ylabel('Shear Force (N)');
grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(x, M, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Bending Moment Diagram');
xlabel('Beam Length (m)');
ylabel('Bending Moment (Nm)');
grid on;
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Procedure
1. Define the length, material properties, and cross-section (E and I).
2. Assign loading conditions (point load, UDL, etc.) and their positions.
3. Calculate support reactions using equilibrium.
4. Discretize the beam length for analysis (100 to 1000 points).
5. For each segment, compute shear force and bending moment.
6. Plot Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD).

Output:
For a beam of length 6 m with a 1000 N point load at 3 m:
• Reaction at A = 500 N
• Reaction at B = 500 N
• Maximum Bending Moment = Nm at center
• Shear Force is constant up to the load point and drops by 1000 N.

flow diagram of code:

Start
↓
Input beam parameters (L, E, I, P, a)
↓
Compute support reactions (RA, RB)
↓
Discretize beam into segments (x)
↓
For each x: Compute V(x), M(x)
↓
Plot SFD and BMD
↓
End

Used Functions in Code

• linspace() – Generates linearly spaced values.
• zeros() – Initializes V and M vectors.
• subplot() – Creates subplots for SFD and BMD.
• plot() – Graphs shear and moment diagrams.
• grid on – Displays grid for readability.

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4.ANALYSIS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE

MATERIALS USING MATLAB TO COMPUTE THE PARAMETERS OF
RULE OF MIXTURE AND ENGINEERING CONSTANTS

Introduction
Unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite materials consist of high-strength fibers embedded
in a matrix, with all fibers aligned in the same direction. These composites exhibit highly anisotropic
behavior, especially in the fiber direction, offering exceptional stiffness and strength. To evaluate
their mechanical behavior, the Rule of Mixtures is applied to predict elastic constants such as
longitudinal modulus, transverse modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio.

Aim: To analyse unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites using MATLAB by computing the

elastic properties through the Rule of Mixtures.

Objectives
• To calculate the longitudinal modulus, transverse modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio
of composite material using the Rule of Mixtures.
• To implement MATLAB code for computation and visualization of these properties with
respect to fiber volume fraction.

Formulae:

• Longitudinal Modulus (E1): product of fiber volume fraction and fiber modulus plus matrix
volume fraction and matrix modulus.
Transverse Modulus
• (E2): reciprocal of sum of fiber volume fraction divided by fiber modulus and matrix volume
fraction divided by matrix modulus.
Shear Modulus
• (G12): reciprocal of sum of fiber volume fraction divided by fiber shear modulus and matrix
volume fraction divided by matrix shear modulus.
Poisson’s Ratio
• (v12): product of fiber volume fraction and fiber Poisson’s ratio plus matrix volume fraction
and matrix Poisson’s ratio.

Parameter Explanations
• Ef – Young’s modulus of fiber (Pa)
• Em – Young’s modulus of matrix (Pa)
• Gf – Shear modulus of fiber (Pa)
• Gm – Shear modulus of matrix (Pa)
• vf – Poisson’s ratio of fiber
• vm – Poisson’s ratio of matrix
• Vf – Volume fraction of fiber
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• Vm – Volume fraction of matrix (Vm = 1 - Vf)

• E1 – Longitudinal modulus of composite
• E2 – Transverse modulus of composite
• G12 – In-plane shear modulus
• v12 – Major Poisson’s ratio of composite

Procedure
• Define material properties: Ef, Em, Gf, Gm, vf, vm
• Generate a range of fiber volume fractions Vf from 0 to 1
• Calculate corresponding matrix volume fraction Vm
• Apply Rule of Mixtures formulas to compute E1, E2, G12, and v12
• Plot each parameter versus Vf using MATLAB

MATLAB Code
% Unidirectional Composite Analysis using Rule of Mixtures

% Material properties
Ef = 85e9; % Fiber Young’s modulus (Pa)
Em = 3.5e9; % Matrix Young’s modulus (Pa)
Gf = 35e9; % Fiber shear modulus (Pa)
Gm = 1.3e9; % Matrix shear modulus (Pa)
vf = 0.22; % Fiber Poisson’s ratio
vm = 0.35; % Matrix Poisson’s ratio

% Volume fraction range

Vf = linspace (0,1,100); % Fiber volume fraction
Vm = 1 - Vf; % Matrix volume fraction

% Engineering constants using Rule of Mixtures

E1 = Vf * Ef + Vm * Em;
E2 = 1 ./ (Vf/Ef + Vm/Em);
G12 = 1 ./ (Vf/Gf + Vm/Gm);
v12 = Vf * vf + Vm * vm;

% Plotting results
figure;
subplot (2,2,1);
plot (Vf, E1/1e9, 'b', 'Linewidth', 2);
xlabel('Fiber Volume Fraction'); ylabel('E1 (GPa)');
title ('Longitudinal Modulus');

subplot (2,2,2);
plot (Vf, E2/1e9, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);

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xlabel('Fiber Volume Fraction'); ylabel('E2 (GPa)');

title ('Transverse Modulus');

subplot (2,2,3);
plot (Vf, G12/1e9, 'g', 'Linewidth', 2);
xlabel('Fiber Volume Fraction'); ylabel('G12 (GPa)');
title ('Shear Modulus');
subplot (2,2,4);
plot (Vf, v12, 'k', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Fiber Volume Fraction'); ylabel('v12');
title ('Poisson’s Ratio');
sgtitle('Engineering Constants vs Fiber Volume Fraction');

Output (For Vf = 0.6)

FLOW DIAGRAM OF CODE

Start
↓
Input fiber and matrix properties
↓
Generate Vf from 0 to 1
↓
Calculate Vm = 1 - Vf
↓
Compute E1, E2, G12, v12
↓
Plot results
↓
End

Used Functions in Code

• linspace – to generate evenly spaced values
• plot – to create 2D plots
• subplot – to arrange multiple plots
• xlabel, ylabel – to label axes
• title, sgtitle – to label plots and figure
• .*, ./ – element-wise multiplication/division for vectors

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5.ANALYSIS OF STEEL BEAM ELEMENTS USING MATLAB

Introduction

Steel beams are structural members that primarily resist bending. They are widely used in
construction due to their strength, ductility, and versatility. Under loading, a beam develops bending
moments and shear forces which induce stresses within the member. This analysis determines those
internal stresses and deflection using standard mechanical formulas. MATLAB is used as a tool to
automate and visualize this process.

Aim : To analyse a simply supported steel beam under uniformly distributed load using MATLAB
and determine key structural responses such as bending moment, bending stress, shear stress, and
deflection.

Objectives

• To develop MATLAB code for steel beam analysis

• To compute moment of inertia and section modulus of a rectangular section
• To calculate maximum bending moment and shear force
• To determine bending stress and shear stress
• To evaluate beam deflection
• To verify the section's suitability for design

Formulae:
• Moment of Inertia (I) = (Breadth × Depth³) ÷ 12
• Section Modulus (Z) = Moment of Inertia ÷ (Depth ÷ 2)
• Maximum Bending Moment (M) = (Load × Length²) ÷ 8
• Maximum Shear Force (V) = (Load × Length) ÷ 2
• Bending Stress (σ) = Bending Moment ÷ Section Modulus
• Shear Stress (τ) = Shear Force ÷ (Breadth × Depth)
• Deflection (Δ) = (5 × Load × Length⁴) ÷ (384 × Modulus of Elasticity × Moment of Inertia)

Parameter:
• b = breadth (width) of beam section (mm)
• d = depth (height) of beam section (mm)
• L = span of the beam (mm)
• w = uniformly distributed load on the beam (N/mm)
• E = modulus of elasticity for steel (typically 2 × 10⁵ N/mm²)
• I = moment of inertia (mm⁴)
• Z = section modulus (mm³)
• M = bending moment (N·mm)
• V = shear force (N)

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• σ = bending stress (N/mm²)

• τ = shear stress (N/mm²)
• Δ = maximum deflection (mm)

Procedure
1. Define all geometric and loading parameters
2. Calculate moment of inertia and section modulus
3. Determine maximum bending moment and shear force
4. Compute bending stress and shear stress
5. Calculate deflection using the standard deflection formula
6. Display and interpret the results
7. Use MATLAB for fast and repeatable computation

MATLAB CODE

clc;
clear;

% Input Data
b = 150; % Width in mm
d = 300; % Depth in mm
L = 6000; % Span in mm
w = 20; % Uniformly distributed load in N/mm
E = 2e5; % Modulus of Elasticity in N/mm²

% Calculations
I = (b * d^3) / 12; % Moment of Inertia
Z = I / (d / 2); % Section Modulus
M = (w * L^2) / 8; % Maximum Bending Moment
V = (w * L) / 2; % Maximum Shear Force
sigma = M / Z; % Bending Stress
tau = V / (b * d); % Shear Stress
delta = (5 * w * L^4) / (384 * E * I); % Maximum Deflection

% Design Output
fprintf('\n--- DESIGN OUTPUT ---\n');
fprintf('Moment of Inertia (I) = %.2f mm^4\n', I);
fprintf('Section Modulus (Z) = %.2f mm^3\n', Z);
fprintf('Maximum Bending Moment (M) = %.2f N.mm\n', M);
fprintf('Maximum Bending Stress (σ) = %.2f N/mm²\n', sigma);
fprintf('Maximum Shear Force (V) = %.2f N\n', V);
fprintf('Maximum Shear Stress (τ) = %.2f N/mm²\n', tau);
fprintf('Maximum Deflection (Δ) = %.2f mm\n', delta);

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design output :
Moment of Inertia (I) = _______________ mm^4
Section Modulus (Z) = _______________ mm^3
Maximum Bending Moment (M) = ____________ N.mm
Maximum Bending Stress (σ) = ______ N/mm²
Maximum Shear Force (V) = _________ N
Maximum Shear Stress (τ) = ________ N/mm²
Maximum Deflection (Δ) = ________mm

FLOW DIAGRAM OF CODE

Start
↓
Input Parameters
↓
Calculate I and Z
↓
Calculate M and V
↓
Compute σ and τ
↓
Calculate Deflection Δ
↓
Display Results
↓
End

Used Functions in Code

• clc: Clears the command window
• clear: Clears all variables from workspace
• fprintf: Used to print formatted text to the output window
• Arithmetic operators: *, /, ^ for power, etc.
• No toolboxes required; standard MATLAB functions only

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6.ANALYSIS OF STEEL COLUMN ELEMENTS USING MATLAB

Introduction
Steel columns are crucial load-carrying structural members that transfer axial loads from
slabs and beams to foundations. Their design must ensure stability against buckling and strength
against compression. The analysis typically involves determining axial load capacity, checking
slenderness ratios, and ensuring the stress is within allowable limits as per IS 800 or other design
codes.

Aim: To analyse a steel column under axial compressive load using MATLAB.

Objectives :
• To compute cross-sectional properties, slenderness ratio, and allowable stress.
• To verify safety of the steel column based on design limits.

Formulae :
• Cross-sectional area (A) = width × depth
• Moment of inertia (I) = (width × depth³) / 12
• Slenderness ratio (λ) = Effective length / Radius of gyration
• Radius of gyration (r) = √(I / A)
• Permissible stress (σ_allow) = Based on IS 800 formula for buckling
• Axial load capacity (P_allow) = σ_allow × A

Parameter Explanations
• Width (b): Cross-section width of the column in mm
• Depth (d): Cross-section depth of the column in mm
• L: Effective length of the column in mm
• E: Modulus of elasticity (typically 2 × 10⁵ N/mm² for steel)
• fy: Yield stress of steel (e.g., 250 or 350 N/mm²)
• A: Area of column section (mm²)
• I: Moment of inertia (mm⁴)
• λ: Slenderness ratio
• r: Radius of gyration (mm)
• σ_allow: Permissible axial stress from IS 800
• P_allow: Safe axial load capacity (N)

Procedure
• Input geometric and material properties.
• Calculate area and moment of inertia.
• Compute radius of gyration and slenderness ratio.
• Determine allowable compressive stress based on slenderness.
• Calculate axial load-carrying capacity.
• Compare with applied load to check safety.

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MATLAB CODE
clc; clear;

% Input Data
b = 200; % Width of column (mm)
d = 300; % Depth of column (mm)
L = 3000; % Effective length (mm)
E = 2e5; % Modulus of elasticity (N/mm²)
fy = 250; % Yield strength (N/mm²)
% Cross-sectional properties
A = b * d; % Area in mm²
I = (b * d^3) / 12; % Moment of inertia
r = sqrt(I / A); % Radius of gyration
lambda = L / r; % Slenderness ratio
% Permissible compressive stress using IS 800 approximate formula
sigma_allow = 0.6 * fy / (1 + (lambda / 180)^2);
P_allow = sigma_allow * A;
% Design Output
fprintf('\n--- DESIGN OUTPUT ---\n');
fprintf('Cross-sectional Area (A) = %.2f mm²\n', A);
fprintf('Moment of Inertia (I) = %.2f mm⁴\n', I);
fprintf('Radius of Gyration (r) = %.2f mm\n', r);
fprintf('Slenderness Ratio (λ) = %.2f\n', lambda);
fprintf('Permissible Stress (σ_allow) = %.2f N/mm²\n', sigma_allow);
fprintf('Safe Axial Load Capacity (P_allow) = %.2f N\n', P_allow);

design output:
Cross-sectional Area (A) = ___________ mm²
Moment of Inertia (I) = ___________ mm⁴
Radius of Gyration (r) = _____ mm
Slenderness Ratio (λ) = _____
Permissible Stress (σ_allow) = _________ N/mm²
Safe Axial Load Capacity (P_allow) = N---

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FLOW DIAGRAM OF CODE

Start
↓
Input geometric and material properties
↓
Compute area (A) and moment of inertia (I)
↓
Compute radius of gyration (r)
↓
Compute slenderness ratio (λ)
↓
Compute permissible compressive stress (σ_allow)
↓
Calculate safe axial load (P_allow)
↓
Display design output
↓

End

Used Functions in Code

• sqrt() – Square root
• fprintf() – Formatted output
• Basic arithmetic operations (+, *, /, ^)

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07.ANALYSIS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE

MATERIALS USING MATLAB TO COMPUTE COMPLIANCE MATRIX,
STIFFNESS MATRIX, AND RELATED PARAMETERS

Introduction
Unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite materials are anisotropic, meaning their
mechanical properties differ along different directions. To fully characterize such materials, we need
to compute their engineering constants as well as their compliance matrix [S] and stiffness matrix
[Q] in the principal material directions. These matrices are fundamental in classical lamination
theory and stress-strain analysis for composite laminates.

Aim: To compute the compliance matrix and stiffness matrix for a unidirectional fiber-reinforced
composite using MATLAB.

Objectives
• To calculate and understand the mechanical behaviour of fiber composites through
engineering constants.
• To use MATLAB to derive the compliance matrix [S] and stiffness matrix [Q].
• To verify and visualize how matrix entries change with varying fiber volume fraction.

Formulas (in Words)

Let:
• E1E_1: Longitudinal Young's modulus
• E2E_2: Transverse Young's modulus
• G12G_ {12}: In-plane shear modulus
• ν12\nu_ {12}: Major Poisson's ratio
• ν21=ν12⋅(E2/E1)\nu_{21} = \nu_{12} \cdot (E_2 / E_1): Minor Poisson’s ratio due to
symmetry

Compliance Matrix [S]: (6x6 reduced form for plane stress)

[ 1/E1 -v12/E1 0 ]
S = [ -v12/E1 1/E2 0 ]
[ 0 0 1/G12 ]
Stiffness Matrix [Q]: (Inverse of [S])
[ Q11 Q12 0 ]
Q = [ Q12 Q22 0 ]
[ 0 0 Q66 ]

Parameter Explanations
• Ef – Young’s modulus of fiber (Pa)
• Em – Young’s modulus of matrix (Pa)
• Gf – Shear modulus of fiber (Pa)

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• Gm – Shear modulus of matrix (Pa)

• vf – Poisson’s ratio of fibervm – Poisson’s ratio of matrix
• Vf – Fiber volume fraction
• Vm – Matrix volume fraction
• E1, E2 – Moduli in principal directions
• G12 – Shear modulus in plane
• v12, v21 – Poisson’s ratios
• S – Compliance matrix (3x3 for plane stress)
• Q – Stiffness matrix (3x3 for plane stress)

Procedure
• Define fiber and matrix mechanical properties.
• Generate a range of fiber volume fractions.
• Compute engineering constants using the rule of mixtures.
• Use those constants to construct the compliance matrix [S].
• Invert [S] to get the stiffness matrix [Q].
• Plot matrix components vs. volume fraction if needed.

MATLAB Code

% Analysis of Compliance and Stiffness Matrix for UD Composite

% Material Properties
Ef = 85e9; % Fiber modulus (Pa)
Em = 3.5e9; % Matrix modulus (Pa)
Gf = 35e9; % Fiber shear modulus (Pa)
Gm = 1.3e9; % Matrix shear modulus (Pa)
vf = 0.22; % Fiber Poisson's ratio
vm = 0.35; % Matrix Poisson's ratio

% Fiber Volume Fraction

Vf = 0.6;
Vm = 1 - Vf;

% Engineering Constants
E1 = Vf * Ef + Vm * Em;
E2 = 1 / (Vf/Ef + Vm/Em);
G12 = 1 / (Vf/Gf + Vm/Gm);
v12 = Vf * vf + Vm * vm;
v21 = v12 * E2 / E1;

% Compliance Matrix [S]

S = zeros(3,3);
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S(1,1) = 1/E1;
S(1,2) = -v12/E1;
S(2,1) = -v12/E1;
S(2,2) = 1/E2;
S(3,3) = 1/G12;

% Stiffness Matrix [Q]

Q = inv(S);

% Display Results
disp('Compliance Matrix [S]:');
disp(S);
disp('Stiffness Matrix [Q]:');
disp(Q);

FLOW DIAGRAM OF CODE

Start
↓
Input material properties
↓
Input fiber volume fraction
↓
Calculate E1, E2, G12, v12, v21
↓
Construct compliance matrix [S]
↓
Compute stiffness matrix [Q] as inverse of [S]
↓
Display [S] and [Q]
↓
End

Used Functions in Code

• inv() – matrix inversion
• disp() – display outputs
• zeros(3,3) – initialize 3x3 matrix
• Arithmetic operations (*, /, +, -) – used for calculations

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08.ANALYSIS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE

MATERIALS USING MATLAB TO COMPUTE A-B-D MATRIX

Introduction
In laminated composite theory, the A-B-D matrix represents the laminate stiffness
relationship between applied loads and resulting strains and curvatures.
• [A] matrix: Extensional stiffness
• [B] matrix: Coupling stiffness
• [D] matrix: Bending stiffness
These matrices are essential to analyze multilayer laminates composed of unidirectional fiber-
reinforced plies. The [A-B-D] matrix combines the in-plane, bending, and coupling behavior of the
laminate based on the orientation and thickness of each ply.

Aim : To compute the A, B, and D matrices for a laminated composite consisting of unidirectional
fiber-reinforced plies using MATLAB.

Objectives
• To define ply properties and orientations of a symmetric or asymmetric laminate.
• To calculate the transformed reduced stiffness matrix [Q̄] for each ply orientation.
• To integrate stiffness contributions to form the A, B, and D matrices.
• To use MATLAB for numerical computation of the [A-B-D] matrix.

Parameter Explanations
• E1 – Longitudinal modulus of ply
• E2 – Transverse modulus of ply
• G12 – In-plane shear modulus
• v12 – Major Poisson's ratio
• v21 – Minor Poisson's ratio
• Q – Reduced stiffness matrix
• Q̄ – Transformed stiffness matrix
• t – Ply thickness
• z – Ply boundaries from mid-plane
• theta – Ply orientation angle (in degrees)
• A, B, D – Extensional, coupling, and bending stiffness matrices

Procedure
• Define material properties (E1, E2, G12, v12) and calculate v21
• Compute reduced stiffness matrix [Q]For each ply:
• Assign orientation angle
• Compute transformation matrix T and [Q̄]
• Define z_k and z_{k-1} based on stacking

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• Use integration formulas to compute A, B, and D matrices

• Assemble the 6×6 [A|B; B|D] matrix

MATLAB Code
% A-B-D Matrix Calculation for a Laminate of UD Composite Plies

% Material properties
E1 = 135e9; % Pa
E2 = 10e9; % Pa
G12 = 5e9; % Pa
v12 = 0.3;
v21 = v12 * E2 / E1;

% Reduced stiffness matrix Q

Q11 = E1 / (1 - v12*v21);
Q22 = E2 / (1 - v12*v21);
Q12 = v12 * E2 / (1 - v12*v21);
Q66 = G12;
Q = [Q11 Q12 0; Q12 Q22 0; 0 0 Q66];

% Laminate definition
ply_angles = [0 45 -45 90]; % in degrees
num_plies = length(ply_angles);
t_ply = 0.125e-3; % thickness of one ply (m)
total_thickness = num_plies * t_ply;

% Ply z-coordinates from mid-plane

z = linspace(-total_thickness/2, total_thickness/2, num_plies+1);

% Initialize A, B, D matrices
A = zeros(3,3);
B = zeros(3,3);
D = zeros(3,3);

% Loop through each ply

for k = 1:num_plies
theta = deg2rad(ply_angles(k));
m = cos(theta);
n = sin(theta);

% Transformation of Q to Q_bar
Q_bar = zeros(3,3);
Q_bar(1,1) = Q11*m^4 + 2*(Q12+2*Q66)*m^2*n^2 + Q22*n^4;
Q_bar(1,2) = (Q11 + Q22 - 4*Q66)*m^2*n^2 + Q12*(m^4 + n^4);
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Q_bar(2,2) = Q11*n^4 + 2*(Q12+2*Q66)*m^2*n^2 + Q22*m^4;

Q_bar(1,3) = (Q11 - Q12 - 2*Q66)*m^3*n - (Q22 - Q12 - 2*Q66)*m*n^3;
Q_bar(2,3) = (Q11 - Q12 - 2*Q66)*m*n^3 - (Q22 - Q12 - 2*Q66)*m^3*n;
Q_bar(3,3) = (Q11 + Q22 - 2*Q12 - 2*Q66)*m^2*n^2 + Q66*(m^4 + n^4);
Q_bar(2,1) = Q_bar(1,2);
Q_bar(3,1) = Q_bar(1,3);
Q_bar(3,2) = Q_bar(2,3);

% z coordinates
z_k = z(k+1);
z_k1 = z(k);
% Compute A, B, D terms
A = A + Q_bar * (z_k - z_k1);
B = B + 0.5 * Q_bar * (z_k^2 - z_k1^2);
D = D + (1/3) * Q_bar * (z_k^3 - z_k1^3);
end
% Display A, B, D matrices
disp('A Matrix (N/m):');
disp(A);
disp('B Matrix (Nm/m):');
disp(B);
disp('D Matrix (Nm^2/m):');
disp(D);

FLOW DIAGRAM OF CODE

Start
↓
Input ply properties and layup
↓
Compute reduced stiffness matrix Q
↓
For each ply:
↓
Transform Q to Q̄
↓
Compute A, B, D contributions
↓
Sum contributions
↓
Display A, B, D matrices
↓
End

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Used Functions in Code

• deg2rad() – Convert degrees to radians

• cos(), sin() – Trigonometric functions
• linspace() – Generate z boundaries
• disp() – Display matrices
• zeros(3,3) – Initialize matrices
• Arithmetic operations – Matrix multiplications and summations

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9.STATIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREYED BUILDING

STRUCTURE USING STAAD-PRO

Project Setup: 3-Bay × 6-Storey RCC Building

Assumptions:

• No. of bays = 3 (each 4 m)

• Storeys = 6 (each 3 m)
• Building height = 18 m
• RCC Frame: Beams + Columns
• Dead load + Live load only (no wind/earthquake here, unless requested)

STEP-BY-STEP WORKFLOW IN STAAD.Pro

1. Define Geometry

c Using Graphical Interface:

’
)

1. Open STAAD.Pro
2. Start a New Project → Type: Space → Units: Metric (KN, m)
3. Go to Geometry tab → Add beams by:
o Structure Wizard or
o Manual node + beam input

’c) For this case (manual nodes):

• Set up grid spacing:

o X-axis: 3 bays × 4 m = 12 m
o Y-axis: 6 storeys × 3 m = 18 m
• Use Translational Repeat:
o Draw one vertical frame (column + beams)
o Repeat in X-direction (2 times, 4 m)
o Repeat in Y-direction (5 times, 3 m) for floors

2. Assign Supports

1. Go to Supports → Create
o Type: Fixed (or pinned if base is isolated footing)
2. Select bottom nodes → Assign support

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3. Define Properties

1. Go to Properties → Define
o Column: 300×500 mm
o Beam: 300×450 mm
2. Assign:
o Select vertical members → Assign column size
o Select horizontal members → Assign beam size

4. Define Material

• Default is concrete (fck = 25 MPa). Modify if required via Material Constants.

5. Assign Loads

➤ Dead Load (DL):

• Self-weight:
o Go to Load → Load Case Details → Add
o Load Type: Dead, Title: DL
o Select "Selfweight Y -1"

➤ Live Load (LL):

• Create new case: Live Load

• Assign Floor Load:
o Floor load: 3.0 kN/m²
o Direction: Y
o Range: XZ plane, specify floor extents

For slab load distribution, use Floor Load instead of member loads.

(Optional: Apply wall loads as line loads on beams if required)

6. Load Combinations

Go to Load Case Details → Add → Load Combination

Example combinations (per IS 456:2000):
• 1.5 DL + 1.5 LL
• 1.2 DL + 1.2 LL
• 0.9 DL + 1.5 LL

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7. Define Analysis

• Go to Commands → Analysis → Add

• Type: Perform Analysis → Add
• Click Run Analysis

8. View Results

After analysis:

• Check for Errors/Warnings

• Go to Post Processing:
o View Displacement
o Axial Force, Shear Force (SFD), Bending Moment (BMD)

9. Design RCC Elements

1. Go to Design → Concrete Design

o Select Code: IS 456:2000
2. Define design parameters:
o FC: 25 (fck)
o FYMAIN: 500 (Fe500)
o Cover: 25 mm
3. Assign:
o Columns → Design Column
o Beams → Design Beam
4. Click Design All

10. Review Design Output

• Go to Concrete Design → Output

o Review reinforcement details
o Use filter to isolate beams/columns with warnings or failures

11. Report Generation

• File → Report Setup → Include Design & Results

Export: PDF or Word
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PROBLEM STATEMENT-
Perform Static analysis and design a building frame using following details.
Plan dimensions- 15m x 20m
Total height- 18m
Typical storey height – 3m
All wall thickness – 300 mm
All floor slab thickness – 150mm
Density of RCC material – 25KN/m2
Density of brick masonry – 20KN/m2
Live load on Slab - 5KN/m2
Floor finish load on Slab - 5KN/m2
Height of parapet wall – 1m
Beam dimensions – 300 x 450mm
Column dimensions – 450 x 450mm
Grade of concrete – M20
Grade of steel – Fe 415

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10.DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDING

STRUCTURE USING STAAD-PRO
Response Spectrum Method (as per IS 1893:2016)

◆ STEP 1: Geometry Modelling

Same as static analysis. You must:

• Create a 3D model (e.g., 3-bay, 6-storey frame)

• Define beam and column elements
• Assign supports (Fixed at base or springs if using soil structure interaction)

’c) Ensure node numbering and mass distribution are consistent across floors.

◆ STEP 2: Assign Material Properties

• Concrete: fck = 25 MPa (M25)

• Steel: fy = 500 MPa
• Elastic modulus (E), Poisson’s ratio, density (for seismic weight calculation)

STAAD has predefined values; you can also define custom materials.

◆ STEP 3: Assign Section Properties

• Beams and columns should be assigned dimensions.

• Ensure all members have valid properties.

◆ STEP 4: Assign Supports

• Fixed or pinned at base.

• For dynamic analysis, all supports must restrain lateral movement (X and Z directions)

◆ STEP 5: Define Mass / Seismic Weight

• Required for dynamic analysis.

• STAAD automatically considers self-weight, but for accurate mass model:
o Define a mass model using:

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▪ Dead load
▪ Percentage of live load (usually 25–50% as per IS 1893)

Method:
Commands → Load → Load Case Details → Add → Load Type: Mass → Title: MassModel

Then assign mass in each direction using:

Define Load → Member Load → Direction: X, Y, Z → Magnitude = Load/g (to convert

to mass)

Or use:

Define Load → Selfweight Y -1

Define Load → Member Weight or Floor Load

◆ STEP 6: Define Seismic Parameters – Response Spectrum

1. Add a New Load Case → Load Type: Response Spectrum

2. Select Code: IS 1893:2016
3. Define Parameters:
o Zone factor (Z) = Depends on seismic zone (e.g., Z = 0.16 for Zone III)
o Importance factor (I) = 1.0 (ordinary), 1.5 (important structures)
o Response reduction factor (R) = 3.0 (OMRF), 5.0 (SMRF)
o Damping = 5%
o Soil Type = I (hard), II (medium), III (soft)
o Time Period: Let STAAD calculate or input user-defined (empirical formula)
o Direction: X or Z (horizontal)

Apply response spectrum in both X and Z directions using separate cases.

◆ STEP 7: Load Combinations

Define seismic load combinations as per IS 1893 and IS 456:

Examples:

1.5(DL + LL)
1.2(DL + LL ± EQX)
1.2(DL + LL ± EQZ)
1.5(DL ± EQX)
0.9DL ± 1.5 EQ

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Use Load Case Details → Add → Combination Loa

◆ STEP 8: Perform Analysis

• Go to Analysis & Print → Perform Analysis

• Add Print Mode Shapes if required

◆ STEP 9: Run Analysis

• Run and review analysis results

• Go to Post Processing → Mode Shapes
o Verify number of modes
o Check total mass participation (should be ≥ 90% for lateral directions)

◆ STEP 10: Review Results

In Post-processing:

• View:
o Mode shapes
o Modal frequencies & periods
o Base shear and response spectrum forces
o Displacement
o Member forces (for design)

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PROBLEM STATEMENT-
Perform Dynamic analysis of building frame using following details.
Plan dimensions- 20m x 30m
Total height- 30m (G+9 Storeys)
Typical storey height – 3m
All wall thickness – 230 mm
All floor slab thickness – 150mm
Density of RCC material – 25KN/m2
Density of brick masonry – 20KN/m2
Live load on Slab – 4 KN/m2
Floor finish load on Slab - 1KN/m2
Height of parapet wall – 1m
Beam dimensions – 300 x 350mm
Column dimensions – 600 x 600mm
Grade of concrete – M20
Grade of steel – Fe 415
Seismic zone – IV
Response Reduction factor – 5
Importance factor – 1.5
Soil type – Medium
Damping ratio – 5%

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11.ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOME STRUCTURE USING STAAD-PRO

c) Assumptions for Example:

’

• Type: Hemispherical RCC Dome

• Radius: 5 m
• Thickness: 150 mm
• Supports: Fixed/Ring beam
• Loads: Dead Load, Live Load, Wind or Earthquake (optional)
• Design Code: IS 456:2000 (for concrete)

◆ STEP 1: START NEW PROJECT

1. Open STAAD.Pro
2. Create a new model
o Type: Space
o Units: Metric (kN, m)

◆ STEP 2: MODEL GEOMETRY (DOME SHAPE)

Option A: Using Structure Wizard

1. Go to Geometry > Run Structure Wizard

2. Navigate to:
o Shell Models → Dome
3. Input parameters:
o Radius = 5 m
o Height = 2.5 m (for hemispherical)
o Divisions: 10–16 (higher for smoother dome)
o Thickness: 0.15 m
4. Click Apply and import geometry into main STAAD workspace.

◆ STEP 3: ASSIGN MATERIAL & THICKNESS

1. Go to General → Property
2. Select Plate Thickness
o Assign 0.15 m
3. Assign to all shell elements
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4. Under Material, assign:

o Concrete (default or define new with fck = 25 MPa)

◆ STEP 4: DEFINE SUPPORTS

• At base ring (nodes at dome base):

o Create fixed or pinned supports
o Use Fixed if dome is monolithic with ring beam or foundation

◆ STEP 5: LOAD DEFINITION

◆ 5.1 Dead Load

• Self-weight: STAAD will calculate if you assign:

o Load → Load Case → Dead → Add
o Selfweight Y –1

◆ 5.2 Live Load (Roof Load)

• Apply uniform pressure on shell:

o Define pressure: e.g., 1.5 kN/m²
o Go to Plate Loads → Pressure
o Apply normal to plate surface

◆ STEP 6: ANALYSIS SETUP

1. Go to Commands → Analysis → Perform Analysis

◆ STEP 7: RUN ANALYSIS

• Click Run Analysis

• Resolve any modeling warnings or instabilities

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◆ STEP 8: POST-PROCESSING

View Results:

• Plate Stress Results (in N/mm²):

o MX, MY = Bending moments in local directions

o MXY = Twisting moment
o SX, SY = Membrane normal forces
• Displacement
• Support Reactions

◆ STEP 9: DESIGN CHECK (IS 456:2000)

Note: STAAD does not directly design shells, so extract forces and design externally.

Steps:

1. From Post Processing, get:

o Plate center forces (MX, MY, MXY)
o Plate stress contour plots
2. Use manual or spreadsheet calculation for reinforcement using:
o IS 456:2000 Section 26 – Design of slabs (membrane action)
o Treat as curved slab: check for membrane + flexural action

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12.ANALYSIS OF RCC SILO WITH CONICAL HOPPER USING STAAD-PRO

k Assumed Dimensions:

• Height: 20 m (cylindrical: 15 m + hopper: 5 m)

• Diameter: 6 m
• Wall Thickness: 200 mm
• Material stored: Cement (Unit weight ≈ 14 kN/m³)
• Material: M30 concrete

◆ STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
◆ Step 1: Start a New STAAD Project

• Choose Space Structure

• Units: Metric (kN, m)

◆ Step 2: Geometry Modeling

Option A: Use Structure Wizard

1. Go to Geometry > Run Structure Wizard

2. Navigate to Shell → Cylinder
3. Input:
o Radius = 3 m
o Height = 15 m
o Divisions: 36 along circumference, 30 height-wise
o Thickness = 0.2 m
4. Click Apply, import model.

Option B: Manual for hopper

• Model hopper as a conical shell using inclined plates

• Connect to bottom of cylindrical part

¸•?Ç Accuracy Tip: Ensure smooth mesh transition from cylinder to cone.

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◆ Step 3: Define Material and Section Properties

• Use Concrete M30

• Plate Thickness = 0.2 m

• Assign to all plate elements

◆ Step 4: Apply Supports

• At the base, use:

o Fixed supports at bottom nodes
o Spring supports if interaction with soil is needed

◆ Step 5: Define Loads

~ 5.1 Self-Weight
{

• Add Dead Load case

• Apply:
Selfweight Y –1

:▼¡ 5.2 Stored Material Pressure (Cement or grains)

'%

Use Janssen’s formula or IS 4995 (Part I) for pressure:

p = γH × K

• γ = Unit weight of stored material (≈ 14 kN/m³)

• K = Lateral pressure coefficient (≈ 0.4 – 0.6)
• H = Depth from top

Use plate pressure loads on interior faces:

• Varying pressure with height (increase with depth)

• Apply as hydrostatic pressure in plate loads

}-̂ 5.3 Wind Load (Optional)

• Define wind load case

• Use IS 875 Part 3 to determine wind pressure

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• Apply as lateral load on outer plate surfaces

? 5.4 Seismic Load (Optional)

●

• Define Response Spectrum load (as per IS 1893)

• Define mass model (self-weight + % live load)

◆ Step 6: Load Combinations

Define relevant combinations as per IS 456:

Examples:

1.5 (DL + Material Pressure)

1.2 (DL + WL + Material Pressure)
0.9 DL + 1.5 EQ

◆ Step 7: Analysis Setup

• Go to Commands → Perform Analysis

• Add Print Plate Forces, Support Reactions

◆ Step 8: Run Analysis

• Fix errors like instabilities

• Ensure structure is properly restrained

◆ Step 9: Post-Processing

View:

• Plate stresses (SX, SY, SXY)

• Plate moments (MX, MY, MXY)
• Deformations and base reactions

Focus on:

• Maximum hoop tension

• Membrane forces
• Local buckling or cracking

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